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A large number of plant metabolites has provided an incomparable chemical source of the pharmaceutical products. The two major fields of chemical research on biological active small molecules, metabolomics and natural product discovery, have the similar goals of identifying and characterizing small molecules, either in their isolated active state (natural product chemistry). Metabolomics generate a profile of small molecules from plant extracts, which could be directly responsible for bioactivity effects. Using dry-column flash chromatography enable a rapid and inexpensive method for the very efficient separation of plant extract with a high resolution. This separation method coupled to NMR and FTIR-based metabolomics is applied to identify bioactive natural products. OPLS multivariate analysis method, was used for correlation the chemical composition of the plant extracts, Amphoricarpos autariatus, with the results of cytotoxic activity against Human cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa) and epithelial lung cancer cell line (A549). In this way, the highest contribution to the cytotoxic activity was recorded for the guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone were tested, and their cytotoxic activity were conformed.

A new flavonoid glucoside derivative, patuletin 3-O-(2-O-feruloyl)-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-Dglucopyranoside, named atriplexin IV (1), and three new triterpenoid saponin derivatives, two sulfonylated, β- D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(2-O-sulfo-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside-30-alolean-12-en-28- oate (2), named atriplexogenin I, β-D glucopyranosyl-3-O-(2-O-sulfo-β-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1→2)-α-Larabinopyranoside)-30-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate (3), named atriplexogenin II, and β-D-glucopyranosyl-3- O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside)-30-alolean-12-en-28-oate (4), named atriplexogenin III, were isolated by silica gel column and semipreparative HPLC chromatography from the n-butanol extract of the salt marsh plant Atriplex tatarica. In addition, two known secondary metabolites, patuletin 3-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1‴→2″)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) and patuletin 3-O-5‴-Oferuloyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1‴→2″)-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), were isolated for the first time from A. tatarica. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, IR, and UV data. Antibacterial activity by the microdilution method and antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa were assessed. The best activity against Micrococcus flavus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed compound 1, while against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli the strongest activity was shown by compound 5. Isolated saponins (2-4) exhibited a more pronounced biofilm inhibition activity than flavonoid glycosides (1, 5-6). The best anti-biofilm activity showed compound 2.

Most of the Origanum species are locally distributed within the Mediterranean region where they grow in the mountainous areas on the islands. Due to this, the rate of endemism is high, as in case of dittany of Crete (O. dictamnus). O. vulgare possesses the largest distribution area and can be found throughout the Mediterranean region, however, the yield and quality of the essential oil is controlled genetically and strongly affected by the environmental influences. Origanum essential oils predominantly containing carvacrol, are generally of superior quality and highly valuable raw material for food as well as in pharmaceutical industry. Essential oil of O. dictimus contains 70.8% of carvacrol, while O. vulgare ssp. hirtum essential oil contains 78.5%. This study indicates the high quality of investigated Origanum species from Greece, and indicates it to be highly valuable raw material for food and in pharmaceutical industry.

Predmet proučavanja ove doktorske disertacije su sekundarni metaboliti halofita (biljaka koje naseljavaju staništa sa visokim sadržajem soli). U Srbiji se zaslanjena staništa uglavnom javljaju na teritoriji Vojvodine. U ovom radu izolovani su i hemijski okarakterisani flavonoidni glikozidi i saponini iz halofitnih vrsta roda Atriplex (A. littoralis, A. tatarica i A. prostrata) i određena je njihova različita biološka aktivnost. Pored biljaka iz roda Atriplex ispitivana je halofitna biljna vrsta Artemisia santonicum iz koje je izolovano etarsko ulje, određen hemijski sastav i ispitana biološka aktivnost. Halofitne biljne vrste se u tradicionalnoj medicini koriste u brojne svrhe kao antiseptici, diuretici, antiparazitici, antipiretici, purgativi, laksativi, za lečenje dijabetesa, visokog krvnog pritiska, astme, gihta i reumatizma. Ekstrakti i jedinjenja izolovana iz vrsta roda Atriplex pokazuju antioksidativnu, antimikrobnu, citotoksičnu, antiparazitsku, i insekticidnu aktivnost. Etarska ulja vrsta roda Artemisia su pokazala antioksidativnu, antibakterijsku, antifungalnu, antiparazitsku, hepatoprotektivnu, neuroprotektivnu i antimalarijsku aktivnost. Vrste roda Atriplex su bogat izvor sekundarnih metabolita prvenstveno flavonoida, saponina i alkaloida. U okviru ove disertacije izolovano je i okarakterisano ukupno 13 jedinjenja, od kojih je 7 novih prirodnih proizvoda (43-45, 51-54). Iz vrste A. littoralis izolovano je 6 jedinjenja, četiri flavonoidna glikozida (43-46) i dva fenolna jedinjenja (47, 48). Iz A. tatarica izolovano je 6 jedinjenja, tri flavonoidna glikozida (49-51) i tri triterpenska saponina oleanolnog tipa (52-54). Iz etarskog ulja Artemisia santonicum izolovan je oksigenovani monoterpen (55)... The subject of this doctoral dissertation are the secondary metabolites of halophytes (plants wild growing at saline habitats). In Serbia such habitats are mainly found in Vojvodina. Flavonoid glycosides and saponins from halophytic species Atriplex (A. littoralis, A. tatarica and A. prostrata) were isolated, chemically characterized and their various biological activities were determined. In addition, a halophyte species from the genus Artemisia (A. santonicum) was examined. Its essential oil was isolated, the chemical composition determined and various biological activities of this were tested. Several halophytic plant species are used in many traditional formulations as antiseptics, diuretics, antiparasitics, antipyretics, purgatives, laxatives, for the treatment of diabetes, high blood pressure, asthma, gout and rheumatism. Extracts and compounds isolated from the genus Atriplex show antiparasitic, insecticidal, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity. Essential oils of the genus Artemisia have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and antimalarial activity. Atriplex species are a rich source of secondary metabolites, primarily flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids. In this study, a total of 13 compounds were isolated and characterized by means of spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, IR and MS). Among them seven (43-45, 51-54) were the new compounds. At the same time, in the extract of A. littoralis, six compounds, four flavonoid glycosides (43-46) and two phenolic compounds (47, 48) were identified. From A. tatarica six compounds, three flavonoid glycosides (49-51) and three triterpene saponins of an oleanane type (52-54) were isolated. An oxygenated monoterpene (55) was isolated from Artemisia santonicum essential oil...

