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Introduction: The objective of this prospective study was to examine the efficacy of posterior interradicular and infrazygomatic crest mini‐implants for en‐masse anterior retraction. Methods: The 22 patients were divided into two groups. In group 1 (IZC n = 11), mini‐implants were placed in the infrazygomatic crests and in group 2 (IR, n = 11), mini‐implants were placed in the molar‐premolar interradicular sites. Soft tissue, skeletal, and dental treatment effects between two groups were compared using lateral cephalometric measurements. Results: The average angle between the cranial base and A point was 1.01 degrees (P =.004), and the linear distance between the upper incisor and A point was 2.67 to 5.2 millimetres (P =.00). In IZC group the maxillary incisor to the palatal plane moved upward by a mean of −5.20 mm (P =.059), whereas in IR group the incisor movement changed by −2.67 mm (P =.068). There was no significant difference between groups IZC and IR while comparing overall treatment changes on upper incisor position change, angle, and overjet. Conclusions: Mini‐implants placed in between the molar and premolar as well as the infrazygomatic crest can withstand the deepening of the bite during retraction. Mini‐implants in IZC are capable of causing intrusion of the anterior teeth and preventing intrusion of the molars, thereby providing absolute anchoring in all planes. Placement of the mini‐implants in the infrazygomatic crest resulted in more linear retraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esthetics in the maxillary anterior segment is determined by both the hard and soft tissues. Gingival contour plays a vital role in pink esthetics. The most common apical position of the marginal gingiva is referred to as gingival zenith (GZ). This study aimed to assess the position and distance of the GZ from the vertical bisecting midline (VBM) in the anterior maxillary dentition in a sample of South Indian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 105 participants were recruited based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following recruitment, alginate impressions were made, and dental cast were poured. A total of 630 anterior teeth were evaluated on the cast. The position of the GZ was marked, and a vertical line was drawn through the point. The VBM was drawn on the cast based on the crown width. Using magnification loupes (2.5×) and calibrated digital vernier caliper, the distance between the GZ and VBM was measured twice for each tooth, and the average reading was recorded. The position of GZ was recorded as mesial, distal, or coinciding with the VBM. Results: Majority of the right and left maxillary central incisors and lateral incisors were placed distal to the VBM measuring a mean distance of 0.7 ± 0.4 and 0.76 ± 0.36 mm, respectively, for centrals and 0.59 ± 0.3 and 0.62 ± 0.31 mm, respectively, for laterals. The GZ of both the right and left canines were mesial to the VBM at a mean distance of 0.59 ± 0.4 and 0.61 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Familiarity with the position and distance of the GZ enables the dentist to plan an appropriate esthetic rehabilitation for the patients based on the population in question.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior‑posterior discrepancy assessment is a crucial component of orthodontic diagnosis and is often carried out using hard tissue cephalometric analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the photographic Frankfort plane subnasale pogonion (FSA) angle with established cephalometric parameters to determine the accuracy of the angle in determining maxillomandibular anteroposterior discrepancies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, a total of 60 subjects, 20 in each skeletal sagittal malocclusion, were included in the final sample based on the selection criteria. Both photographic and cephalometric records were taken, and the parameters assessed were the beta angle, Steiner’s analysis, the ANB (A point‑ Nasion‑ B point) angle in the cephalograms, and the FSA angle in the profile photographs. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software. The correlation between the measured parameters was assessed using Pearson’s correlation test. RESULTS: A high positive and significant correlation between the FSA angle and beta angle (r = 0.793) was noted, and a high negative and significant correlation between the FSA angle and ANB angle (r = ‑0.848) was noted. CONCLUSION: The photographic FSA angle can be used as a reliable parameter to diagnose anteroposterior discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There are wide variations in placement of extra-alveolar bone screws that can occur in angulation, the height of placement, and other operator-related factors. The aim of this study is to comparatively evaluate the position of bilaterally placed infrazygomatic crest (IZC) mini-implants factors such as height, angulation, the length outside the bone, if any sinus penetration and the depth of penetration into the sinus. Materials and Methods: The study is a retrospective pilot study collected from the hospital records over the time period study was conducted. Posteroanterior cephalograms taken for patients after bilateral placement of IZC were collected. The comparison of the variations in placement for the right and left side was done. Results: There is wide variation among the sample and