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Introduction: Hypertension is considered as one of the major health problem worldwide and the most important risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Aims: To estimate the prevalence and the risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension. Methods and Material: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among adult population of rural area of Chittoor District. WHO STEPS was applied for data collection from 1,742 study participants aged 18 years and above. Chi-square test, Fisher exact, and ANOVA test applied to find out the intragroup and intergroup variable association with raised blood pressure. Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in our study was 21.5% [95% CI: (19.6–23.5)] and 42.8% [95% CI: (39.5–46.3)], respectively. Males had higher prevalence when compared to females. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 118.7 ± 17.6 mmHg and 77.1 ± 9.7 mmHg, respectively. The odds of being hypertensive was higher among older age group (OR: 3.83), male study participants (OR: 1.83), either widowed or separated (OR: 2.03), unemployed (OR: 1.51), and those who belonged to upper socioeconomic status (OR: 2.01). Those who were overweight (OR: 3.15), obese (OR: 2.55) and having central obesity (OR: 1.74), and also tobacco smokers (OR: 1.53) were having higher odds of hypertension. Significant association was found between hypertension and age, gender, marital status, body mass index, abdominal obesity, tobacco smoking, and physical inactivity. Conclusion: The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in this study was found to be high in rural area of Andhra Pradesh. There is a need to develop a community-based program, which would aim at minimizing the risk factors of hypertension.

This article investigates the merging of geopolymerization and plastic waste usage, imagining high-performance brick production that couples innovation with sustainability, in an effort to transform the environmental effect of the building sector. This idea is supported by the circular economy, which diverts resources from waste streams into a closed-loop paradigm. By creating inorganic polymers from aluminosilicate-rich sources, the chemical process of geopolymerization provides a paradigm change in the production of materials. This procedure is improved even more by the addition of plastic trash, which combats plastic pollution and improves brick qualities. In order to create a more resilient and environmentally conscientious construction industry in the future, this paper outlines the process’s complexities, advantages, and difficulties while arguing for a harmonic fusion of circular economy concepts, technical innovation, and environmental stewardship.

This study compares the ecological footprints of geopolymer and red clay brick prisms, two common building materials for long-lasting masonry structures. The study’s goal is to shed light on the environmental performance of different brick kinds by a thorough review of sustainability indices such as embodied energy, CO2 emissions, water use, and trash creation. The results suggest that geopolymer bricks have better environmental features than red clay bricks, such as lower embodied energy, decreased CO2 emissions, lower water consumption, and less waste creation. These findings underline the promise of geopolymer bricks as an eco-friendlier masonry alternative that may improve green building performance. The report, however, stresses the need to think about more than only environmental damage. The sustainability and feasibility of utilising geopolymer and red clay bricks depend heavily on factors including durability, thermal performance, and cost-effectiveness. In order to make educated selections about brick selection, it is important to evaluate these variables. The results of this study provide the groundwork for more research on sustainable masonry materials and contribute to the development of environmentally aware building practises. Architectural and engineering professionals may encourage environmentally responsible building practises and help create a more sustainable and resilient built environment by taking this study’s findings into account.

With the increasing infrastructure across the world demand for concrete rising abnormally, to produce concrete, cement is the very vital element which binds the materials together. But primary issue arises to environment by the discharge of harmful gases like CO2, Sulphur etc… at the time of production of cement. A mineral dmixtures, a type of cementitious substance, were employed as a partial or complete replacement for cement to aid with this problem. These materials not only reduced cement usage but also improved the durability of concrete. Partial replacement of cement in concrete is an inventive and elective development material delivered by substance activity of inorganic particles. This paper is mainly focus on compressive strength of a M40 grade Ternary blended concrete made with cement and cementitious materials like Fly ash and Wollastonite. Fly ash is a industrial bi-product materials used as binder material whereas wollastonite is a naturally occurring mineral grounded to fine powder can be exploited as partial replacement to cement. The mix design has been developed for conventional concrete of M40 grade with required workability. It has been observed that the compressive strength is increased slightly and the workability is decresed with partial replacement of cement by Wollastonite in combination of flyash. The workability is decreased with increasing fly ash and wollastonite, but it is in the required range at 50% cement, 30% flyash and 20% wollastonite.