Predmet proučavanja ove doktorske disertacije su sekundarni metaboliti halofita(biljaka koje naseljavaju staništa sa visokim sadržajem soli). U Srbiji se zaslanjenastaništa uglavnom javljaju na teritoriji Vojvodine. U ovom radu izolovani su i hemijskiokarakterisani flavonoidni glikozidi i saponini iz halofitnih vrsta roda Atriplex (A.littoralis, A. tatarica i A. prostrata) i određena je njihova različita biološka aktivnost.Pored biljaka iz roda Atriplex ispitivana je halofitna biljna vrsta Artemisia santonicum izkoje je izolovano etarsko ulje, određen hemijski sastav i ispitana biološka aktivnost.Halofitne biljne vrste se u tradicionalnoj medicini koriste u brojne svrhe kaoantiseptici, diuretici, antiparazitici, antipiretici, purgativi, laksativi, za lečenjedijabetesa, visokog krvnog pritiska, astme, gihta i reumatizma. Ekstrakti i jedinjenjaizolovana iz vrsta roda Atriplex pokazuju antioksidativnu, antimikrobnu, citotoksičnu,antiparazitsku, i insekticidnu aktivnost. Etarska ulja vrsta roda Artemisia su pokazalaantioksidativnu, antibakterijsku, antifungalnu, antiparazitsku, hepatoprotektivnu,neuroprotektivnu i antimalarijsku aktivnost.Vrste roda Atriplex su bogat izvor sekundarnih metabolita prvenstvenoflavonoida, saponina i alkaloida. U okviru ove disertacije izolovano je i okarakterisanoukupno 13 jedinjenja, od kojih je 7 novih prirodnih proizvoda (43-45, 51-54). Iz vrste A.littoralis izolovano je 6 jedinjenja, četiri flavonoidna glikozida (43-46) i dva fenolnajedinjenja (47, 48). Iz A. tatarica izolovano je 6 jedinjenja, tri flavonoidna glikozida(49-51) i tri triterpenska saponina oleanolnog tipa (52-54). Iz etarskog ulja Artemisiasantonicum izolovan je oksigenovani monoterpen (55)... The subject of this doctoral dissertation are the secondary metabolites ofhalophytes (plants wild growing at saline habitats). In Serbia such habitats are mainlyfound in Vojvodina. Flavonoid glycosides and saponins from halophytic speciesAtriplex (A. littoralis, A. tatarica and A. prostrata) were isolated, chemicallycharacterized and their various biological activities were determined. In addition, ahalophyte species from the genus Artemisia (A. santonicum) was examined. Its essentialoil was isolated, the chemical composition determined and various biological activitiesof this were tested.Several halophytic plant species are used in many traditional formulations asantiseptics, diuretics, antiparasitics, antipyretics, purgatives, laxatives, for the treatmentof diabetes, high blood pressure, asthma, gout and rheumatism. Extracts and compoundsisolated from the genus Atriplex show antiparasitic, insecticidal, antimicrobial,cytotoxic and antioxidant activity. Essential oils of the genus Artemisia have shownantioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotectiveand antimalarial activity.Atriplex species are a rich source of secondary metabolites, primarily flavonoids,saponins and alkaloids. In this study, a total of 13 compounds were isolated andcharacterized by means of spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D NMR, IR and MS).Among them seven (43-45, 51-54) were the new compounds. At the same time, in theextract of A. littoralis, six compounds, four flavonoid glycosides (43-46) and twophenolic compounds (47, 48) were identified. From A. tatarica six compounds, threeflavonoid glycosides (49-51) and three triterpene saponins of an oleanane type (52-54)were isolated. An oxygenated monoterpene (55) was isolated from Artemisiasantonicum essential oil...

Commercial cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds were sown on the field in village Mošorin, Serbia, in early April of 2014. The vegetation period lasted 98 days. The average height of the cultivated cumin plants was 18.5 cm, with 13 umbels 2.75 cm in diameter, containing 19.33 seeds per umbel. Plant weight was 1.26 g, yielding 0.54 g fruit per plant. Plants from India had essential oil content of 3.32%, while the plants grown in Serbia contained 5.31% essential oil. Essential oil obtained from the fruits of Indian cumin plants consisted of 19 compounds, while 30 compounds were found in essential oil obtained from cumin grown in Serbia. Essential oils were primarily composed of: y-terpinene-7-al, cuminaldehyde, B-pinene, y-terpinene and a-terpinene-7-al. Komercijalno seme začinskog kumina (Cuminum cyminum L.) posejano je u Mošorinu, početkom aprila meseca 2014. godine. Vegetacioni period kumina je trajao 98 dana. Prosečna visina biljaka je bila 18,5 cm, jedna biljka je formirala u proseku 13 štitova, prečnika 2,75 cm, sa 19,33 zrna u štitu. Masa cele biljke u proseku je bila 1,26 g, a prinos ploda po biljci 0,54 g. Nakon žetve određene su kvalitativne karakteristike kako početnog semenskog materijala, tako i dobijenog semena, pri čemu je ustanovljeno da je sadržaj etarskog ulja u plodovima kumina iz Indije bio 3,32%, a iz Srbije čak 5.31%. U etarskom ulju plodova kumina iz Indije identifikovano je 19 komponenti, dok je u etarskom ulju iz Srbije ustanovljen značajno veci broj komponenti (30). Najzastupljenije komponente u oba etarska ulja su bile: y-terpinen-7-al, kumin-aldehid, B-pinen, y-terpinen i a-terpinen-7-al.

