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Se, de um ponto de vista teórico, as Indicações Geográficas (IG) podem ser consideradas como bens clube ou recursos comuns, consideramos que sua concepção pelas partes interessadas como recursos territoriais comuns é um fator-chave para seu sucesso, por meio da coordenação entre os atores e da articulação com as dinâmicas territoriais que isso implica. Com base em estudos de casos na Ásia, África e América Latina, demonstramos, entretanto, a dificuldade de estabelecer um modo de gestão adequado, devido à multiplicidade de objetivos atribuídos às IG, o possível desinteresse das partes interessadas se a valorização da IG for considerada incerta e, ao contrário, possíveis apropriações por parte de um grupo restrito se esta avaliação for comprovada.

Background. Early Mobilization in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) enhances patients’ evolution, but its benefits and practical implementation have rarely been studied in neurological ICUs. To report on tolerance, feasibility and benefits of walking with a specific body-weight support (BWS) device for patients admitted to a neurological intensive care unit. Methods. Observational single-center one-year study. Inclusion criteria were adults with a neurological injury requiring mechanical ventilation. Exclusion criteria were early death or ICU transfer. After weaning from ventilation, patients were screened for indications of BWS walking using predefined criteria. Results. Patients’ conditions were mostly brain injuries: 32% subarachnoid hemorrhages, 42% focal strokes, 12% traumatic brain injuries. Out of 272 admissions, 136 patients were excluded, 78 were eligible, 33 performed BWS walking. Regarding non-eligible patients, 36 walked unsuspended upon ventilation weaning, 17 presented too severe impairments. Regarding the 45 eligible patients who did not receive BWS training, main reasons were workload and week-ends (31%), medical barriers (29%), early ICU discharge (22%). For the 33-patient study sample, 78 BWS sessions were performed. Pre-session, most patients had inadequate response to pain, orders, or simple orientation questions. Sitting without support was impossible for 74%. Most pre-post changes in hemodynamic, respiratory, and pain parameters were small. Eight sessions were interrupted; reasons were pain, fatigue or major imbalance (4), syncope (1), occurrence of stool (2), battery failure (1). All adverse events ended upon session interruption. Patients walked on median 17 meters. During 51% of sessions, patients showed a spontaneous smile. First BWS session occurred on median 3 days after ventilation weaning, and 11 days before patients were able to walk unsuspended. Conclusions. Verticalization and walking using a suspension device patients in neuroICU allows early gait training, despite challenging neurological impairments. It is safe and generally well tolerated. Trial registration. ClinicalTrials database (ID: NCT04300491)

International audience; The objective of this project is to produce knowledge about hybrid food systems positioned between short and long circuits, addressing their economic, social, and environmental performances and the conditions of their sustainability, to co-construct with p roject partners a method and support tools for their sustainable development. These systems are particularly complex, with interactions between actors, interactions between performance indicators of various kinds, new vocabulary and new practices centered on human relationships, with very little formalization. To tackle this problem, we propose a new system engineering approach based on meta- modeling to consider the flow, the requirements and performance indicators. After presenting the problem, we will det ail our approach and its implementation. We will end with a review and perspectives.

In 2020, new guidelines have been published by the European Society of Cardiology including those on non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, atrial fibrillation and adult congenital heart disease. Regarding interventional cardiology, POPular TAVI opens the possibility of anti-platelet monotherapy after transcutaneous aortic valve replacement. EMPEROR-Reduced confirms the importance of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Within the field of imaging, stress MRI has now become the first-line technique for the screening of coronary artery disease, demonstrating an excellent cost-benefit ratio. Finally, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors do not appear to increase the risk of an infection by COVID-19.L’année 2020 a été marquée par la publication de nouvelles guidelines de la Société européenne de cardiologie dont le syndrome coronarien aigu sans élévation du segment ST, la fibrillation auriculaire et les cardiopathies congénitales à l’âge adulte. En interventionnel, POPular TAVI permet d’envisager la monothérapie antithrombotique après remplacement de la valve aortique par voie transcutanée. EMPEROR-Reduced confirme l’importance des inhibiteurs du cotransporteur sodium-glucose de type 2 dans le traitement de l’insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d’éjection réduite. En imagerie, l’IRM de stress s’impose comme examen de choix pour le dépistage de la maladie coronarienne avec un rapport coût-bénéfice favorable. Enfin, les inhibiteurs du système rénine-angiotensine-aldostérone ne semblent pas augmenter le risque d’une infection au Covid-19.