comparison to the right and left sides in the same sample. The height of placement above the buccal tube ranged from 7 to 8mm. There were wide variations in angulation of the implant to the buccal bone ranging from 15° to up to 50°. Of the total size of the IZC mini-implant 6-7mm of the implant was left outside the bone and an average of 2.5mm of sinus penetration was commonly observed. Conclusion: Postplacement assessment of IZC can be done with a posteroanterior cephalogram. The implant was placed at a height of 6-10mm above the buccal tube; there were wide variations in angulations between right and left side; 4-7mm of the mini-implant did not engage the IZC, and there was a high incidence of sinus penetration ranging from 1mm to 3.5mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study's objective is to learn more about how patients, depending on their gender, perceive, feel, and know about orthodontic therapy.There was a cross-sectional survey among 100 patients to evaluate their knowledge and attitude toward orthodontic treatment. The questionnaire was prepared and circulated among patients using online google forms. The online responses were collected and tabulation of the data was done in excel sheets. Data was analysed using statistical software. Chi square test to compare the association of gender and patients knowledge regarding orthodontic treatment. In the current study 53% of the study population had visited an orthodontist. 79.6% of the patients are conscious that their teeth can be aligned properly by an orthodontist. 73.5% think that teeth should be properly positioned for a better facial appearance. According to the findings in the present study, it is evident that there is awareness and understanding regarding the orthodontic treatment among patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness regarding the use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed appliances used in orthodontics among students pursuing dentistry. The distribution of the questionnaire was done using an online Google Forms link to about 100 dental students. The questionnaire compromised questions that were designed for assessing the various findings and knowledge of update, and finally, questions related to facts on various 3D-printing appliances. Among the total population, 58% of the population are aware of 3D printing used for various dental applications, whereas 42% of the population are not aware of the same. Among the total population, 58% of the population are aware of 3D printing used in dentistry, whereas 42% of the population are not aware of 3D printing used in dentistry. Inside the limits of the review, it very well may be inferred that 3D-printed machines have a rising use in the majority of the dental fields and understudies chasing after dentistry know about it. The knowledge about the basic and fundamental working and the usage of such appliances is developing among undergraduate students. Further continuing education programs can be provided to improve the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using stevia plant leaves and to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of nano-sized particles of selenium. A new organic synthesis of nano-sized selenium particles was done in this study. In this study, stevia leaves for the synthesis of nano-sized particles along with sodium selenite were done. This mixture was mixed homogeneously using an orbital shaker overnight. The color change indicated the formation of SeNPs. The SeNPs were evaluated for their size and shape and their antimicrobial property was assessed. SeNPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans at 100 μL concentration. At 25 μL and 50 μL, C. albicans showed intermediate susceptibility to SeNPs which also indicated a good antimicrobial potential. Following C. albicans, SeNPs showed good antimicrobial potential against Streptococcus mutans at all concentrations. SeNPs possessed good antimicrobial activity against most common oral pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey aimed at evaluating the knowledge and awareness regarding the various retention protocols used in orthodontic practice. A survey has been conducted among the dental students by circulating 15 close-ended questions online to analyze the data collected on the protocols and trends in orthodontic retention. The male and female distribution among the study population was evaluated, and the retention protocols used were computed; statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Ninety-four percent accepted that Hawley retainers are predominantly used compared to fixed retainers. Eighty-seven percent agreed that they aim at a more stable dentition by the completion of orthodontic treatment. The Chi-square test on the knowledge of respondents on the permanent retention to be followed after orthodontic treatment to close generalized spacing is statistically not significant, P = 0.056. Within the considered limitations, it is clear that there is awareness among the dentists regarding the use of a retention appliance to ensure stability at the finish of orthodontic treatment. But the protocol for the same remains variable. Further studies can be performed to identify the effectiveness of each of the different retention protocols and their indications in various cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONTEXT: Malocclusion can be defined as one in which the arches do not line up properly in any of the planes or one in which the position of the teeth deviates from the norm. Spacing in adults might been have inherited, acquired, or functional factors.