Vibrations are one of the main environmental elements that influence buildings and mechanical structures, potentially shortening their lifespan. Taller, lighter, more flexible structures are required by current trends in the construction sector, yet they have relatively low damping values. This raises the likelihood of failure and causes issues with serviceability. If the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the inherent frequencies of the system, many building structures and bridges will collapse due to vibration. Today, a variety of techniques are available to reduce a structure's vibrations. One of these is the idea of using a tuned mass damper, which has become popular recently. In this paper a study has been investigated which is on the behaviour of tall building when it is equipped with Tuned Mass Damper. It is observed that buildings with Tuned Mass Damper are more resistant to seismic vibrations compared to the buildings without Tuned Mass Dampers.

Different fibers like steel, glass, basalt, coconut, sugarcane fibers are used to improve the tensile strength in the concrete. The sugarcane bagasse fiber (SCBF) is utilized in this paper work. This SCBF is the final extract of the sugar industries which contains the large fibers. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of SCBF on the permeation properties of the geopolymer concrete (GPC) of G40 and compared to its equivalent M40 grade. The specimens of conventional concrete (CC) and conventional concrete with SBF (CCF) are casted and cured in the curing tanks for a period of 28 day, and the GPC and GPCF specimens are casted and oven cured at a temperature of 60OC for a time period of 24 hours and the test are performed after 28 days of ambient curing of the specimens. The permeation test like (Water absorption test, Sorptivity and Water Permeability test) are carried in the paper. Based on the results it is observed that the permeation properties of CCF and GPCF are more resistant when compared to the CC and GPC respectively.

In this paper, the study on the multi-storied building with and without expansion joint when it is subjected to seismic forces in both x and y direction are taken into consideration. By maintain same floor area of different plans the expansion joint is provided along the weaker column forces stretch and stiffed the building in order to make more resistant when compared to the plans without expansion joints. The analysis is done using ETABS 2016. The parameters such as shear force and bending moment at the critical column are considered and compared for with expansion joint and without expansion joint. It is concluded that the L shaped building shear force is being decreased from the bottom to top storey of the building when compared to without expansion joint. The effect of expansion joint is shown effectively on U-shaped building in terms of reduction of shear force and bending moment when compared to L-shaped and T-shaped, it is because of providing two expansion joints since there are two critical and weaker columns stretch. When it comes to economy of the structure, the cost of the construction of the structure with expansion joint is relatively high but it can resistant far better in case of seismic forces. The future scope of the study can be the type of filler material to be used such that the reduction of cost and to maintain structure integrity.

Various types of fibers like glass, steel, coconut fiber, sugarcane bagasse fiber, etc are used to increase the mechanical properties of the concrete. SCBF is the final residue of the sugar industries which is used in this study. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of SCBF in geopolymer concrete (GPC) and conventional concrete (CC) of equivalent grade of M40 when it is subjected to alternative drying and wetting. The specimens are treated with water by alternative wetting and drying process. This test consists of periodic cycles, each cycle consists of one wetting day and drying day. The specimens are tested for the compressive strengths after 7, 14 and 28 cycles. The compressive strength of the CCF and GPCF are higher than the CC and GPC respectively and the optimum compressive strengths are obtained at 0.5% of fiber dosage. The % loss of compressive strength and % loss of weights of CCF and GPCF are calculated and compared with the CC and GPC. From the results obtained, the strength loss and the weight loss in the CCF and GPCF are less when compared to the CC and GPC when treated in alternative wetting and drying process.

The use of various fibres such as steel, glass, sugarcane bagasse, and others has a considerable impact on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Sugarcane bagasse fibre is a byproduct from the sugarcane industry that can be reused as a concrete fibre. This paper objective is to work on the behaviour of sugarcane bagasse fibre on low calcium fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete of G40 which is equivalent to M40 grade, when it is exposed to 5% sulphate attack with the help of experiments. The specimens were casted, GPC and GPCF Cured in an oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours, then let to cure in the atmosphere until the test is complete. After 28 days, the specimens were immersed in sulphates such as Na2SO4 and MgSO4 for 15, 45, and 75 days, and then tested according to codal standards on 15, 45, and 75 days. The comparisons were made in a controlled concrete environment (CC), controlled concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (CCF), geopolymer concrete (GPC) and geopolymer concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (GPCF). From the results it is observed that CCF and GPCF showed more resistant than CC and GPC when it is subjected to sulphate attack.