L’article décrit le processus de constitution de circuits agricoles et alimentaires territorialisés marqués par un partenariat fort entre les opérateurs qui les composent. En s’appuyant sur l’observation de trois initiatives et en ancrant l’analyse dans la sociologie de l’action organisée, les auteurs décrivent quatre faces de ce processus : la visée d’une performance collective à l’échelle du circuit marchand, la volonté de négocier collectivement les règles du jeu, la réalisation d’apprentissages collectifs entre opérateurs et la stabilisation de règles portant sur les engagements de chacun.

Background The diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder are limited by the absence of available biomarkers. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present with mood instability even during remission, which is likely associated with the risk of relapse, impaired functioning, and suicidal behavior, indicating that the illness is active. Objective This research protocol aimed to investigate the correlations between clinically rated mood symptoms and mood/behavioral data automatically collected using the Toi Même app in patients with bipolar disorder presenting with different mood episodes. This study also aimed to assess the feasibility of this app for self-monitoring subjective and objective mood/behavior parameters in those patients. Methods This open-label, nonrandomized trial will enroll 93 (31 depressive, 31 euthymic, and 31 hypomanic) adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I/II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition criteria) and owning an iPhone. Clinical evaluations will be performed by psychiatrists at the baseline and after 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months during the follow-up. Rather than only accessing the daily mood symptoms, the Toi Même app also integrates ecological momentary assessments through 2 gamified tests to assess cognition speed (QUiCKBRAIN) and affective responses (PLAYiMOTIONS) in real-life contexts, continuously measures daily motor activities (eg, number of steps, distance) using the smartphone’s motion sensors, and performs a comprehensive weekly assessment. Results Recruitment began in April 2018 and the completion of the study is estimated to be in December 2021. As of April 2019, 25 participants were enrolled in the study. The first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020. This project has been funded by the Perception and Memory Unit of the Pasteur Institute (Paris) and it has received the final ethical/research approvals in April 2018 (ID-RCB: 2017-A02450-53). Conclusions Our results will add to the evidence of exploring other alternatives toward a more integrated approach in the management of bipolar disorder, including digital phenotyping, to develop an ethical and clinically meaningful framework for investigating, diagnosing, and treating individuals at risk of developing bipolar disorder or currently experiencing bipolar disorder. Further prospective studies on the validity of automatically generated smartphone data are needed for better understanding the longitudinal pattern of mood instability in bipolar disorder as well as to establish the reliability, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of such an app intervention for patients with bipolar disorder. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03508427; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03508427 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/18818

As three-dimensional microscopy becomes commonplace in biological re-search, there is an increasing need for researchers to be able to view experimental image stacks in a natural three-dimensional viewing context. Through stereoscopy and motion tracking, commercial virtual reality headsets provide a solution to this important visualization challenge by allowing researchers to view volumetric objects in an entirely intuitive fashion. With this motivation, we present DIVA, a user-friendly software tool that automatically creates detailed three-dimensional reconstructions of raw experimental image stacks that are integrated in virtual reality. In DIVA’s immersive virtual environment, users can view, manipulate and perform volumetric measurements on their microscopy images as they would to real physical objects. In contrast to similar solutions, our software provides high-quality volume rendering with native TIFF file compatibility. We benchmark the software with diverse image types including those generated by confocal, light-sheet and electron microscopy. DIVA is available at https://diva.pasteur.fr and will be regularly updated.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder are limited by the absence of available biomarkers. Patients with bipolar disorder frequently present with mood instability even during remission, which is likely associated with the risk of relapse, impaired functioning, and suicidal behavior, indicating that the illness is active. OBJECTIVE This research protocol aimed to investigate the correlations between clinically rated mood symptoms and mood/behavioral data automatically collected using the Toi Même app in patients with bipolar disorder presenting with different mood episodes. This study also aimed to assess the feasibility of this app for self-monitoring subjective and objective mood/behavior parameters in those patients. METHODS This open-label, nonrandomized trial will enroll 93 (31 depressive, 31 euthymic, and 31 hypomanic) adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I/II (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition criteria) and owning an iPhone. Clinical evaluations will be performed by psychiatrists at the baseline and after 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months during the follow-up. Rather than only accessing the daily mood symptoms, the Toi Même app also integrates ecological momentary assessments through 2 gamified tests to assess cognition speed (QUiCKBRAIN) and affective responses (PLAYiMOTIONS) in real-life contexts, continuously measures daily motor activities (eg, number of steps, distance) using the smartphone’s motion sensors, and performs a comprehensive weekly assessment. RESULTS Recruitment began in April 2018 and the completion of the study is estimated to be in December 2021. As of April 2019, 25 participants were enrolled in the study. The first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020. This project has been funded by the Perception and Memory Unit of the Pasteur Institute (Paris) and it has received the final ethical/research approvals in April 2018 (ID-RCB: 2017-A02450-53). CONCLUSIONS Our results will add to the evidence of exploring other alternatives toward a more integrated approach in the management of bipolar disorder, including digital phenotyping, to develop an ethical and clinically meaningful framework for investigating, diagnosing, and treating individuals at risk of developing bipolar disorder or currently experiencing bipolar disorder. Further prospective studies on the validity of automatically generated smartphone data are needed for better understanding the longitudinal pattern of mood instability in bipolar disorder as well as to establish the reliability, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of such an app intervention for patients with bipolar disorder. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03508427; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03508427 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/18818