This study was performed to determine the main antibacterial compounds of the essential oil (ЕО) of saltmarsh plant Artemisia santonicum (Asteraceae). The combination of HPTLC and direct bioautography was used for the activity guided isolation of isogeranic acid as the main antibacterial constituent with remarkable antimicrobial activity, although it was the minor component of the EO, present only in 0.2 %, as calculated from GC/FID. Its structure was determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR and GC–MS techniques. Antibacterial activity of isogeranic acid against all tested bacteria was significantly higher than EO and even than both controls streptomycin and ampicillin. In further investigation of antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity EO exhibited the best inhibition of the biofilm formation at 1/8 minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and isogeranic acid at 1/2 MIC. Both EO and isogeranic acid possessed pyocyanin inhibitory activity showing the reduction of pigment at 60.6 and 62.8 %, respectively, at 1/2 MIC concentrations. Ово истраживање је спроведено у циљу одређивања главних антибактеријских компоненти етарског уља слатинске биљне врсте Artemisia santonicum (Asteraceae). Комбинација HPTLC методе и методе директне биоаутографије је коришћена за активношћу вођено изоловање изогеранилне киселине као главне компоненте са значајном антимикробном, антибиофилм и антикворум активношћу иако је била присутна у етарском уљу са само 0,2 %, израчунато из GC/FID. Њена структура је одређена 1D и 2D NMR и GC–MS техникама. Антибактеријска активност изогеранилне киселине на све тестиране бактерије је била значајно боља од етарског уља, и од обе контроле, стрептомицина и ампицилина. Етарско уље је показало најбољу инхибицију формирања биофилма у концентрацији 1/8 минималне инфибиторске концнетрације (MIC вредности), а изогеранилна киселина у концентрацији 1/2 MIC вредности. И етарско уље и изогеранилна киселина су имале пиоцијанин инхибиторну активност показавши смањење пигмента на 60,6 и 62,8 %, у концентрацији 1/2 MIC вредности, редом.

Gestovi predstavljaju ritualizovane pokrete ukazivanja, davanja i usmeravanja. Navodi iz literature pokazuju da pol i uzrast mogu predstavljati značajne faktore u produkciji i razumevanju gestova kod osoba tipičnog razvoja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika između sposobnosti razumevanja, produkcije i imitacije gestova kod ispitanika sa Daunovim sindromom u odnosu na pol i uzrast. Uzorkom ovog istraživanja obuhvaćeno je 30 osoba sa Daunovim sindromom, uzrasta od od 12-45 godina, ujednačenih po polu i uzrastu. Za potrebe procene razumevanja, produkcije i imitacije gestova korišćena je Skala za procenu gestova (Ham, 2010). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da nema statistički značajnih razlika u sposobnosti produkcije, razumevanja i imitacije gestova između osoba sa Daunovim sindromom, u odnosu na njihov uzrast i pol. Budućim istraživanjima bi trebalo obuhvatiti veći uzorak, kao i druge socio-demografske varijable za koje u literaturi postoje navodi da se mogu dovesti u vezu sa sposobnošću razumevanja i izvođenja gestova. Gestures are ritualized movements of pointing, giving things and showing direction. References show that gender and age can be significant factors in gesture production and understanding in persons of typical development. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a difference between the ability to understand, produce, and imitate gestures in subjects with Dawn syndrome in relation to gender and age. The sample of this study included 30 persons with Dawn syndrome, aged between 12 and 45, uniform by age and gender. For the purpose of assessing the understanding, production and imitation of gestures, the Gesture Assessment Scale was used (Ham, 2010). The obtained results show that there are no statistically significant differences in the ability to produce, understand, and imitate gestures between persons with Dawn syndrome, relative to their age and gender. Future research should include a larger sample, as well as other socio-demographic variables that are reported in the literature to be possibly linked to the ability to understand and perform gestures. X međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija "Unapređenje kvalitete života djece i mladih"

Komunikacijske veštine ne podrazumevaju samo sposobnost razumevanja informacija i produkciju govora, već one pored navedenih obuhvataju i ekstralingvističke sposobnosti. Ekstralingvistička komunikacija predstavlja neverbalni aspekt komunikacije, zasnovan na pokretima pojedinih delova tela ili tela u celini, a u cilju prenošenja poruke komunikacionom partneru. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje veze između ekstralingvističkih i govorno-jezičkih sposobnosti kod osoba sa Daunovim sindromom. Uzorkom ovog istraživanja obuhvaćeno je 30 osoba sa Daunovim sindromom starosti od 12-45 godina (AS = 22,10, SD = 9,704). Ispitanici su ujednačeni prema polu (17 ispitanika muškog pola i 13 ispitanika ženskog pola; χ²=0,533; df=1; p=0,465). Svi ispitanici u okviru ovog uzorka funkcionišu na nivou umerene intelektualne ometenosti, sa skorovima na Ravenovima matricama u opsegu od 5-16 (AS=10,60; SD=2,59). U istraživanju su za potrebe potvrđivanja intelektualne ometenosti korišćene Ravenove progresivne matrice (Raven & Raven, 1998). Za potrebe procene ekstralingvističkih sposobnosti korišćena je Ekstralingvistička skala iz Baterije za procenu komunikacije (ABaCO, The Assessment Battery for Communication, Sacco et al., 2008), dok je govorno- jezički razvoj procenjivan podskalama Receptivan i Ekspresivan govor iz Vinelandove skale adaptivnog ponašanja (Vinelnd Adaptive Behavior, Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla, 2006). Veza između ekstralingvističkih i govorno-jezičkih sposobnosti kod osoba sa Daunovim sindromom istražena je pomoću koeficijenta Pirsonove linearne korelacije. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da ukupne ekstralingvističke sposobnosti pozitivno i jako koreliraju sa receptivnim (r = 0,840, p = 0,000) i ekspresivnim govorom (r = 0,903, p = 0,000), odnosno da se bolja produkcija i razumevanje gestova dovode u vezu sa naprednijom produkcijom i razumevanjem govora.