The Plastic is a part of our lives due to its daily usage. So, the consumption of plastic is increasing every year. The decomposition of plastic takes more than thousand years because of its non-biodegradable nature. The plastic harms the society and surrounding environment in all aspects. So, the best way to control the pollution posed by the plastic is recycling. The exponential growth in construction industry, the demand for natural aggregates increases but leads to depletion of natural resources. To overcome this issue plastic used as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete. The majority of the waste coming from the plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and food containers (Polypropylene). So, the recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polypropylene used as a fine aggregate in concrete with percentages of 5%,10%,15%. This paper objective is to assess the effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polypropylene on compressive strength and workability. The workability and compressive strength of PET and PP have given good results up to10%and 5%. It has been observed from the test results that 5% and 10% is optimum for Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)as fine aggregate in concrete respectively.

It is necessary to reduce the effect of carbon dioxide, as failure to do so will result in global warming. In this instance, researchers have begun looking for sustainable building materials. Industrial byproducts like flyash, GGBS, silica (SiO2) are used to make geopolymer concrete. To produce binders alkali liquids can be used to react with aluminate, silica and with flyash, alkali activated concrete is made by mixing binders with coarse and fine particles and forming a mixture.. In addition to this concrete sugarcane bagasse fibres is added to improve the properties of concrete. The main objective of this paper is to study the durability properties in terms of like acid attack resistance on sugarcane bagasse fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete (GPCF) of G40 equivalent M40 when it is exposed to 5% acids attack with the help of experiments. The test specimens were casted and then cured in an oven at 60°C for 24 hours after one day rest period. The test specimens were kept at room temperature for the remainder of the time. After 28 days, the specimens were immersed in acids such as HCL and H2SO4 for 15, 45, and 75 days before being tested according to codal procedures on the 15th, 45th, and 75th days, and the results were compared to controlled concrete (CC), sugarcane bagasse fibre reinforced controlled concrete (CCF), and geopolymer concrete (GPC)). From the results it is observed that CCF and GPCF showed more resistant than CC and GPC when it is subjected to acids attack.

This paper consists of the work made on the study of seismic analysis on the multi-storied building by maintaining same floor area for all four different plan configurations. To make the analysis of these different four plan configurations, the modelling is done prior in the ETABS:2016 (Extended Three-Dimensional analysis of building system). An effort is made by providing all the load combinations and the performance of each plan is analysed individually and the comparison is made between symmetrically and asymmetrically plan configurations by keeping the floor area constant. After completion of the analysis, the comparison of storey displacement, base shear and storey drift is made and conclude that the symmetrical plans are superior when compared to asymmetrical plans in the view of the resistance against the seismic forces. Further the expansions joints are to be provided in the asymmetrical plans to ensure the safety against the seismic forces.

Concrete is the most adaptable, long-lasting, and dependable construction material on the planet. There are numerous environmental concerns associated with the production of OPC, and natural sand is becoming more expensive and scarce as a result of unlawful river sand dredging. The greatest replacement material for traditional concrete is geopolymer concrete with low calcium fly ash. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete of grades G30 and G50, which are equivalent to M30 and M50, when river sand is substituted in various quantities with manufactured sand, such as 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. When compared to the equivalent grades of controlled concrete, geopolymer concrete improves mechanical properties such as compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) and Polypropylene (PP) is mostly used materials for making items like water bottles, food containers and many other plastic products in all fields of life. Due to the scarcity of natural aggregates for making concrete, it is required to go for alternative material, this type of plastic is one of the materials for replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. An objective of this paper is to study the feasibility of this recycled PET and PP plastic waste to be used as a building material in manufacturing of concrete which is replaced in fine aggregate. Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polypropylene is used in various percentages like 5%, 10%, 15% and also various tests like workability and compressive strength, Sorptivity, water absorption, acid attack and sulphate attack tests are conducted. From the results the PP shows good workability but low compressive strength than PET. From the durability point of view, the concrete made with PET and PP have given better results compared to conventional concrete of M30 grade. In PET and PP concrete, PET resists the acid, sulphate and water over the long period much better than the PP. So, PET can be replaced up to 10% in fine aggregate, whereas PP is allowed up to 5% replacement of fine aggregate.

CO2 is released into the atmosphere during the manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Fly ash, a by-product of the coal industry, is used to replace OPC in concrete. It contains a lot of silicate gel and is mixed with an alkaline solution to make good concrete. Increased fly ash fineness improves compressive strength while lowering porosity. Advances in modern bio technology is possible freedoms for monetary use of agro-mechanical deposits like sugarcane bagasse ash and fibre. The flexural behaviour of Geopolymer Concrete RCC beams with and without sugarcane bagasse fibre, i.e. GPC and GPCF of G 40 grade, equal to M40, is presented in this study. The 150*150 mm beam is cast across a 1,200 mm effective span and tested for failure under static loads. The ultimate load and load displacement responses of GPC structural elements with and without fibre are measured and compared to normal GPC and conventional concrete elements. The findings suggest that SCBF improves the flexural strength, service load, and peak load of GPC elements.