Low-dose aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is still debated. Recent clinical trials of aspirin vs placebo reported an unfavourable risk-benefit ratio with an increase in major bleedings without reduction on the occurrence of non-fatal cardiovascular events. These studies also highlight that current cardiovascular risk calculators overestimate cardiovascular risk, which is probably related to the improvement in the management of cardiovascular risk factors over the last decades. In accordance with European cardiovascular prevention recommendations, aspirin should not be prescribed for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.L’aspirine à faible dose en prévention primaire des maladies cardiovasculaires (CV) ne fait pas l’unanimité. De nouvelles études parues en 2018 mettent en évidence un rapport risques/bénéfices défavorable avec une augmentation des hémorragies majeures sans effets sur la survenue d’événements CV non mortels. Ces études soulignent également que les calculateurs actuels du risque CV surévaluent celui-ci, et ceci est probablement lié à l’amélioration depuis quelques décennies de la prise en charge des facteurs de risque CV. En accord avec les recommandations européennes de prévention CV, la prescription d’aspirine n’est donc plus recommandée aux adultes sans maladie CV manifeste.

In 2019, the guidelines on the new entity « chronic coronary syndrome » have been published. They influence importantly the work-up and treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. We will also report on publications showing the benefit of percutaneous aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with aortic stenosis and low risk surgical risk. With regard to infectious endocarditis, we elucidate the importance of the vegetation's size for predicting mortality and the prognostic value of the positron emission tomography in predicting septic embolism. We highlight the spectacular results of the DAPA-HF study in patients with heart failure and review publications showing the important role of the detection of myocardial fibrosis and scar by cardiac MRI for risk stratification of sudden cardiac death.L’année 2019 a été marquée par la publication de recommandations sur une nouvelle entité, appelée « syndrome coronarien chronique », qui modifient de manière importante la prise en charge et le traitement des patients avec une maladie coronarienne stable. On relève plusieurs publications démontrant, chez les patients ayant une sténose aortique, et étant à bas risque chirurgical, le bénéfice d’un traitement percutané par rapport à un traitement chirurgical. La prise en charge de l’endocardite a été challengée par deux publications montrant que la taille de la végétation est un facteur de risque de mortalité et la valeur pronostique de la tomographie par émission de positons dans la survenue d’emboles septiques. Nous discutons les résultats spectaculaires de l’étude DAPA-HF dans le domaine d’insuffisance cardiaque et plusieurs études montrant l’intérêt de la recherche de cicatrice myocardique à l’IRM cardiaque dans la stratification du risque de mort subite.