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.), celery (Apium graveolens L.), celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), carrot (Daucus carota L.), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.), lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) and angelica (Angelica archangelica L.) are vegetable plants belonging to the Apiaceae family. They are often used as spices due to their characteristic aroma, originating from the volatile compounds present in the plant tissues. Mainly, all parts of the plant i.e. roots, leaves and fruit are used in nutrition. However, the focus of this chapter is plant fruit (i.e. seed), which is mostly used as spice. The contemporary method used for the analysis of volatiles compounds is called headspace and it is widely applied in flavor chemistry. The dominant compounds in P. crispum are α-pinene (46.2-49.0%) and β-pinene (33.5- 35.4%), while in A. graveolens, it is limonene (84.1-94.4%). In D. carota, the main components are sabinene (28.3%) and α-pinene (25.0%), while in P. sativa fruit, it is octyl ester of butanoic acid (53.8%) and 1-octanol (27.6%). In L. officinale and A. archangelica, the dominant component in fruit is β-phellandrene (77.1% and 84.7%, respectively).

The aim of the present study was to clarify the chemical composition of essential oil from seeds of Angelica (Angelica sylvestris) plants growing wild in Serbia. In the essential oil, a total of 27 compounds were detected, among which 22 compounds were identified (comprising 97.9% of all compounds), while five were unidentified (comprising 2.1%). The main components were limonene (66.6%) and alpha-pinene (19.0%), followed by camphene (1.9%), alpha-phellandrene (1.6%), bornyl acetate (1.6%), and trans-caryophyllene (1.0%), while all other compounds were present in amounts of less than 1.0%. The antibacterial effect of the essential oil of wild Angelica seeds was tested against two pathogenic bacteria that cause food poisoning, viz., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. According to the obtained results, S. aureus was more sensitive to A. sylvestris seed oil than E. coli. The minimal inhibitory concentrations were 28.40 mu L/mL and 56.81 mu L/mL, respectively, confirming a good antibacterial activity potential of the essential oil against E. coli and S. aureus, and indicating possibilities for its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi hemijski sastav etarskog ulja divlje anđelike (Angelica sylvestris) dobijenog hidrodestilacijom semena samoniklih biljaka iz Srbije. U etarskom ulju utvrđeno je 27 komponenti (koje čine 97.9%), među kojima je pet nedeterminisanih komponenti (koje čine 2.1%). Dominantne komponente su limonen (66.6%) i α-pinen (19.0%), a potom slede kamfen (1.9%), α-felandren (1.6%), bornil acetat (1.6%) i trans-kariofilen (1.0%), dok su ostale komponente bile prisutne sa manje od 1.0%. Takođe, cilj ispitivanja je bio i antibakterijski efekat ovog ulja na dve patogene bakterije koje su uzročnici trovanja hranom: Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli. Na osnovu rezultata, utvrđeno je da je S. aureus značajno osetljiviji na uticaj etarskog ulja semena A. sylvestris u poređenju sa E. coli. Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija je bili 28.40 µL/mL i 56.81 µL/mL, što potvrđuje dobru antibakterijsku aktivnost na obe bakterije, kao i na mogućnost njegove primene u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji.

Standard communication involves the production and understanding of communication acts by respecting the default rules of concluding in communication chain. On the other hand, non-standard communication is characterized by a violation of the basic rules of concluding in the aforementioned chain. In relation to the length and load of the inferential communication chain, all standard and non-standard communication acts are divided into simple and complex. The aim of this work is to determine the existence of differences in the understanding of simple and complex extralinguistic standard and non-standard acts in persons with Down syndrome. The sample of this study included 30 persons with Down syndrome, both gender, ages 12-45. For the needs of assessing the understanding of the extralinguistic aspects of pragmatics, the Subcale of Extralinguistic Understanding from the Battery for the Assessment of Communication was used (ABaCO, the Assessment Battery for Communication, Sacco et al., 2008). The obtained results show that people with Down syndrome are more successful in understanding simple standard extralinguistic acts compared to the complex ones. Also, they are more successful in the tasks of understanding simple ironic and deceptive statements. Standardna komunikacija podrazumeva produkciju i razumevanje komunikacionih činova uz poštovanje podrazumevanih pravila zaključivanja u komunikacionom lancu. Sa druge strane, nestandardnu komunikaciju karakteriše kršenje osnovnih pravila zaključivanja u pomenutom lancu. U odnosu na dužinu i opterećenost inferencijalnog komunikacionog lanca, svi standardni i nestandardni komunikacioni akti se dele na jednostavne i složene. Cilj ovog rada je utvrđivanje postojanja razlika u razumevanju jednostavnih i složenih ekstralingvističkih standardnih i nestandardnih činova kod osoba sa Daunovim sindromom. Uzorkom ovog istraživanja obuhvaćeno je 30 osoba sa Daunovim sindromom, oba pola, starosti od 12-45 godina. Za potrebe procene razumevanja ekstralingvističkih aspekata pragmatike korišćena je Subskala ekstralingvističkog razumevanja iz Baterije za procenu komunikacije (ABaCO, Te Assessment Batery for Communication, Sacco et al., 2008). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da su osobe sa Daunovim sindromom uspešnije u razumevanju jednostavnih standardnih ekstralingvističkih činova u poređenju sa složenim. Takođe, uspešniji su i u zadacima razumevanja jednostavnih ironičnih i iskaza prevare.