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of spacing in a particular South Indian community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from patients who visited a private teaching hospital served as the basis for this investigation. By looking over medical records, data was gathered, and the data was then analysed.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: According to the current study, between the ages of 21 and 40, there were more men (60.6%) than women (39.35%). In the younger adult age group, previous dental extraction (35.89 percent) was the most frequent cause of spacing (21-40 years). Males outnumbered females (81.74 percent) in the age range of 41 to 60. (18.26 percent). It is clear that periodontitis (43 percent) accounted for the majority of spacing issues among adults (41-60 years). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the many etiologies of spacing in two various age groups. According to the data, patients between the ages of 21 and 60 most frequently had their teeth extracted for periodontitis and caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with class 2 skeletal malocclusion in a private dental hospital had skeletal discrepancies. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, retrospective study, and the dental information archiving software was used to collect all the data from the patients who attended the dental clinics at Saveetha Dental College, SIMATS, Chennai, India (DIAS). March 2020 through March 2021 saw the collection of patient records. We gathered and tabulated the data. The gathered data underwent additional processing, was entered into Microsoft Excel, and then went through statistical analysis using IBM SPSS statistics analyzer v.23.0. Results: The current study used a total sample size of 88950 patients. Skeletal class 2 malocclusion was seen in 0.01 percent of cases overall. The data in this study was examined for the occurrence of different skeletal inconsistencies. Results were satisfactory and showed that there were skeletal differences. A gender bias was evident, with 50.4 percent of the sample population being female. Mandibular deficit was the most frequent skeletal discrepancy, and class 2 div 1 dental malocclusion was most frequently detected. Conclusion: Mandibular deficit was shown to be the most common skeletal discrepancy within the constraints of the current investigation, and a substantial correlation between the skeletal discrepancies and the gender of the study group was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During orthodontic treatment, pain and discomfort are common side effects. Discomfortable tactile sensations, a sense of repression in the oral cavity, stretching of the soft tissues, pressure on the mucosa, displacement of the tongue, soreness of the teeth, and pain are the most common discomforts. Patients commonly experience a variety of functional issues and social discomfort during orthodontic treatment, and they are self-conscious about their appearance. The appearance of the appliance and speech impediment may damage patients' self-confidence, mostly during social encounters when attention is focused on the face. Materials and methods: The questionnaire of 12 questions was distributed among the participants. Google forms online forum was used to conduct the survey and 105 valid entries were collected. Demographic information, knowledge about orthodontic treatment, awareness about orthodontic treatment were asked to evaluate the level of patients' knowledge towards pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment. SPSS version 18.0 was used to evaluate the data, which was imported into Microsoft Excel 2007 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). All categorical variables were expressed using numbers and percentages. To assess the relationship between categorical variables, the Chi square test was performed. A P value of less than 0.5 was used to determine statistical significance. Results: The term "malalignment of teeth" was known to 87.8% of survey participants. 76.7 percent were aware that tooth alignment can have an effect on oral hygiene. In early childhood and adolescence, 86.8% of the respondents agreed that dental check-ups and treatment of mal-alignment are important. 65.6 percent of the participants said they would be willing to undergo malalignment correction even if it took more than a year. However, only 52.5 percent of the participants were aware about the removal of healthy teeth if needed during the treatment of mal-occlusion. Conclusion: Patients' perceptions of pain and discomfort varied depending on their Age, their motivation for treatment, and their awareness. Knowledge and attitude towards pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment is respectable however People must be motivated to be more aware of the significance of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most crucial steps in diagnosing a smile and to provide aesthetics is to assess the clinical crown length of the teeth in the smile line. A crucial role in the functional aesthetic display has been played by the clinical crown length, not only during a full smile, but it also plays a role during speech. The ultimate length of the clinical crown of the teeth are dependent upon several factors. These factors