Face au défi alimentaire et aux instabilités climatiques, l’agriculture du Bénin doit accroître ses performances économiques, sociales et environnementales, en particulier par le développement de l’agroécologie. Le numérique est souvent cité comme un levier majeur de la transition agroécologique, mais les innovations numériques en agriculture au Bénin restent peu visibles. En mobilisant et en adaptant au numérique la méthodologie de la traque aux innovations des systèmes de culture hors normes, cet article explore certaines innovations numériques dans le secteur agricole au Bénin et s’interroge sur leur capacité à jouer un rôle dans la transition agroécologique. Nos travaux apportent deux contributions principales : la première est méthodologique et montre qu’il est possible de tirer des enseignements de l’application de la traque aux innovations à un autre objet et d’élargir le domaine d’application de la méthode. La seconde est analytique. Partant de la définition d’une situation de référence, nous avons repéré, décrit, analysé et évalué 21 solutions numériques utilisées en agriculture au Bénin, ainsi que les contraintes auxquelles les porteurs sont confrontés. Ces solutions ont été regroupées en deux types : les solutions de collecte de données pour l’aide à la décision et le pilotage, et les plateformes d’échanges et de partage d’informations et de connaissances. Les innovations les plus originales dans le contexte béninois consistent en la combinaison de solutions d’échange d’information et d’utilisation de moteurs d’intelligence artificielle. Les principales contraintes au développement de ces innovations sont relatives au manque de matériel, d’infrastructures et de compétences.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to advance our understanding of the links between the representativeness of the local community by those drafting and elaborating the specification of the geographical indication (GI), the market access and the use of the GI.Design/methodology/approachThe present study followed a comparative research design, building upon primary data from the field works dealing with the elaboration and development of GIs worldwide, from legislations on the protection of GIs and from secondary data, i.e. literature dealing with the elaboration of the GI specifications at case level or national/international level.FindingsThe GI is permeable to a multitude of objectives and the management of controversies represent the “price of participatory democracy”, which still needs to be under the umbrella of the justice of peace, the State authority. Representativeness does not necessarily conduct to equity and fairness. It depends on the heterogeneity of the value chain, which might lead to the dilution of the GI specificity. Mandatory membership might not be always the best option Transparency to guarantee the producer’s group works for the common good is essential.Originality/valueThe controversies in the elaboration of the GI product specification are directly induced by the controversies in the management of the GI either by the collective organisation of producers or by the public authority. Issues such as representativeness, mandatory membership, transparency and heterogeneity of the value chain are deeply analysed to understand the functioning of GI producers associations and their limits. The state intervention as justice of the peace appears necessary.

National audience; Cet article se focalise sur l’originalité du processus d’enregistrement des indications géographiques (IG). Ce processus permet à des communautés locales de protéger leurs produits d’origine. Pour cela, des collectifs de producteurs prennent la responsabilité de construire collectivement les règles de l’IG, dans la limite du maintien du lien entre le produit et son origine géographique. À travers une analyse globale des cadres institutionnels intégrant la diversité des situations au niveau mondial, cet article montre que la philosophie des IG et leur traduction dans les règles juridiques pour l’enregistrement officiel est originellement fondée sur une éthique du compromis. Des études de cas dans différents contextes permettent ensuite de montrer que dans la pratique, les conditions d’une éthique du compromis ne sont pas toujours réunies pour enregistrer les IG. Ces situations, qui ne permettent pas de fonder les IG sur des compromis territorialisés, sont des facteurs d’échecs et d’injustice.

While, from a theoretical point of view, Geographical Indications (GIs) can be considered as club goods or common-pool resources (CPR), we argue that a key success factor is stakeholders considering them as territorial common-pool resources, through the implied coordination between actors and the articulation with territorial dynamics. However, building upon case studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, we show the difficulty of establishing an appropriate management mode, given the multiplicity of objectives assigned to GIs, the possible disinterest of actors if the value-creation attached to the GI is considered uncertain, and a contrario given the possible appropriation by a small group if this value-creation is proven.; Si, d’un point de vue théorique, les indications géographiques (IG) peuvent être considérées comme des biens de club ou des ressources communes, nous considérons que leur conception par les parties prenantes comme des ressources communes territoriales est un facteur clé de leur succès, via la coordination entre acteurs et l’articulation aux dynamiques territoriales que cela implique. À partir d’études de cas en Asie, Afrique et Amérique latine, nous montrons cependant la difficulté de l’instauration d’un mode de gestion approprié, du fait de la multiplicité des objectifs assignés aux IG, du possible désintérêt des acteurs si la valorisation de l’IG est jugée incertaine, et a contrario d’éventuelles appropriations par un groupe restreint si cette valorisation est avérée.

International audience

Although surgical aortic valve replacement has been the standard of care for patient with severe aortic stenosis, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is now a fair standard of care for patients not eligible or high risk for surgical treatment. The decision of therapeutic choice between TAVI and surgery considers surgical risk (estimated by the Euro-SCORE and STS-PROM) as well as many parameters that go beyond the assessment of the valvular disease's severity by echocardiography: a multidisciplinary assessment in "Heart Team" is needed to assess each case in all its complexity.

