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5. The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria 9 (MHM9): A conference report

Author

Klever, Abigail Marie, Alexander, Kathleen A., Almeida, Deepak, Anderson, Matthew Z., Ball, Ray L., Beamer, Gillian, Boggiatto, Paola, Buikstra, Jane E., Chandler, Bruce, Claeys, Tiffany A., Concha, Aislinn E., Converse, Paul J., Derbyshire, Keith M., Dobos, Karen M., Dupnik, Kathryn M., Endsley, Janice J., Endsley, Mark A., Fennelly, Kevin, Franco-Paredes, Carlos, Hagge, Deanna A., Hall-Stoodley, Luanne, Hayes, Don, Jr., Hirschfeld, Katherine, Hofman, Courtney A., Honda, Jennifer R., Hull, Natalie M., Kramnik, Igor, Lacourciere, Karen, Lahiri, Ramanuj, Lamont, Elise A., Larsen, Michelle H., Lemaire, Timothy, Lesellier, Sandrine, Lee, Naomi R., Lowry, Christopher A., Mahfooz, Najmus S., McMichael, Temet M., Merling, Marlena R., Miller, Michele A., Nagajyothi, Jyothi F., Nelson, Elizabeth, Nuermberger, Eric L., Pena, Maria T., Perea, Claudia, Podell, Brendan K., Pyle, Charlie J., Quinn, Fred D., Rajaram, Murugesan V.S., Mejia, Oscar Rosas, Rothoff, Michelle, Sago, Saydie A., Salvador, Liliana C.M., Simonson, Andrew W., Spencer, John S., Sreevatsan, Srinand, Subbian, Selvakumar, Sunstrum, James, Tobin, David M., Vijayan, K.K.Vidya, Wright, Caelan T.O., and Robinson, Richard T.

Published
2023
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20. Mycobacterium bovis Strain Ravenel Is Attenuated in Cattle

Author

Hadi, Syeda A., primary, Brenner, Evan P., additional, Palmer, Mitchell V., additional, Waters, W. Ray, additional, Thacker, Tyler C., additional, Vilchèze, Catherine, additional, Larsen, Michelle H., additional, Jacobs, William R., additional, and Sreevatsan, Srinand, additional

Published
2022
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21. Global dissemination of influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones

Author

Gass, Jonathon D., primary, Dusek, Robert J., additional, Hall, Jeffrey S., additional, Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, additional, Halldórsson, Halldór Pálmar, additional, Vignisson, Solvi Runar, additional, Ragnarsdottir, Sunna Bjork, additional, Jónsson, Jón Einar, additional, Krauss, Scott, additional, Wong, Sook‐San, additional, Wan, Xiu‐Feng, additional, Akter, Sadia, additional, Sreevatsan, Srinand, additional, Trovão, Nídia S., additional, Nutter, Felicia B., additional, Runstadler, Jonathan A., additional, and Hill, Nichola J., additional

Published
2022
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23. Mycobacterium Bovis Strain Ravenel is Attenuated in Cattle

Author

Hadi, Syeda Anum, primary, Brenner, Evan P, additional, Palmer, Mitchell V, additional, Waters, Wade Ray, additional, Thacker, Tyler C, additional, Vilcheze, Catherine, additional, Larsen, Michelle H, additional, Jacobs, Jr., William R, additional, and Sreevatsan, Srinand, additional

Published
2022
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27. Evaluation of Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion, ELISA, and Immunohistochemistry for Chronic Wasting Disease Diagnosis

Author

Holz, Carine L., Darish, Joseph R., Straka, Kelly, Grosjean, Nicole, Bolin, Steven, Kiupel, Matti, and Sreevatsan, Srinand

Subjects
General Veterinary, animal diseases, Veterinary medicine, immunohistochemistry, SF600-1100, deer, diagnostics, RT-QuIC, Veterinary Science, chronic wasting disease (CWD), prions, Original Research
Abstract

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible prion disorder, primarily affecting free-ranging and captive cervids in North America (United States and Canada), South Korea, and Europe (Finland, Norway, and Sweden). Current diagnostic methods used in the United States for detection of CWD in hunter harvested deer involve demonstration of the causal misfolded prion protein (PrPCWD) in the obex or retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RLNs) using an antigen detection ELISA as a screening tool, followed by a confirmation by the gold standard method, immunohistochemistry (IHC). Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay is a newer approach that amplifies misfolded CWD prions in vitro and has facilitated CWD prion detection in a variety of tissues, body fluids, and excreta. The current study was undertaken to compare ELISA, IHC, and RT-QuIC on RLNs (n = 1,300 animals) from white-tailed deer (WTD) in Michigan. In addition, prescapular, prefemoral and popliteal lymph nodes collected from a small subset (n = 7) of animals were tested. Lastly, the location of the positive samples within Michigan was documented and the percentage of CWD positive RLNs was calculated by sex and age. ELISA and RT-QuIC detected PrPCWD in 184 and 178 out of 1,300 RLNs, respectively. Of the 184 ELISA positive samples, 176 were also IHC positive for CWD. There were seven discordant results when comparing IHC and ELISA. RT-QuIC revealed that six of the seven samples matched the IHC outcomes. One RLN was negative by IHC, but positive by ELISA and RT-QuIC. RT-QuIC, IHC, and ELISA also detected PrPCWD in prescapular, prefemoral and popliteal lymph nodes. CWD infection heterogeneities were observed in different age and sex groups, with young males having higher CWD prevalence. All, except one, CWD positive RLNs analyzed were from ten Counties geographically located in the West Michigan region of the Lower Peninsula. Taken together, we show evidence that the RT-QuIC assay is comparable to ELISA and IHC and could be helpful for routine CWD detection in surveillance programs. RT-QuIC also demonstrated that CWD prions are distributed across lymph nodes in a variety of anatomic locations. A multi-laboratory validation on blinded sample panels is underway and is likely to help to provide insight into the variability (lab-to-lab), analytical sensitivity, and specificity of gold standard diagnostics vs. RT-QuIC assay.