Individuals from the group of inorganic polymers are known as geopolymers. The geopolymer material's compound organisation is similar to that of typical zeolitic materials, however the microstructure is undefined rather than translucent. The polymerisation interaction includes a considerably quick substance response under antacid condition on Si-Al minerals and that meets the basic properties of concrete as well as falls under classification of manageability. Utilization of various fibres like steel, glass, sugarcane bagasse etc, significantly influences fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Sugarcane bagasse fibre is a by-product from sugar industries and can be used as a fibre in concrete. The target of this paper is to study an effect of sugarcane bagasse fibre on mechanical properties such as compressive, tensile and flexural sgength and also the workability of low calcium fly ash (Class-F) and slag based geopolymer concrete of G40 grade which is équivalent to M40.. Sugarcane baggase ash fibre has been used for both the concencrte G40 and M40 as 0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%. All the samples were casted and oven cured at 60o for 24 hours after one day rest period and remaining days cured in an ambient temperature, then tested on 3rd, 7th and 28th day to assess the mechanical properties, such as Compressive, Tensile, and Flexure strength. The results were compared among controlled concrete (CC), controlled concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (CCF), geopolymer concrete (GPC) and geopolymer concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (GPCF). The results revealed that with addition of SCBF, the mechanical properties have been enhanced significantly.

Curing of concrete is maintaining satisfactory moisture content in concrete during its early stages in order to develop the desired properties. « However good curing is not always practical in many cases, therefore the need to develop self-curing agents attracted several researchers ». « The concept of several self-curing agents is to reduce water evaporation from concrete and hence increase the water retention capacity of concrete compared to conventional concrete, the use of self-curing agent is very important from the point view that water resources are getting valuable every day ». This project summarizes various aspects of self-curing of concrete which can be of valuable assistance in adopting good construction practices at site. M25 grade concrete cube specimens prepared based on the standards and availability of materials without and with 30% of flyash and quarry dust replaced as cement and fine aggregate and cubes cured by covering them with a external self-curing compound BONDIT CURE WB, air dried and normal water. These specimens are then tested after 7,14 and 28 days to obtain the compressive strength in three different conditions. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is calculated and compressive strength of self-curing concrete is compared with the different conditions. At the end of curing period of 7,14 and 28 days the amount of water retained in self cured concrete cubes is calculated and compared with the air dried cubes. Water absorption test is conducted on air dried concrete and self cured concrete cubes and the amount of water is absorbed is calculate and compared.

In recent days, the continuous running down of the ozone coat and global warming problem has greater than before, it is necessary to get the consciousness of the construction industries in using new recyclable construction materials. To suit this, geopolymer concrete has begun to boost massive concern from the research scholars and construction practitioners, because of its beneficial in utilizing byproduct materials to replace cement and diminishing ozone depleting substance release all through its generation. It is also having superior mechanical and durability properties compared to conventional concrete. On the other hand river sand is becoming scare day by day and costlier. So the manufactured sand turns out to be alternative material for river sand. In spite of its benefits, the use of geopolymer concrete in realistic is significantly narrow, this is primarily due to the deficiency in the studies in terms of structural elements, design and application. This paper objective is to identify the research gaps in this area and develop future research investigations in the materials and structural elements performance of geopolymer concrete. Many researchers from their analysis on flexural behavior of beams concluded that geopolymer concrete could replace conventional concrete.

At Present Water is the most essential material in the modern era. In general, Curing of concrete is retaining moisture in the concrete for the period of early ages precisely within 28 days of placing concrete, to improve anticipated properties. Appropriate curing of concrete is crucial to obtain extreme durability, especially if the concrete is exposed to serve conditions where the surface will be imperiled to excessive wear, assertive solutions, and severe environmental circumstances. Poor curing practices adversely affect the desirable properties of concrete which constitutes a major influence on the permeability of a given concrete.Unpredicted shrinkage and temperature cracks be able to diminish the strength, durability and serviceability properties of the concrete. The surface zone will be critically damaged by increased permeability expected to poor curing. The improvement of shrinkage in concrete is proportionate to the rate of moisture loss in concrete. When concrete is correctly cured, water preserved in concrete would facilitate continuous hydration and enhancement of enough compressive and tensile strength to withstand contraction stresses. The incessant development of strength reduces shrinkage and initial cracks or micro-cracks. As a part of this study, SCMs like Flyash (FA), Ground Granulated furnace Slag (GGBS), Silica Fume (SF). Concrete may be a mixture of cement, aggregates and water with / without suitable admixtures with self-curing agents and various proportions, which resulted in the early strength to reduce the autogenous shrinkage and increase in durability.

