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Spherulites are radial distributions of acicular crystals, common in biogenic, geologic, and synthetic systems, yet exactly how spherulitic crystals nucleate and grow is still poorly understood. To investigate these processes in more detail, we chose scleractinian corals as a model system, because they are well known to form their skeletons from aragonite (CaCO3) spherulites, and because a comparative study of crystal structures across coral species has not been performed previously. We observed that all 12 diverse coral species analyzed here exhibit plumose spherulites in their skeletons, with well-defined centers of calcification (CoCs), and crystalline fibers radiating from them. In 7 of the 12 species, we observed a skeletal structural motif not observed previously: randomly oriented, equant crystals, which we termed "sprinkles". In Acropora pharaonis, these sprinkles are localized at the CoCs, while in 6 other species, sprinkles are either layered at the growth front (GF) of the spherulites, or randomly distributed. At the nano- and micro-scale, coral skeletons fill space as much as single crystals of aragonite. Based on these observations, we tentatively propose a spherulite formation mechanism in which growth front nucleation (GFN) of randomly oriented sprinkles, competition for space, and coarsening produce spherulites, rather than the previously assumed slightly misoriented nucleations termed "non-crystallographic branching". Phase-field simulations support this mechanism, and, using a minimal set of thermodynamic parameters, are able to reproduce all of the microstructural variation observed experimentally in all of the investigated coral skeletons. Beyond coral skeletons, other spherulitic systems, from aspirin to semicrystalline polymers and chocolate, may also form according to the mechanism for spherulite formation proposed here. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of spherulite nucleation and growth has broad ranging applications in the fields of metallurgy, polymers, food science, and pharmaceutical production. Using the skeletons of reef-building corals as a model system for investigating these processes, we propose a new spherulite growth mechanism that can not only explain the micro-structural diversity observed in distantly related coral species, but may point to a universal growth mechanism in a wide range of biologically and technologically relevant spherulitic materials systems.

The acceptability and palatability of a dosage form are extremely important to improve patient compliance. Mixing oral solid dosage forms with food carriers is often necessary to ease swallowing and provide the taste-masking effect. The present research investigated how a liquid or semisolid carrier influences the disintegration time and drug dissolution rate of pellets and minitablets with diazepam. The disintegration of pellets and minitablets in liquid carriers (water, milk and apple juice) was determined using a texture analyser. Dissolution tests were performed for the dosage forms dispersed in gel vehicles (2% carmellose and 0.5% carbomer gels) or applesauce. The disintegration of minitablets in water and apple juice was fast (1 min), but it slowed to 3 and 5 min in milk and gel vehicles, respectively. The pellets disintegrated in liquid carriers within 3 min. The drug dissolution rate in 0.1 M HCl depended on the gel viscosity in this medium. The preserved high viscosity of a carmellose gel inhibited the dissolution of diazepam. On the other hand, the viscosity of the carbomer gel decreased rapidly, and in effect, the dissolution rate of diazepam from the incorporated pellets or minitablets was comparable to the dissolution from loose pellets or minitablets.

Latar belakang: Usia balita merupakan periode emas (golden periods) dalam proses tumbuh kembang sehingga asupan zat gizi makro dan zat gizi mikro sangat dibutuhkan. Taburia merupakan bubuk multivitamin dan multimineral yang dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi mikro anak dan mengatasi permasalahan kekurangan gizi mikro.Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian Taburia terhadap perubahan asupan energi dan zat gizi anak usia 1-3 tahun.Metode: Desain penelitian adalah quasi experimental study dengan pretest postest control group design, dilakukan pada bulan Januari–Juli 2012 di wilayah Puskesmas Banjar Serasan Kecamatan Pontianak Timur sebagai wilayah intervensi dan di wilayah Puskesmas Tambelan Sampit Kecamatan Pontianak Timur sebagai wilayah kontrol. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada 85 anak, terdiri dari 45 sampel dalam kelompok intervensi dan 40 sampel dalam kelompok kontrol yang dipilih secara purposive sampling. Uji beda pada karakteristik dianalisis dengan chi-square. Uji beda rata-rata perubahan asupan energi dan zat gizi antara kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol dengan uji independent samples t-test. Asupan energi dan zat gizi pretest dan post test dalam satu kelompok dianalisis menggunakan paired samples t-test.Hasil: Hasil uji t-test terhadap rata-rata asupan energi dan zat gizi antara kedua kelompok menunjukkan adanya perbedaan secara bermakna, kecuali vitamin B12 (pgizi pretest dan post test setelah dua bulan intervensi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan yang signifikan(pKesimpulan: Pemberian Taburia menghasilkan pengaruh positif berupa peningkatan rata-rata asupan energi dan zat gizi. Peningkatan asupan energi secara statistik menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kedua kelompok.KATA KUNCI: anak usia 1-3 tahun, zat gizi mikro, sprinkle, suplementasi, TaburiaABSTRACTBackground: Children under-five is the golden period in the process of child growth, therefore the macronutrient and micronutrient intake are needed. Taburia is a multiple micronutrients supplementation (sprinkles) that is intended to supply the multiple micronutrients needs of the child and resolve the micronutrient deficiencies problems of children.Objectives: To analyze the effect of Taburia intervention on the energy and nutrient intake of children under three years old.Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to examine children’s energy and nutrient intake at baseline, one month, and two months after the Taburia supplementation. The study was carried out from January-July 2012 at community Health Centers Banjar Serasan as an intervention area and Community Health Centers of Tambelan Sampit as a control area. Data was collected on 85 children, consisting of 45 subjects of the intervention group and 40 subjects of the control group, selected by purposive sampling. Characteristic variables were analyzed by chi-square. Intake of energy and nutrients between the intervention group and the control group were analyzed using independent samples t-test. The average of energy and nutrients intake between pre-test and post-test in one group were analyzed using paired samples t-test.Results: Intake of energy and nutrients between the two groups showed significant differences, except for vitamin B12 (pof intervention showed a significant improvement (pConclusion: The multiple micronutrients intervention has a positive impact on increasing energy and nutrients intake.KEYWORDS: children, multiple micronutrient, sprinkle, supplementation, Taburia