Екстралингвистичка комуникација представља невербални аспект комуникације, заснован на покретима појединих делова тела или тела у целини, а у циљу преношења поруке комуникационом партнеру. Особе са Дауновим синдромом се доста ослањају на гестове како би компензовале потешкоће у говору. Сматра се да је употреба гестова код ових особа чак и већа него у типичној популацији. Стога је циљ овог рада био усмерен на утврђивање неких специфичности екстралингвистичке комуникације особа са Дауновим синдромом. У складу са тим, појединачни циљеви су се односили на: 1) утврђивање постојања разлика између екстралингвистичке продукције и екстралингвистичког разумевања; 2) утврђивање постојања разлика између разумевања, продукције и имитације гестова особа са Дауновим синдромом; 3) утврђивање постојања разлика у екстралингвистичким способностима у односу на пол и узраст; 4) утврђивање односа између екстралингвистичких способности са једне стране, и говорно-језичких способности, моторичких вештина и интелектуалног функционисања са друге стране код особа са Дауновим синдромом. Узорком је обухваћено 30 испитаника са Дауновим синдромом, оба пола, узраста од 12 до 45 година старости, подељених у две узрасне категорије. Поред демографског упитника, у оквиру истраживања коришћено је још четири инструмента: Екстралингвистичка скала из Батерије за процену комуникације (ABаCO, The Assessment Battery for Communication, Sacco et al., 2008), Скала за процену гестова (Ham, 2010), Скала Комуникација и Скала Моторичке вештине из Винеланд скале адаптивног понашања (наставничка форма, Vinelnd Adaptive Behavior, Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2006) и Равенове прогресивне матрице (Raven & Raven, 1998). Према добијеним резултатима, не постоји статистички значајна разлика између екстралингвистичког разумевања и екстралингвистичке продукције, као ни између продукције, разумевања и имитације гестова. Испитаници мушког и женског пола постижу уједначене резултате на Екстралингвистичкој скали и Скали за процену гестова. Међутим, утврђено је да се екстралингвистичке способности разликују у односу на узраст. Старији испитаници су имали боља постигнућа на Екстралингвистичкој скали у односу на млађе испитанике. Такође, показало се и да говорно-језичке способности имају утицај на постигнућа испитаника на Субскалама екстралингвистичког разумевања и продукције, као и разумевања, продукције и имитације гестова. Испитаници са бољим говорно- језичким способностима имају и боља постигнућа на Екстралингвистичкој скали и Скали за процену гестова. Није пронађена позитивна корелација између Крупне моторике и екстралингвистичких способности и продукције, разумевања и имитације гестова код особа са Дауновим синдромом. Али је забележена статистички значајна позитивна повезаност скора на субскали Фина моторика и постигнућа на Екстралингвистичкој скали и Скали за процену гестова. Добијени резултати указују на статистички значајну повезаност екстралингвистичких способности, продукције, разумевања и имитације гестова и интелектуалног функционисања испитаника. Виши скорови на Равеновим матрицама корелирају са бољим постигнућима особа са Дауновим синдромом на Екстралингвистичкој скали и Скали за процену гестова На основу свега наведеног, можемо закључити да се екстралингвистичке способности особа са Дауновим синдромом значајно разликују у односу на узраст, и да су повезане са говорно-језичким способностима, интелектуалним функционисањем и финим моторичким способностима. Имајући у виду, да су екстралингвистичке способности у директној вези са говорно-језичким способностима, и да представљају допуну вербалног исказа или чак замену за говор, резултати овог истраживања би могли послужити креирању третмана за унапређење екстралингвистичких прагматских способности, а у циљу што боље комуникације особа са Дауновим синдромом. Extralinguistic communication is an aspect of non-verbal communication based on the movement of certain body parts or whole body motion, with the aim to convey a message to a communication partner. People with Down's syndrome rely on gestures vastly in order to compensate for their speech impairment. It is thought that the use of gestures in people with this disorder is even higher than in typical population. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was set on determining certain characteristics of extralinguistic communication in people with Down's syndrome. Accordingly, the specific goals referred to: 1) determining the existence of the differences between extralinguistic production and extralinguistic understanding; 2) determining the existence of the differences between gesture understanding, production, and imitation in people with Down's syndrome; 3) determining the existence of the differences in extralinguistic abilities in relation to gender and age; 4) determining the type of the relation between the extralinguistic abilities on one side, and speech and language abilities, motor skills, and mental abilities on the other, in people with Down's syndrome. The sample included 30 respondents with Down's syndrome of both genders, aged from 12 to 45, grouped into two age categories. Besides the demographic questionnaire, four more instruments were used within our research: Extralinguistic Scale from ABаCO (The Assessment Battery for Communication, Sacco et al., 2008), Gesture Assessment Scale (Ham, 2010), Scale Communication and Scale Motor skills from Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland Adaptive Behavior, Sparrow, Cicchetti & Balla, 2006) and Raven's Progressive Matrices (Raven & Raven, 1998). According to the results obtained, there is no statistically significant difference between extralinguistic understanding and extralinguistic production, as well as between gesture production, understanding, and imitation. Both male and female respondents achieved equal scores on the Extralinguistic Scale and Gesture Assessment Scale. However, a difference in extralinguistic abilities was discovered in regards to the age. Older respondents had better achievements on the Extralinguistic Scale in comparison to the younger ones. Furthermore, it has been shown that speech and language abilities influence the respondents' achievements on subscales of extralinguistic understanding and production, as well as of those regarding gesture understanding, production, and imitation. The respondents with better speech and language abilities also have better achievements on the Extralinguistic Scale and gesture Assessment Scale. In people with Down's syndrome, no positive correlation was found between the gross motor skills and extralinguistic abilities of gesture production, understanding, and imitation. However, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between the results on the subscales of Fine Motor Skills and the achievements on both Extralinguistic Scale and Gesture Assessment Scale. The obtained results point to a statistically significant correlation of extralinguistic abilities, gesture production, understanding, and imitation in regards to mental abilities of the respondents. In people with Down's syndrome, better results on Raven's Progressive Matrices are in correlation to better achievements on both Extralinguistic Scale and Gesture Assessment Scale. Based on all the above mentioned, we may conclude that in people with Down's syndrome, extralinguistic abilities are significantly difference in relation to their age, and they are connected with speech and language abilities, mental abilities, and fine motor skills. Bearing in mind the fact that extralinguistic abilities are in direct link to speech and language abilities, and that they represent a complement to a verbal expression, or even a speech substitution, the results of this research may serve to create a treatment for improving extralinguistic pragmatic abilities in order to better the communication with people with Down's syndrome.