Published
2022

33. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at Agricultural Fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012

Author

Bowman, Andrew S., Nelson, Sarah W., Page, Shannon L., Nolting, Jacqueline M., Killian, Mary L., Sreevatsan, Srinand, and Slemons, Richard D.

Subjects
Genomics -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Swine -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Genomes -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Fairs -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Livestock industry -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Influenza -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Disease transmission -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Public health -- Analysis -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

In the United States during 2012, approximately 300 cases of human infection with influenza A(H3N2) variant (H3N2v) virus were reported; they resulted in 16 hospitalizations and 1 death (1). The [...]

Published
2014
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34. Global dissemination of influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones.

Author

Gass, Jonathon D., Dusek, Robert J., Hall, Jeffrey S., Hallgrimsson, Gunnar Thor, Halldórsson, Halldór Pálmar, Vignisson, Solvi Runar, Ragnarsdottir, Sunna Bjork, Jónsson, Jón Einar, Krauss, Scott, Wong, Sook‐San, Wan, Xiu‐Feng, Akter, Sadia, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Trovão, Nídia S., Nutter, Felicia B., Runstadler, Jonathan A., and Hill, Nichola J.

Subjects
AVIAN influenza, BIRD migration, INFLUENZA A virus, INFLUENZA viruses, WATER birds, BIRD populations, PLANT viruses
Abstract

Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of disparate populations of long distance migratory and native bird species present during breeding seasons. Iceland is a staging ground that connects the East Atlantic and North Atlantic American flyways, providing a unique study system for characterizing viral flow between eastern and western hemispheres. Using Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we sought to evaluate the viral connectivity of Iceland to proximal regions and how inter‐species transmission and reassortment dynamics in this region influence the geographic spread of low and highly pathogenic IAVs. Findings demonstrate that IAV movement in the arctic and subarctic reflects wild bird migration around the perimeter of the circumpolar north, favouring short‐distance flights between proximal regions rather than long distance flights over the polar interior. Iceland connects virus movement between mainland Europe and North America, consistent with the westward migration of wild birds from mainland Europe to Northeastern Canada and Greenland. Though virus diffusion rates were similar among avian taxonomic groups in Iceland, gulls play an outsized role as sinks of IAVs from other avian hosts prior to onward migration. These data identify patterns of virus movement in northern latitudes and inform future surveillance strategies related to seasonal and emergent IAVs with potential public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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44. Noninvasive test for tuberculosis detection among primates

Author

Wolf, Tiffany M., Mugisha, Lawrence, Shoyama, Fernanda Miyagaki, O'Malley, Melanie J., Flynn, JoAnne L., Asiimwe, Benon, Travis, Dominic A., Singer, Randall S., and Sreevatsan, Srinand

Subjects
Primates -- Health aspects, Resveratrol -- Health aspects, Tuberculosis -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

The susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB) of nonhuman primates in captivity is established (1,2), although the extent of the disease among free-living primates remains unclear. Much of our understanding of primate [...]

Published
2015
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45. Identification and functional characterization of the iron-dependent regulator (IdeR) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Author

Janagama, Harish K., Senthilkumar, T.M.A., Bannantine, John P., Rodriguez, G. Marcela, Smith, Issar, Paustian, Michael L., McGarvey, Jeffery A., and Sreevatsan, Srinand