This communication analyzes how fair trade "fundamentals" can be challenged by recent and future evolutions, such as plantations' certification and labeling rules' changes. We defend the idea that even if the rules created in order to set boundaries to plantations or multinationals seems efficient, the stakeholders' growing diversity in the FT system lead to an important evolution of FT's governance mode. If it used to be regulated by the trust relationships which were existing between "historical actors", it has now to adopt a "rules-based" governance, which has important consequences.

Un secteur artisanal, constitué d’unités familiales de petite taille, assure les 4/5es de la production d’huile de palme au Bénin. Ce secteur a depuis toujours pu s’adapter aux évolutions survenues dans la filière (variations des quantités de matière première offertes par les planteurs ; jusqu’à diversification de la demande), et couvrir l’essentiel du marché local. Nous montrons que cette capacité d’adaptation repose sur un dispositif organisationnel flexible, capable de fournir à ces petites unités main-d’œuvre, crédit ou facilités de commercialisation en cas de besoin. Ces organisations, qui demandent une certaine confiance entre les membres, se constituent sur la base d’une proximité territoriale. Cette adaptation est également passée par des processus d’innovation. Ces processus sont différenciés au niveau spatial : des régions se spécialisent dans l’huile « de qualité », tandis que d’autres produisent en masse une huile « standard ». Nos analyses de ces différents procédés montrent des performances techniques très différentes, et les incitations à produire de l’huile « de qualité » ne peuvent pas être seulement marchandes. Ces processus d’innovation doivent alors être vus comme résultant des interactions au sein de systèmes territoriaux, impliquant productrices et consommateurs. Il s’ensuit que le développement de la filière ne s’explique qu’en prenant en compte ses interactions avec certains territoires. Pour conceptualiser ces interactions, une approche en termes de système agroalimentaire localisé est pertinente. Par une telle approche, les forces et faiblesses des systèmes locaux apparaissent, ainsi qu’un certain nombre d’actions collectives à mener. Le secteur artisanal est en effet menacé par les ateliers semi-mécanisés. Si les planteurs investissent dans ces ateliers, ils vendront de moins en moins de fruits aux artisanes. Celles-ci n’ayant pas la possibilité de posséder leur propre plantation, une partie d’entre elles pourrait être exclue du secteur. Cette évolution « naturelle » est problématique dans le sens où l’activité d’extraction d’huile de palme fournit actuellement une part de leurs revenus à bon nombre de femmes rurales du Sud-Bénin. Il importe donc de valoriser les ressources spécifiques des Syal, qui se situent au niveau des savoir-faire. Le renforcement de l’identité des produits, par une amélioration des réseaux de commercialisation, semble donc souhaitable. Une baisse des coûts de production est également réalisable par l’introduction d’une mécanisation partielle. Mais ces deux actions demandent une structuration des filières artisanales par des organisations socioprofessionnelles. L’émergence de ces dispositifs institutionnels pourrait être soutenue par les pouvoirs publics. Stakes and constraints of the development of the palm oil channel in Benin : an approach through the study of localized food-processing systems - A traditional sector, composed of small family units, provides 80 % of the palm oil production of Benin. This sector has always managed to adapt itself to the charges that took place in the channel, from the fluctuations of the amount of raw material made available by the planters to the diversification of demand, and cover the main part of the local market. We show here that this adaptability depends on a flexible organizational system, able to provide these small units with manpower, credit or marketing facilities if necessary. These organizations, which require a good deal of trust between their members, are based on territorial proximity. This adaptation also involved processes of innovation. These processes differ from one area to the other : some regions specialize in "quality" oil, while others are doing mass production of "standard" oil. Our analyses of the various processes show very diverse technical performances, and the incentives to produce "quality" oil cannot only be market-oriented. The processes of innovation must then be seen as resulting from the interactions within territorial systems involving producers and consumers. It follows that the development of the channel can only be explained by taking into account its interactions with certain territories. In order to conceptualize these interactions, an approach in terms of localized food-processing systems is relevant. With such an approach, the strengths and weaknesses of the local systems come to light, as well as a number of concerted actions to be taken. The traditional sector is indeed threatened by semi-mechanized workshops. If the planters invest in these workshops, they will sell less and less fruit to the craftswomen. Since they cannot afford to own a plantation, some of the craftswomen could be excluded from the sector. This "natural" evolution is problematic, as the activity of extracting palm oil currently provides many rural women from South Benin with part of their income. It is therefore important to increase the value of the specific resources of the Syal, in terms of expertise. Reinforcing the identity of the products, through the improvement of the marketing networks, seems desirable. A drop in the production costs is also feasible, by partly introducing mechanization. But these two actions require structuring the craftswork channels with socio-professional organizations. The emergence of these institutional systems could be supported by the authorities.