Hotel industries are one of the fastest growing areas in India, which is attracting more number of jobs & tourists. This also results in direct impact on Indian economy. All Hotels comprises a higher element of total working cost and they are a good source of income. Hospitality is one of the most important components of hotel industry. To give a good hospitality in hotels to customers, we need to use different machines in different departments. For example if we take section of housekeeping it consists of different sub departments like Rooms & corridors, Toilets, Linen, Furniture and furnishings, Gardens, Public areas etc. In this connection a small implementation of TPM tool called focused improvement & planned maintenance, implemented in alternative usage of electrical systems (energy conservation). Result showed a very significant improvement in energy saving. By adopting Small changes show a significant improvement in the overall system. It also indicates the dire need of proper industrial tools in hotels. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is one of the pioneering approaches which can be achieved in above said things [1][2].

Quality plays a very important role in today's highly competitive industrial environment. Quality leads to an improvement in the productivity. Quality control tools are used to solve more than 90% of the problems faced by the organizations in improving its effectiveness and meeting the customer expectation on a continuous basis. The success of the quality control procedure depends greatly on the method of data collection and its accuracy. Quality control tools are used worldwide in manufacturing industries for continual improvement and are implemented in different steps of manufacturing process to define the problem, measure its impact, finding out its root cause and its removal to ensure the production of non-defective items. The present work includes collection of failure data of intermix and dump mill of a tyre manufacturing unit located in Karnataka. The failure data collected for one year has been analysed to find out the major causes of breakdown. Quality control tools such as Pareto chart, Bar chart, Histogram, Fish bone diagram have been used to find out the root causes and identifying the action plans to eradicate them. Reliability assessment (theoretical) of intermix and dump mill has been conducted using the failure data. The reliability and maintainability curves speak about the present state of working of maintenance department in regard to addressing of breakdown problems and also help in setting future working standards.

Lean Manufacturing is a way to deal with the elimination of waste through persistent change within the system. The assembling units in India should likewise hope to take its preferences. The Industries are energetically following the Lean assembling strategies to reduce waste and cost. The present work is the study of a manufacturing process for axle housing and to decide how Lean manufacturing process carried out for axle housing plant to improve productivity. The new shot peening machine was installed in a heat treatment plant of a housing line in an automobile rear axle assembly plant and material handling time from storage to this new machine was more and this increased lead time subsequently. To reduce this Kaizens technique was employed and a direct gravity conveyor was chosen and installed between two work stations and the part was directly fed to the new machine installed and this reduces the material handling time considerably. A cost analysis was done to realize the benefits of implementing this lean technique. Therefore reducing lead time and increasing productivity is the Prime benefits of lean manufacturing practices like lean assembly.

Solar parabolic trough collectors exploit solar energy for power generation in solar thermal power stations. These systems require long arrays of reflective troughs with absorber tube running along the axis of parabolic dish. A successful attempt to reduce the length of arrays was accomplished by experimentally analysing the modifications done in absorber tube. Two out of three tubes were fabricated and they were employed to obtain the performance parameters through experimentation conducted at VIT University, Vellore, India. Distilled water was used as the working fluid. Maximum efficiency of 39.12% was obtained at 451.6 W/m2 of direct normal irradiance (DNI) for absorber tube with internal pin-fins and without glass tube (AFWGt) compared to 8.15% obtained at same value of DNI and other conditions for simple absorber tube without glass cover (AWGt). Cylindrical parabolic trough available at the university was utilized, providing the basis for designing and fabrication of the tubes. Plots for varying mass flow rate at interval of 10 minutes were made against instantaneous thermal efficiency and heat utilized, for direct normal irradiance vs. temperature difference across the tubes and instantaneous thermal efficiency. Through the experimentation conducted, better performance was procured compared to earlier works. Thus, the proposal infers that absorber tube with internal fins has good scope for its application, both domestically as well as industrially. It also calls for further research and development of proposed techniques so as to achieve better performance curves.