Seeds from wild carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. carota) have been used for medicinal purposessince ancient times. Today the oil of its seeds has been proved to possess antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antioxidative and anticancer activity. Thecultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) is mainly used as a rootvegetable, while its seed oil is sometimes employed as a flavouring agent in food products and in the cosmetics industry. In the light of this very different usage, the aim of our investigationwas to identify chemical compounds from essential oils of the seeds of these two subspecies of D.carota collected during 2014 in northern Serbia. It is established that wild carrot contains 1.67% of essential oil in the seeds, while cultivated carrot contains 0.55%. In the case of wild-grown carrot, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses of seed essential oil show that sabinene (40.9%) and α-pinene (30.1%), followed by β-bisabolene (6.2%), β-pinene (5.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (5.3%) are the dominant compounds. The major constituents of essential oil from cultivated carrot seeds are carotol (22.0%), sabinene (19.6%) and α-pinene (13.2%). The mixture of aromadendrene, β-farnesene and sesquisabinene comprises 8.2%, the content of transcaryophylleneis 5.7% while that of myrcene amounts to 4.7%. Analysis of seeds from both carrots reveals significantly different chemical characteristics of their essential oil, the existence of which influences their different usage.

Six coriander accessions of different origins were grown on an experimental field in Mošorin, Serbia during 2014. The GC/MS analysis of the essential oil showed that the major components in all samples were linalool (69.3–72.0%), γ-terpinene (6.0–9.6%) and α-pinene (6.7–8.2%), while other compounds were present at less than 5%. Antifungal activity of coriander oils against two phytopathogenic fungi from Colletotrichum genus (C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides) was evaluated using the inverted petriplate method. Experiments show that coriander essential oil has antifungal properties against the apple bitter rot pathogens from Colletotrichum genus, but only at higher application rates (≥ 0.16 µl/ml of air). According to the obtained data, it can be concluded that tested coriander accessions differ in essential oil content and composition, as well as in influence on mycelial growth. Coriander essential oil has potential for being applied as a biological control agent against these two fungi from Colletotrichum genus. Sześć populacji kolendry różnego pochodzenia uprawiano na polu doświadczalnym w Mošorin w Serbii w 2014 roku. Analiza GC/MS olejku lotnego wykazała, że głównymi składnikami we wszystkich próbkach były linalol (69,3–72,0%), γ-terpinen (6,0–9,6%) oraz α-pinen (6,7–8,2%), natomiast inne składniki były obecne w ilości mniejszej niż 5%. Przeciwgrzybicze działanie olejków kolendry względem dwóch grzybów fitopatogenicznych z gatunku Colletotrichum (C. acutatum i C. gloeosporioides) oceniono za pomocą metody odwróconych szalek Petriego. Doświadczenia wykazały, że olejek eteryczny kolendry ma właściwości antygrzybicze względem patogenów gorzkiej zgnilizny jabłoni pochodzących z gatunku Colletotrichum, ale tylko przy większych dawkach aplikacji (≥ 0,16 µl/ml powietrza). Na podstawie uzyskanych danych można wyciągnąć wniosek, że badane populacje kolendry różnią się zawartością olejku eterycznego oraz wpływem na wzrost grzybni. Olejek eteryczny kolendry posiada potencjał jako środek ograniczający dwa grzyby z gatunku Colletotrichum.

The essential oil content in cumin samples from Serbian market ranged between 2.0 and 4.0%, with 22 identified compounds, among which the most abundant were cumin aldehyde, β-pinene, γ-terpinene, γ-terpinene-7-al and p-cymene. Postdistillation cumin seeds waste material that remained after the essential oil extraction contains total polyphenols of between 30.1 and 47.5 mg GAE/g dry extract, as estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, as well as glycosides of flavonones and flavonoles, are the dominant polyphenols. However, according to DPPH method, the antioxidative potential of cumin postdistillation seeds waste was poor and it ranged between 0.02 and 0.04 mM TE/g. Further research will be focused on agro-food implementation of postdistillation waste material of cumin and other plants which are used for the essential oil production. Sadržaj etarskog ulja u plodovima kumina prisutnog na Srpskom tržištu kreće se između 2.0 i 4.0%. Primenom GC/MS identifikovane je ukupno 22 komponente u etarskim uljima kumina, među kojima su najzastupljenije: kumin aldehid, β-pinen, γ-terpinen, γ-terpinen-7-al i p-cimen. Međutim, kako je sadržaj etarskog ulja u plodovima kumina mali (ispod 5%), veliki deo biljnog materijala ostaje neiskorišćen. Primenom tzv. Folin-Ciocalteu metoda, ustanovljeno je da ostaci nakon destilacije etarskog ulja iz plodova kumina sadrže između 30.1 i 47.5 mg GAE/g suvog ekstrakta ukupnih polifenola. Hidroksibenzoeva i hidroksicimetna kiselina, kao i glikozidi flavonona i flavonola, su najzastupljeniji polifenoli. Na osnovu DPPH-metoda antioksidativni potencijal ostataka nakon destilacije plodova kumina je slab i kreće se između 0.02 i 0.04 mM TE/g. Dalja istraživanja bi trebalo usmeriti ka primeni ostataka nakon destilacije plodova kumina i drugih biljaka koje se koriste za destilaciju etarskih ulja u prehrambenoj industriji i poljoprivredi.