may be genetic factors and also developmental factors. The adolescence can be grouped into three age groups including early (ages 11-14 years), middle (ages 15-17years), and late (ages 18-21years). These adolescent patients are more problematic because their stomatognathic systems have not been stabilised. Tissue migration, that is the passive eruption, as well as growth of the whole premolar tooth are ongoing during these adolescent years. Aim: The aim of our present study is to investigate the relationship between age, gender and clinical crown length of the maxillary premolars. Materials and Methods: The study was done in a hospital setting, the data was collected from the patient software system of Saveetha dental College and the samples included adolescent and adult patients with healthy periodontium who needed orthodontic treatment. The data was analysed using the chi Square test. Results: In our study it was evident that adolescents of 11-14 years of age had crowns of heights 3mm and 4mm in relation to 14, while adolescents of 15-17 years of age had crowns of heights 4mm,5mm,& 6mm in relation to 14, while adolescents of 18-21 years of age had clinical crowns of heights 7mm & 8mm, in relation to 14 and the adults had clinical crowns of heights 8mm,9mm & 10mm in relation to 14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the initial displacement of the maxillary anterior teeth during distalization of the whole maxillary dentition and en masse retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth using interradicular MIs (IRMIs) and infrazygomatic crest mini-implants (IZCMI) with varying power arm heights. Materials and Methods: The study is a finite element (FE) study. Two FE models were created for total distalization of the maxillary dentition and en masse retraction of the maxillary six anterior teeth. Mini-implants (MIs) were placed in the IZC and IR areas. The power arms were placed on the arch wire between the lateral incisors and canines at heights of 5, 8, and 12 mm. Total distalization (3N) and en masse anterior retraction (2N) forces were applied to the power arm. Results: The von Mises stress increased as power arm height increased with no significance, but the values were significantly greater in the IRMI than IZCMI in both models. Initial backward displacement of the maxillary anterior teeth increased as power arm height increased with no significance, but the values were significantly greater in IZCMI than IRMI in both models. Initial upward displacement of the maxillary anterior teeth decreased as power arm height increased with no significance, but the values were significantly greater in IRMI than IZCMI in both models. Conclusions: A careful consideration of the MI location and the power arm height should be preceded to obtain a desired tooth movement when planning to retract or distalize the maxillary dentition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the dentoskeletal changes of patients diagnosed with skeletal class II (14--16 years of age) treated with Forsus fatigue resistant device (FFRD) and Powerscope class II corrector (PS). Materials and Methods: The study is a prospective clinical study, with a sample of 12 patients who were diagnosed with skeletal class II with a CVMI stage IV and at the end of the leveling and aligning phase of a fixed multibracket orthodontic therapy. A total of 17 patients were included in this study by using a simple randomization method, which used sealed opaque envelopes; five patients dropped out during the course of the study. Data were analyzed for 12 patients, and each group comprised six patients. The FFRD was compared with the PS. Lateral cephalograms, photographs, and study models of the patients were obtained for the analysis. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS software. The statistical analysis performed comprised Dahlberg's error test, paired T test, and independent T test. Results: Treatment effects demonstrated that the Forsus and Powerscope had significant restraint of the maxilla. Vertical changes as seen by assessing FH-MP and OP-SN angles were found to be increased in both groups. Lower incisors moved labially by 2.5 mm in the Powerscope group and 1.98 mm in the Forsus group, which also contributed to the correction of the overjet. Linear measurements showed that the Powerscope led to a greater mandibular lengthening (4.06 mm) as compared with that of Forsus (3 mm). Anterior mandibular displacement accounted for 3.23 mm of 5.10 mm by using Powerscope appliance and 3.16 mm of 4.90 by using Forsus appliance. Conclusions: Pre- and posttreatment changes were statistically significant for both FFRDs and PS. Both the PS and FFRD are acceptable compliance-free appliances for class II correction. The PS has a greater restraint on the maxilla, more forward displacement of mandibular molars, and lower incisor proclination as compared with the Forsus appliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class III malocclusion is a complex anomaly. Not all adult class III patients will need surgical correction. In the Indian population the incidence of a class III malocclusion is lesser than a class II. Orthodontic case records were reviewed and analysed. Class III adult malocclusions were evaluated to estimate the prevalence and the treatment protocol. From this evaluation of class III patients the span on close to a year report of 44 adult class III patients out of whom 10 patients required orthognathic