Subjects
Genetic regulation -- Research, Johne's disease -- Risk factors, Johne's disease -- Genetic aspects, Johne's disease -- Research, Mycobacterium avium -- Health aspects, Mycobacterium avium -- Genetic aspects, Mycobacterium avium -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep, has unique iron requirements in that it is mycobactin-dependent for cultivation in vitro. The iron-dependent regulator (IdeR) is a well-characterized global regulator responsible for maintaining iron homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). We identified an orthologous segment in the MAP genome, MAP2827, with >93 % amino acid identity to MTB IdeR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase protection assays confirmed that MAP2827 binds the 19 bp consensus motif (iron box) on the MAP genome. Sequencing of MAP2827 from multiple isolates revealed a non-synonymous change (R91 G) exclusive to sheep strains. Reporter gene assays and quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays in two diverse MAP strains and in an ideR deletion mutant of M. smegmatis ([mc.sup.2]155) suggested that both sheep MAP IdeR (sideR) and cattle MAP IdeR (cIdeR) repress mbtB transcription at high iron concentrations and relieve repression at low iron concentrations. On the other hand, bfrA (an iron storage gene) was upregulated by cIder when presented with MTB or the cattle MAP bfrA promoter, and was downregulated by sIdeR in the presence of MTB, or sheep or cattle MAP bfrA promoters, at high iron concentrations. The differential iron regulatory mechanisms between IdeR-regulated genes across strains may contribute to the differential growth or pathogenic characteristics of sheep and cattle MAP strains. Taken together, our study provides a possible reason for mycobactin dependency and suggests strong implications in the differential iron acquisition and storage mechanisms in MAP. DOI 10.1099/mic.0.031948-0

Published
2009

47. Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses

Author

Verhagen, Josanne H, Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E, van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L, Fouchier, Ron A M, Lebarbenchon, Camille, Verhagen, Josanne H, Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E, van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L, Fouchier, Ron A M, and Lebarbenchon, Camille

Abstract

Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are genetically highly variable and have diversified into multiple evolutionary lineages that are primarily associated with wild-bird reservoirs. Antigenic variation has been described for mammalian influenza viruses and for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses that circulate in poultry, but much less is known about antigenic variation of LPAIVs. In this study, we focused on H13 and H16 LPAIVs that circulate globally in gulls. We investigated the evolutionary history and intercontinental gene flow based on the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and used representative viruses from genetically distinct lineages to determine their antigenic properties by hemagglutination inhibition assays. For H13, at least three distinct genetic clades were evident, while for H16, at least two distinct genetic clades were evident. Twenty and ten events of intercontinental gene flow were identified for H13 and H16 viruses, respectively. At least two antigenic variants of H13 and at least one antigenic variant of H16 were identified. Amino acid positions in the HA protein that may be involved in the antigenic variation were inferred, and some of the positions were located near the receptor binding site of the HA protein, as they are in the HA protein of mammalian influenza A viruses. These findings suggest independent circulation of H13 and H16 subtypes in gull populations, as antigenic patterns do not overlap, and they contribute to the understanding of the genetic and antigenic variation of LPAIVs naturally circulating in wild birds.IMPORTANCE Wild birds play a major role in the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), which are occasionally transmitted-directly or indirectly-from them to other species, including domestic animals, wild mammals, and humans, where they can cause subclinical to fatal disease. Despite a multitude of genetic studies, the antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds is poorly understood. H

Published
2020

48. Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses

Author

Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Verhagen, Josanne H, Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E, van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L, Fouchier, Ron A M, Lebarbenchon, Camille, Klinische infectiologie en microb. lab., Verhagen, Josanne H, Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E, van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L, Fouchier, Ron A M, and Lebarbenchon, Camille

Published
2020

49. Phylogeography and Antigenic Diversity of Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza H13 and H16 Viruses

Author

Verhagen, Josanne H., Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E., van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L., Fouchier, Ron A. M., Lebarbenchon, Camille, Verhagen, Josanne H., Poen, Marjolein, Stallknecht, David E., van der Vliet, Stefan, Lexmond, Pascal, Sreevatsan, Srinand, Poulson, Rebecca L., Fouchier, Ron A. M., and Lebarbenchon, Camille

Abstract

Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are genetically highly variable and have diversified into multiple evolutionary lineages that are primarily associated with wild-bird reservoirs. Antigenic variation has been described for mammalian influenza viruses and for highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses that circulate in poultry, but much less is known about antigenic variation of LPAIVs. In this study, we focused on H13 and H16 LPAIVs that circulate globally in gulls. We investigated the evolutionary history and intercontinental gene flow based on the hemagglutinin (HA) gene and used representative viruses from genetically distinct lineages to determine their antigenic properties by hemagglutination inhibition assays. For H13, at least three distinct genetic clades were evident, while for H16, at least two distinct genetic clades were evident. Twenty and ten events of intercontinental gene flow were identified for H13 and H16 viruses, respectively. At least two antigenic variants of H13 and at least one antigenic variant of H16 were identified. Amino acid positions in the HA protein that may be involved in the antigenic variation were inferred, and some of the positions were located near the receptor binding site of the HA protein, as they are in the HA protein of mammalian influenza A viruses. These findings suggest independent circulation of H13 and H16 subtypes in gull populations, as antigenic patterns do not overlap, and they contribute to the understanding of the genetic and antigenic variation of LPAIVs naturally circulating in wild birds. IMPORTANCE Wild birds play a major role in the epidemiology of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), which are occasionally transmitted-directly or indirectly-from them to other species, including domestic animals, wild mammals, and humans, where they can cause subclinical to fatal disease. Despite a multitude of genetic studies, the antigenic variation of LPAIVs in wild birds is poorly understood. Her

Published
2020
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