Entre les usages professionnels et sociaux du mot terroir et les significations correspondantes, une grande diversité de représentations mentales du mot engendre une difficulté à le mobiliser chez les chercheurs et les formateurs. L’analyse transdisciplinaire proposée dans ce texte vise à mieux cerner sa compréhension et à identifier le potentiel de ce concept pour la recherche, le développement et la formation. Le concept de terroir a ainsi été caractérisé par une multiréférentialitée : d’une part un objet représentant un système productif et culturel local, d’autre part un projet d’une communauté dont les finalités et la dynamique sont empreints de subjectivité. Cette multiréférentialité donne au concept de terroir un potentiel pour (i) la médiation dans des projets de développement des territoires ruraux, et (ii) la formation interdisciplinaire des agronomes., Between business and social uses of the word terroir and the corresponding meanings, a variety of mental representations of the word creates the difficulty in mobilizing among researchers and trainers. The transdisciplinary analysis proposed in this paper aims to identify better understanding and to identify the potential of this concept for research, development and training. The concept of terroir has been characterized by a multi-referentiality: on the one hand an object representing a local and cultural productive system, on the other hand a project of a community whose goals are subjective. This multi-referentiality gives some potentiel for the concept about (i) mediation in development projects in rural areas, (ii) interdisciplinary training of agronomists.

L’article défend l’idée selon laquelle la combinaison d’une diversité de modèles alimentaires au sein d’un système alimentaire concret peut favoriser la sécurisation alimentaire, et doit donc être reconnue et soutenue grâce à une gouvernance adaptée. L’impact de l’évolution du modèle agro-industriel dans les systèmes alimentaires est d’abord rappelé. Le développement d’une production de masse, distribuée mondialement à bas prix, a contribué à accroitre les disponibilités alimentaires, mais trouve ses limites dans la paupérisation des agriculteurs, les excès et carences des régimes alimentaires qui en découlent, et la dégradation de ressources naturelles. La sécurisation alimentaire suppose donc de dépasser les enjeux de croissance des disponibilités pour favoriser l’accessibilité des populations à une alimentation saine et responsable et construire des modes de production et de distribution plus durables. Pour analyser le rôle que peut jouer la diversité des modèles alimentaires, une typologie est proposée, distinguant, outre le modèle agro-industriel, des modèles domestique, de proximité, de commodité, et différents modèles de qualité différenciée. Les systèmes alimentaires concrets sont marqués par une combinaison de ces modèles, qui peuvent remplir des fonctions différentes au regard des enjeux de sécurité alimentaire. Les modèles « alternatifs » permettent ainsi l’accès au marché de producteurs marginalisés, l’atténuation de risques liés aux chaines globales, la préservation de patrimoines culturels, etc. Ils ont aussi des contributions moins connues dans l’éducation des consommateurs et dans la dynamique globale de l’innovation au sein des systèmes alimentaires., The paper argues that the diversity of food systems and food models can promote food security, and should be recognized and supported through appropriate governance. The impact of the agro-industrial model in the food system is first presented. The development of mass food production, distributed globally at low prices, contributed to increase the food availability, but negatives have been noted, such as marginalization of farmers, nutritional failures or degradation of natural resources. Food security calls to overcome the challenge of food availability by promoting population's access to safe and responsible food, and by building more sustainable food systems. The potential role of food models diversity is analyzed through a typology which distinguishes the agribusiness model from domestic model, proximity model, commodity model and a range of differentiated quality models. Concrete food systems are marked by a combination of these models, which can fulfill different functions in relation to food security issues. "Alternative" models can enable market access for disadvantaged producers, mitigation of global food chains risks, or preservation of cultural heritage... They also play a key role in consumer food education and contribute to global dynamic of innovation in food systems.

