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Background: The purpose of this study is to determine how amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic medication, affects Glibenclamide's hypoglycemic activity in normal and diabetic rats when administered in multiple doses over seven days. Methods: The researchers intended to explore how glibenclamide and amiodarone pharmacologically interact in normal and diabetic rats. These tests were performed on the same group of rats after the provided medications Glibenclamide 1.03 mg/kg body weight and Amiodarone 50 mg/kg body weight had been entirely eliminated, i.e. after the drugs had been totally eliminated. The drugs were administered orally. After taking blood samples from the tail vein at predetermined intervals, the glucose levels were estimated using the GOD/POD technique. Results:The findings showed that numerous doses of amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic medication, affected the hypoglycaemic action of Glibenclamide in normal and diabetic rats when provided alone and in combination with Glibenclamide. This might be because amiodarone and Glibenclamide have a pharmacokinetic interaction. Conclusion: Preliminary research suggests that the combination has a pharmacokinetic interaction in diabetic patients with arrhythmia. As a result, blood glucose levels needed to be closely monitored.

Due to a variety of comorbidities, Patients with type 2 diabetes usually require a multifaceted approach to therapy. A large number of medications taken at the same time increase the risk of undesirable drug effects or drug interactions in the patient. It's vital to think about cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme interactions while using a multifactorial pharmacotherapy approach. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 metabolize bosentan in the liver similarly, teneligliptin is metabolized by flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4. This study was conducted to investigate a possible pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and teneligliptin. Interaction of teneligliptin, the known dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors or gliptins anti diabetic drugs with bosentan, a pulmonary antihypertensive agent, in healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, was tested. Blood samples were taken from rats at various intervals up to 24 hours and blood glucose levels were calculated. The parameters considered for the analysis of the effect on teneligliptin induced hypoglycemia were the onset of hypoglycemia (duration required to reduce blood glucose level by 15% - 20%), duration of hypoglycemia (duration of time in which more than 15 % -20 % decrease in blood glucose level is managed to maintained), and peak hypoglycemia. In both healthy albino rats and diabetic rats, a single dose of bosentan did not affect blood glucose levels. These results suggest that bosentan has no hypoglycemic effect, implying that the drug-drug interaction with teneligliptin is of the pharmacokinetic kind.

Shan Sasidharan,1,2 Srinivasakumar KP,1 Amiya Bhaumik,1 Sreemoy Kanti Das,1 Hareebndran Nair J3 1Department of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia; 2Small Animal Research Centre, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, CARe KERALA, Thrissur, Kerala, India; 3Department of R&D, Pankajakasthuri Herbal Research Foundation, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaCorrespondence: Shan Sasidharan, Department of Pharmacy Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, Email drshansasidharan@yahoo.co.inIntroduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a major chronic disease affecting men, and the therapeutic agents currently used to manage it have significant side effects. As a result, an alternative medicine with improved therapeutic properties with no side effects is desperately needed. The current investigation aims to study whether the Caesalpinia bonduc seed extracts (ethanolic-A, hydroalcoholic-B, and aqueous-C) have inhibitory potential on testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH in Wistar rats.Methods: Wistar rats (male) were randomly allocated to one of five groups: control, BPH (TP-3 mg/kg, subcutaneously daily), low dose (TP + C. bonduc seed extracts – 200 mg/kg body weight), high dose (TP + C. bonduc seed extracts – 400 mg/kg body weight), and standard drug (TP + finasteride – 10 mg/kg body weight). At the end of drug treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their serum and prostates were taken for biochemical and histological studies.Results: C. bonduc seed extracts treatment significantly decreased prostate weight and prostatic index in rats with TP-induced BPH. The seed extracts exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in serum and prostate. In addition, the PSA level in the serum showed a noteworthy decrease in comparison with the BPH group. Histopathological examination also indicated that extracts improved the tissue morphology of the prostate significantly. Out of three extracts tested, ethanolic and hydroalcoholic extract recorded significant effect. Finally, liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/MS-QTOF) analysis showed that the major compounds present in the extracts were tocopherols, fucosterol, linoleic acid, β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, campesterol, cassane furanoditerpene, norcassane furanoditerpene and other diterpenes.Conclusion: Thus, C. bonduc seed extracts could be a potential source for the formulation of new drug for managing BPH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scientific animal investigation into the use of C. bonduc seed extract for the management of BPH.Keywords: Caesalpinia bonduc seed extracts, benign prostatic hyperplasia, testosterone, Wistar rats, prostate gland

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a severe illness affecting middle-aged and geriatric male patients. This disease normally occurs at the age of 40 or above and is also associated with sexual dysfunction. Alpha-blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors are the preferred drugs practiced to treat BPH. However, invasive surgical therapy remains the gold standard for managing the condition in the case of refractory and intricate BPH conditions. Due to the fear of sexual dysfunction and the detrimental influence on their quality of life, most patients seek to avoid synthetic drugs and surgery. For this reason, several patients turn to phytotherapy and other alternative therapies. The authors looked at the existing perceptions of epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology associated with BPH in this review article. In addition, this article contained basic information on the pathological roles of inflammation in BPH and various diagnoses and treatment options. It was well reported that the administration of medicinal herbs played a vital role in managing BPH. In recent years, many researchers worldwide have reported the efficiency and safety of phytochemicals in managing numerous pathological disorders in-vivo and in-vitro conditions and the prevention of illness.

Detoxification is a process of abolishing a substance of dependence from the body in a way which does not hinder the body’s physiology. Detoxification often takes a couple of days and half a month to finish, which is contingent upon the substance being abused, the seriousness of reliance and the help accessible to the client. Metabolism plays an important role in an effective detoxification process; some of the eminent enzymes are discussed in this review, which helps in excretion of xenobiotics. Psychosocial treatments nearby pharmacological medicines are fundamental to improve result. The over reliance conditions considered in this review are detoxification from opioids with clonidine-naltrexone, buprenorphine and other procedures, detoxification of benzodiazepines through adjunctive therapies and medications. Detoxification of psychostimulants with propranolol and amantadine is also discussed in detail.

Diabetic wounds (DW) are a chronic, non-healing wound on the feet of diabetic patients that pose a serious challenge to world health. Around 84% of diabetic patients undergo lower leg amputations. Though numerous topical and systemic drugs have been used to heal the DW, these drugs have led to the emergence and subsequent rapid overgrowth of resistant bacterial strains, side effects and toxicity. Many herbal plants have very important role in wound healing because they promote the natural repair mechanisms. Moringaoleifera (MO) is an important medicinal plant which has an impressive range of medicinal uses including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Recently few researchers reported that MO extracts have effective wound healing property due to the presence of rich flavonoids and vicenin-2. The objective of the present study was to develop hydrogel formulations loaded with Moringaoleifera leaves extract. The prepared hydrogels were evaluated for physical appearance, rheological behavior, skin irritation and wound-healing power in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male wistar albino rats. Results showed that all hydrogel formulations exhibited good and acceptable physical properties. All the animals tolerated the applied gels and no signs of irritations were noticed during the skin irritation study. The in-vivo wound healing studies showed a time dependent increase in percentage of wound, a contraction which is higher than that produced by the control groups. These contractions were statistically significant (P