Seeds from wild carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. carota) have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Today the oil of its seeds has been proved to possess antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic, antioxidative and anticancer activity. The cultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) is mainly used as a root vegetable, while its seed oil is sometimes employed as a flavouring agent in food products and in the cosmetics industry. In the light of this very different usage, the aim of our investigation was to identify chemical compounds from essential oils of the seeds of these two subspecies of D. carota collected during 2014 in northern Serbia. It is established that wild carrot contains 1.67% of essential oil in the seeds, while cultivated carrot contains 0.55%. In the case of wild-grown carrot, gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses of seed essential oil show that sabinene (40.9%) and α-pinene (30.1%), followed by β-bisabolene (6.2%), β-pinene (5.7%) and trans-caryophyllene (5.3%) are the dominant compounds. The major constituents of essential oil from cultivated carrot seeds are carotol (22.0%), sabinene (19.6%) and α-pinene (13.2%). The mixture of aromadendrene, β-farnesene and sesquisabinene comprises 8.2%, the content of transcaryophyllene is 5.7% while that of myrcene amounts to 4.7%. Analysis of seeds from both carrots reveals significantly different chemical characteristics of their essential oil, the existence of which influences their different usage. Seme divlje mrkve (Daucus carota L. ssp. carota) se koristi u lekovite svrhe od antičkog doba. U današnje vreme dokazano je da ono poseduje antinociceptivno, antiinflamatorno, hipoglikemijsko, antidiabetično, antioksidativno i antikancerogeno dejstvo. Gajena mrkva (D. carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoff m.) A rca ng.) se uglavnom koristi kao korenasto povrće, dok se etarsko ulje semena retko koristi, i to kao poboljšivač ukusa u prehrambenoj industriji i kozmetici. Imajući u vidu veoma različitu upotrebu, cilj našeg istraživanja je bio da se identifikuju hemijske komponente etarskog ulja semena ove dve vrste D. carota sakupljenog tokom 2014. godine u severnoj Srbiji. Tom prilikom je ustanovljeno da divlja mrkva sadrži 1,67% etarskog ulja u semenu, a gajena mrkva 0,55%. Analizom etarskog ulja primenom gasne hromatografije-masene spektrometrije (GC-MS) ustanovljeno je da etarsko ulje divlje mrkve u najvećem procentu sadrži sabinen (40,9%) i α-pi nen (3 0,1%), a potom slede β-bisabolen (6,2%), β-pinen (5,7%) i trans-kariofilen (5,3%). Glavne komponente etarskog ulja gajene mrkve su karotol (22,0%), sabinen (19,6%) i α-pinen (13,2%), dok mešavina aromadendrena, β-farnezena i seskvisabinena čini 8,2%, trans-kariofilen 5,7% i mircen 4,7%. Analizama semena ove dve vrste mrkve ustanovljena je značajno drugačija karakterizacija etarskih ulja što utiče na njihovu različitu upotrebu.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. There are two types that have commercial importance, sweet fennel Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce, and bitter fennel - Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of essential oil of the fruits of these two varieties. Plants were grown in the experimental field in Mošorin for two years and from the produced fruits, essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method according to Clevenger apparatus, while the essential oil components were determined through GC/MS.Sweet fennel (variety 'Fino', Austrosaat AG, Austria) and bitter fennel (variety 'Vojvođanski', Dr Josif Pančić, Serbia) grown in Serbia, as most abundant compound of the essential oil had trans-anethole. In the var. dulceits part was from 77.2-80.0%, while the content of methyl-chavicol was 2.2- 2.7 %, and fenchone 3.9-5.1%. The var. vulgarehad 61.1-67.1 % trans-anethole and fenchone 22.6-26.6 % depended on the year. Komorač (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) je aromatična biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Postoje dva varijeteta od komercijalnog značaja: slatki komorač Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) i gorki komorač - Foeniculum vulgare Mill. subsp. vulgare var. vulgare. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita kvalitet etarskog ulja plodovaova dva varijeteta. Biljke su gajene na oglednom polju u Mošorinu tokom dve godine, a iz dobijenih plodova etarsko ulje je dobijeno postupkom hidrodestilacije na aparaturi po Clevenger-u, a određivanje komponenata atarskog ulja putem GC/MS.Slatki komorač (sorta 'Fino', Austrosaat AG, Austrija) i gorki komorač (sorta 'Vojvođanski', Dr Josif Pančić, Srbija) u etarskom ulju kao najzastupljeniju komponentu je imali su trans-anetol. U varijetetu dulce njegov udeo je bio od 77,2 - 80,0 %, dok je sadržaj metil kavikola bio 2,2-2,7 %, a fenhona 3,9 - 5,1 %. Varijetet vulgare je imao 61,1 - 67,1 % trans-anetola a fenhona 22,6-26,6 % u zavisnosti od godine.

Lovage and celery are important as vegetables, spices and medicinal herbs rich in essential oil, which gives them a characteristic aroma. In addition, they have great pharmacological potential and the possibility of being applied as dietary supplements, functional foods and as alternative medicinal substances. By using the headspace extraction essential oil was obtained from the fruit of these two plants and was identified by GC analysis. In the essential oil of lovage fruit 21 components were identified, among which the dominant were ß-phellandrene (77.1%), α-pinene (4.7%), α-phellandrene (4.3%), sabinene (3.3%), myrcene (3.3%) and cis-ß-ocymene (2.7%), while other components were present with less than 1%. The most abundant class of compounds are monoterpenes, while from the compounds of phthalide class only cis-ligustilide was recorded with 0.3%. The essential oil of celery fruit consisted of 17 components, out of which the most common were limonene (94.4%), myrcene (2.2%) and ß-pinene (1.6%), while other components were present in small amounts. The most common class of compounds are monoterpenes, while from the phthalide class sedanenolid was present with 0.2%, while 3-n-buthylphthalide and sedanolide were found in traces. Selen i celer su značajne povrtarske, začinske i lekovite biljke bogate etarskim uljem koje im daje karakterističnu aromu. Pored toga, imaju veliki farmakološki potencijal i mogućnost primene kao dijetetski suplementi, funkcionalna hrana i alternativne lekovite supstance. Primenom Head­space ekstrakcije dobijeno je etarsko ulje iz plodova ove dve biljke koje je identifikovano GC analizom. U etarskom ulju plodova selena identifikovana je 21 komponenta, među kojima dominira β-felandren (77,1%), α-pinen (4,7%), α-felandren (4,3%), sabinen (3,3%), mircen (3,3%) i cis-β-ocimen (2,7%), dok su ostale komponente prisutne sa manje od 1%. Najzastupljenija klasa jedinjenja su monoterpeni, dok je od jedinjenja iz klase ftalida zabeležen samo cis-igustilid sa 0,3%. U etarskom ulju plodova celera, utvrđeno je 17 komponenata, od kojih je najzastupljeniji bio limonen (94,4%), mircen (2,2%) i β-pinen (1,6%), dok su ostale komponente bile prisutne u malim količinama. Najzastupljenija klasa jedinjenja su monoterpeni, dok je od ftalida utvrđen sedanenolid sa 0,2%, a 3-n-butilftalid i sedanolid su bili prisutni u tragovima. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172053 i realizovano je u okviru projekata: 114-451-2373/2014-03 koji finansira Pokrajinski sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj AP Vojvodine .