Apres un premier siecle prometteur (de la moitie du XIXe siecle a la moitie du XXe siecle), la filiere huile de palme beninoise semble actuellement confrontee a un certain nombre de problemes. Un secteur industriel assez peu developpe et un secteur artisanal tres peu mecanise la rendent atypique parmi les autres pays de la sous-region du golfe de Guinee. Cet article se propose de tenter d'expliquer cette situation, en revenant sur les conditions d'evolution de cette filiere au Benin. Dans l'actuel mouvement de relance qu'operent gouvernement, centres de recherche nationaux, organisations internationales et ONG, la comprehension des dynamiques internes serait un atout. (Resume d'auteur)

Regional and global food systems are constantly evolving, thus the contextual elements presented in Chapter 1 are likely to evolve, and food systems will be transformed. Because it is impossible to predict the food systems of tomorrow, we have adopted a foresight approach in order to try and understand possible future changes. Our approach, which is presented in the first part of this chapter, has therefore mainly been based on identitying the main drivers of the transformation of food systems. This work was the fruit of collective discussions by a multidisciplinary group made up of sorne 15 experts. The plurality of their views and their are as of competence allowed them to analyse the potential impacts of the different evolutions identified relative to the sustainability of food systems in terms of their nutritional, economie, social, cultural, environmental and territorial dimensions. This step of the analysis also enabled us to highlight a certain number of points at issue, which are presented in the second part of the chapter; this does not end with a presentation of different scenarios (as might have be en expected), but conclu des with the three transversal messages arising from debate by this workshop: issues linked to inequalities ofaccess to food, territorial dynamics and the govemance of food systems. (Resume d'auteur)

Chapitre 4. Traduction du chapitre Systèmes alimentaires dans Catherine Esnouf, Marie Russel, Nicolas Bricas (2011), "Pour une alimentation durable. Réflexion stratégique DuALIne", p. 79-108. Versailles : Editions Quae (Matière à Débattre - Décider).; This chapter focuses on food systems using an innovative dual approach. First of all, by considering them interaction with energy and chemical systems within ecosystems, it poses the question of resource allocation (land and biomass). Second, a socioeconomic approach then highlights the diversity of these food systems. Different types of systems co-exist and reflect different ways of producing, processing, distributing and consuming food products. The "global" food system is a constantly changing combination of these different types of systems, all of which influence each other. Thanks to this dual approach to food systems, new research questions have emerged. New analytical frameworks would enable a clearer understanding of the interconnections between food systems within ecosystems, on the one hand, and their diversity and constant recombination on the other.

En 1998, José Muchnik et Denis Sautier, chercheurs à l’Inra et au Cirad, définissent le concept de Systèmes agroalimentaires localisés (Syal), comme une « organisation de produits ou de services associés à un territoire ». Cette approche, qui découle des notions de Districts industriels et de Systèmes productifs localisés, est de plus en plus souvent présentée comme un outil de développement. Voyons ici sa genèse et sa possible utilisation par les acteurs du développement rural.

International audience; 3D dynamic geo-visualisation models reflect changes in urban land areas and make a new contribution to the spatiotemporal representation of land use processes and the production of geographic knowledge. They facilitate understanding of the process of urbanisation and the resulting transformations of land use. The 3D dynamic visualisation model of the Delhi-Mumbai corridor in India illustrates how it is now possible to integrate the temporal, spatial dynamic and geographic dimensions of a process of land use transformation. Temporal methods of monitoring urbanisation are fundamental in anticipating future needs, and for land management and planning at national, regional or urban level. They can be used, for example, to highlight potential conflict zones that might result from the urbanisation of farmland or to monitor the environment and population. The limits of 2D/3D dynamic cartography are neither conceptual nor methodological. They consist in: (i) the size of geographic databases and the problems of management they entail, (ii) the quality of the data and the databases, which determines the accuracy of the representations and the potential for producing geographic knowledge. These models serve as decision aids in land development, forward planning or even geo-marketing and allow for better environment, population and land use management. Because they make it easy to read and understand the phenomena they represent, they provide excellent monitoring systems for non-geographers and the potential for their development is considerable.