surgery for correction. Surgery first done in 2 cases and other cases were single jaw or bi-jaw surgery done using conventional approach. In the camouflage treatment most of the cases were treated by non-extraction. Correct classification of adult Class III malocclusion patients succeeded to a high degree. Pearson's chi-square value is 1.867 and P value is 0.1 and the results of this study are not significant. The severity of the malocclusion should be used to determine the treatment protocol. Orthognathic surgery was successful in 92% patients. Most of the camouflage studies use mini-implants and non-extraction protocols. Surgical treatment done according to severity of class III and patient compliance. Among the assessed population 44 patients had skeletal class III malocclusion and in the adult patients 8 patients were treated with orthognathic surgery. The two main deciding factors to conclude as the treatment plan was based on the severity of the malocclusion and the patient compliance. Orthognathic surgery was successful in 92% patients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anterior-posterior discrepancy assessment is a crucial component of orthodontic diagnosis and is often carried out using hard tissue cephalometric analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the photographic Frankfort plane subnasale pogonion (FSA) angle with established cephalometric parameters to determine the accuracy of the angle in determining maxillomandibular anteroposterior discrepancies., Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 60 subjects, 20 in each skeletal sagittal malocclusion, were included in the final sample based on the selection criteria. Both photographic and cephalometric records were taken, and the parameters assessed were the beta angle, Steiner's analysis, the ANB (A point- Nasion- B point) angle in the cephalograms, and the FSA angle in the profile photographs. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software. The correlation between the measured parameters was assessed using Pearson's correlation test., Results: A high positive and significant correlation between the FSA angle and beta angle (r = 0.793) was noted, and a high negative and significant correlation between the FSA angle and ANB angle (r = -0.848) was noted., Conclusion: The photographic FSA angle can be used as a reliable parameter to diagnose anteroposterior discrepancies., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Orthodontic Science.)

Temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) joint and the condyle of mandible are observed in the radiographs of the skull and the jaw. Therefore, it is of interest to assess the predictability of four different shapes of condyle in skeletal class I, II and III malocclusion. The four commonly visualized shapes are oval, bird beak, diamond and crooked were assessed using an ortho pantomogram (OPG). Each of the malocclusion was visualized for different shapes of the condyle. 987 OPGs were radiographically evaluated and the morphology of 1974 condylar heads was visualized. The shapes of the condyles were grouped under four different types. Data shows that oval shaped condyle was most common followed by bird beak. There was variability in the diamond and crooked shape and was lesser than the other types. Thus, the shapes of the condyle are useful predictable guide in deciding the nature of the occlusion., (© 2021 Biomedical Informatics.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the insertion torque of the mini-implant used in orthodontic patients and to assess the correlation between the insertion torque, primary stability, and perception of pain in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy with mini-implant-augmented anchorage., Material and Methods: Among the patients undergoing orthodontic therapy, 31 samples who required mini-implant for anchorage purpose were selected. A total of 59 mini-implants were placed in these patients. This included interradicular mini-implants and extra-alveolar mini-screws. Immediately after placement, the insertion torque in all these was measured using a digital torque meter and primary stability was assessed by identifying any mobility of the implant placed. Primary stability was noted at two time intervals immediate post-placement and 1 week after that. All the mini-implants that were considered in this study were immediately loaded. Patients were asked to record any pain experienced on the visual analog scale (VAS) score sheet at 24 hours and 1 week post-placement., Results: Among the mini-implants placed, those with 2 mm diameter needed higher placement torque, i.e., infrazygomatic crest mini-implants and buccal shelf mini-implants were placed with average placement torque of 10.08 and 10.25 N cm, respectively. Extra-alveolar screws caused more pain, especially higher in the mandible than the maxilla. Decrease in pain scores was noted from T0 to T1 in almost all the cases., Conclusion: Thicker mini-implant needed more insertion torque and highest insertion torque was recorded with extra-alveolar screws. No direct correlation could be obtained with the pain levels experienced by the patients and with the primary stability of the mini-implants., Clinical Significance: Mini-implants placed with an insertion torque above the recommended range tend to fail and break more often. Patients placed with extra-alveolar bone screws reported more pain than that of the smaller-dimension mini-implant.