Selen (Levisticum officinale Koch.) je višegodišnja lekovita, aromatična i začinska biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Eksperimentima je ustanovljeno da je selen dobar diuretik i ekspektorans, takođe deluje antikancerogeno i antioksidativno. Koristi se kao začinska biljka i kao povrće. Ima veliki potencijal primene i u organskoj poljoprivredi. Cvet selena bogat je polenom i nektarom i zbog toga privlači veliki broj insekata među kojima su posebno značajni predatori i parazitoidi štetočina, te se zbog toga ova biljka često gaji kao zaštitni pojas. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da ekstrakt selena deluje alelopatski (inhibira klijanje semena korovskih biljaka - Lepidium sativum i Cardaria draba), insekticidno (na Tribolum confusum.i Locusta migratoria) i antimikrobno (na bakterije Bacillus subtilis, Mucobacterium fortuitum i M. aurum, kao i na gljive Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger i A. ochraceus). S obzirom na veliki potencijal primene, u ovom radu je izneta tehnologija proizvodnje selena sa osvrtom na bolesti i štetočine koje mogu predstavljati problem pri gajenju. Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. It is well established that lovage is a diuretic and expectorant, as well as that it has anticancerogenic and antioxidative properties. It is used both as spice and as vegetable. It also has great potential for use in organic agriculture. Lovage flower is rich in pollen and nectar, and thus attractive to many insects, among them predators and parasitoids of pests. Lovage is, therefore, often grown as protection crop. In addition, it is established that lovage extract has allelopatic (reducing germination of weeds Lepidium sativum and Cardaria draba), insecticide {on Tribolium confusum. and Locusta migratoria) and antimicrobial properties (on bacteria Bacillus subtihis, Mucobacterium fortuitum and M. Aurum, as well as fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus ruger and A. ochraceus). Bearing in mind the great potential of lovage uses, this paper focuses on its growing technology, as well as on pests and diseases affecting lovage crop.

Field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons with annual caraway, at three localities, in order to determine the effect of different environmental conditions on the quality of seed as reproductive material. During the experiment, it was found that the quality of caraway seed was significantly lower in the hotter and drier year in comparison to the year with moderate conditions. Unfavourable weather conditions caused premature ripening and consequently thousand seed weight was low and lower amounts of essential oils were stored in the seed. By applying the linear regressions method it was established that the total variability of both thousand seed weight and the amount of essential oil per seed were due to its association with harvest index. Because of better characteristics of seed during the moderate year, the germination energy and total germination were significantly higher, and reproductive material was of good quality. Poljski ogled izveden tokom dve godine sa jednogodišnjim kimom na tri lokaliteta imao je za cilj determinaciju uticaja različitih ekoloških uslova na kvalitet semenskog materijala ove biljke. Utvrđeno je da je kvalitet semena kima značajno lošiji u godini koja je bila sušna i praćena visokim temperaturama u poređenju sa godinom sa umerenim vrednostima klimatskih parametara. Nepovoljni vremenski uslovi uzrokovali su prevremeno zrenje i kao posledica toga došlo je do obrazovanja male mase hiljadu semena i akumulacije manje količine etarskog ulja u semenu. Primenom modela linearne regresije ustanovljeno je da su varijabilnost mase hiljadu semena i količina etarskog ulja u semenu u direktnoj vezi sa žetvenim indeksom. Zbog boljih karakteristika semena formiranog u uslovima umerene godine, energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost su značajno veće, što je dovelo do toga da reproduktivni materijal iz te godine ima bolji kvalitet.

Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant from Apiaceae family. It is well established that lovage is a diuretic and expectorant, as well as that it has anticancerogenic and antioxidative properties. It is used both as spice and as vegetable. It also has great potential for use in organic agriculture. Lovage flower is rich in pollen and nectar, and thus attractive to many insects, among them predators and parasitoids of pests. Lovage is, therefore, often grown as protection crop. In addition, it is established that lovage extract has allelopatic (reducing germination of weeds Lepidium sativum and Cardaria draba), insecticide (on Tribolium confusum and Locusta migratoria) and antimicrobial properties (on bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. Aurum, as well as fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and A. ochraceus). Bearing in mind the great potential of lovage uses, this paper focuses on its growing technology, as well as on pests and diseases affecting lovage crop. Selen (Levisticum officinale Koch.) je višegodišnja lekovita, aromatična i začinska biljka iz familije Apiaceae. Eksperimentima je ustanovljeno da je selen dobar diuretik i ekspektorans, takođe deluje antikancerogeno i antioksidativno. Koristi se kao začinska biljka i kao povrće. Ima veliki potencijal primene i u organskoj poljoprivredi. Cvet selena bogat je polenom i nektarom i zbog toga privlači veliki broj insekata među kojima su posebno značajni predatori i parazitoidi štetočina, te se zbog toga ova biljka često gaji kao zaštitni pojas. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da ekstrakt selena deluje alelopatski (inhibira klijanje semena korovskih biljaka - Lepidium sativum i Cardaria draba), insekticidno (na Tribolium confusum i Locusta migratoria) i antimikrobno (na bakterije Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium fortuitum i M. aurum, kao i na gljive Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger i A. ochraceus). S obzirom na veliki potencijal primene, u ovom radu je izneta tehnologija proizvodnje selena sa osvrtom na bolesti i štetočine koje mogu predstavljati problem pri gajenju.