Cet article s'intéresse aux problèmes de coordination et d'action collective dans deux bassins laitiers mexicains, étudiés à partir de l'approche des Systèmes agroalimentaires localisés. Au-delà des différences structurelles entre ces deux cas, la faiblesse de l'action collective et la prépondérance de comportements individualistes et opportunistes constituent un dénominateur commun. L'analyse souligne que l'homogénéité des acteurs et la proximité géographique ne sont pas suffisantes pour générer confiance et coopération au niveau horizontal. Au niveau vertical, la compétitivité se base presque exclusivement sur les coûts, exacerbant la concurrence et l'opportunisme. Pour rompre le cercle vicieux de la méfiance et de l'individualisme, le renforcement des relations entre acteurs devrait se fonder sur des projets collectifs, des buts communs., This study focuses on coordination and collective action problems in two Mexican dairy basins contemplated from the viewpoint of the Localized Agrifood System approach. Beyond structural differences between these two cases, weakness of collective action and preponderance of individualistic and opportunistic behaviours constitute a common denominator. The analysis emphasizes that homogeneity among actors and geographical proximity are not sufficient to generate confidence and cooperation at the horizontal level. At the vertical level, competitiveness is almost exclusively based on costs, exacerbating competition and opportunism. To break the vicious cycle of mistrust and individualism, the reinforcement of relations among actors must be fostered on the basis of collective projects and shared aims.

De l’analyse théorique croisée des dynamiques des processus locaux d’innovation et des processus de certification, il ressort que le couplage Système agroalimentaire localisé/Indication géographique (Syal/IG) peut permettre la pérennisation des dynamiques d’action collective. Les IG peuvent infléchir les relations de concurrence entre acteurs locaux grâce à l’ouverture de nouveaux marchés, et renforcer le processus de territorialisation grâce à une délimitation du territoire, une harmonisation des stratégies individuelles, une affirmation de la stratégie collective, et enfin à la mise en place d’un cadre pour l’action collective territoriale. Les IG peuvent ainsi faire évoluer favorablement le « cycle de vie » des Syal. Les IG ne peuvent cependant agir ex nihilo. Pour qu’elles voient le jour, se développent et renforcent la durabilité des territoires, la présence préalable d’un dispositif institutionnel et organisationnel s’avère indispensable ; une proximité géographique et organisée entre les acteurs locaux doit déjà être établie. Une IG ne garantit pas l’instauration d’un climat de confiance et de comportements coopératifs. Une configuration territoriale de type Syal pouvant en revanche avoir suscité un dispositif organisationnel et institutionnel de ce type, Syal et IG peuvent ainsi se renforcer mutuellement. Cette grille de lecture est validée par l’étude de l’IG « café de Kintamani Bali » (Indonésie). Dans cette région où la tradition caféière est ancienne, de nombreuses innovations locales, tant techniques qu’organisationnelles, ont créé une configuration de type « Syal ». La construction de l’IG doit être raisonnée sur les plans technique, économique et social conjointement, afin de permettre le maintien des dynamiques d’action collective., Crossed theoretical analysis of local innovation processes and certification processes shows that coupling a Localized Agrifood System (LAS) and a Geographical Indication (GI) may allow the sustainability of collective action dynamics. GI can reduce competitive relations by opening new markets and can reinforce the territory construction process thanks to delimitation, harmonization of individual strategies, affirmation of collective strategies and the setting up of a frame for collective action at the territory level. GI can consequently positively influence the "life cycle" of the LAS. GI cannot, however, act ex nihilo. To be born, develop and reinforce territory sustainability, they need to be associated with organizational and institutional devices already in place. A geographical and organized proximity should be established. A GI does not guarantee a climate of trust or cooperative behaviours. Still, as the LAS may create such a device, GI and LAS may reinforce each other. This analysis chart is validated by studying the "Kintamani Bali coffee" (Indonesia) GI. In this area where the coffee tradition is old, several local innovations, both technical and organizational, have created a LAS-type territorial configuration. GI construction should be considered along the lines of technical, economic and social aspects in order to maintain collective action dynamics.

Identifiant de l'operation archeologique : 8332 Date de l'operation : 2007 (EX) Inventeur(s) : Fournier Stephane (INRAP) La construction d’un lotissement de huit maisons a entraine la realisation de sondages sur une parcelle de 11 479 m2 dans la vallee du Colostre, en bordure de la voie Aix-Castellane et a 200 m en amont de la necropole a incineration antique fouillee en 2004 le long de cette voie (voir BSR PACA 2003 : 20 et 2004 : 39-41). Ils ont permis de localiser un depot funeraire, peut-...