Batu-Malang Government area is one of central production of citrus ”Keprok 55” in East Java. In dry season, citrus produce low production level, because there is unsufficient water inside the soil. Based on this facts, some efforts is needed in order to increase the citrus production especially to face the dry season, through sprinkle irrigation system to increase citrus production. Sprinkle irrigation system has been installed on citrus plantation in Selorejo Village, Batu. Citrus is one of the horticultural commodities which have priority to be developed. One type of citrus that favored consumers are mandarin (tangerine). During the period 2005-2009 tangerine imports reached 504,063 tonnes, or about 100,813 tonnes per year with a value of US $ 80,569,300. Management of commodity Citrus 55 in Selorejo village, subdistrict Dau, Malang not get maximum benefit due to the limitations of the use of technological innovation as well as the lack of capital. The experiment calculated HPP, BEP, NPV, R/C ratio, IRR and PP. This study was to compare the effect of management changes Citrus 55 between conventional and sprinkler irrigation. The financial viability of commodity management Citrus 55 in Selorejo Village declared eligible to run either conventionally or with sprinkler irrigation. Age commodity management business is ten years. Conventional management NVP value is IDR 1,234,468,408 and the value of NVP management with the use of sprinkler irrigation is IDR 5,200,599,957. PP value of conventional management is 5 years 2 months and sprinkler irrigation is 2 years and 5 months. Conventional management IRR value is 59.47% and value of management use sprinkle is 68.08%. R/C Ratio with conventional management is 1.4 and value R/C Ratio with sprinkle is 5.7. BEP value with management conventional is 5,719 kilograms and with sprinkle is 16,059 Kilograms. HPP value with management conventional is IDR 784 and with sprinkle is IDR 191.

Compliance of micronutrients supplement consumption was not affected by supplements formBackground: Taburia is micronutrient sprinkle produced by Ministry of Health Indonesia to overcome malnutrition problem in Indonesia. Compliance of Taburia consumption is an important indicator for the success of the supplementation program. Taburia’s compliance in some regions is low (0.05). Several factors affected the compliance level such as mother’s employment status, gender of the children, and age of the children. Conclusions: The compliance level of Taburia sprinkle and fortified gummy candies was similar. Hence fortified gummy candies could be used as an alternative of micronutrient supplement to overcome nutrition problem in Indonesia.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T22:26:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Modelagem probabilística das lâminas de água aplicadas na cultura do arroz.pdf: 1760930 bytes, checksum: dc4b81628d7ef86734f85936c2e9f01a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T22:26:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Modelagem probabilística das lâminas de água aplicadas na cultura do arroz.pdf: 1760930 bytes, checksum: dc4b81628d7ef86734f85936c2e9f01a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T22:27:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Modelagem probabilística das lâminas de água aplicadas na cultura do arroz.pdf: 1760930 bytes, checksum: dc4b81628d7ef86734f85936c2e9f01a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T22:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Modelagem probabilística das lâminas de água aplicadas na cultura do arroz.pdf: 1760930 bytes, checksum: dc4b81628d7ef86734f85936c2e9f01a (MD5) Previous issue date: 8-08-25 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES A agricultura irrigada, em um cenário mundial, é o setor que mais utiliza água, sendo que, no Brasil, especialmente no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o método de irrigação mais utilizado é o de irrigação por superfície com o sistema de inundação contínua, amplamente utilizado na cultura do arroz. Entretanto, a irrigação por aspersão, se manejada adequadamente, tem potencial de suprir a demanda hídrica da cultura utilizando um volume menor de água. Assim sendo, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar um equipamento de irrigação mecanizado tipo lateral móvel operando em condições de vento, assim como testar a adequabilidade com que as distribuições de probabilidade normal, uniforme, gama, Weibull e logística descrevem a distribuição da lâmina de água aplicada por um equipamento de irrigação mecanizado tipo lateral móvel utilizado na cultura do arroz, operando em condições de vento na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, assim como, gerar um modelo para simulação dos parâmetros das distribuições que melhor representarem o perfil da lâmina aplicado pelo equipamento por meio da velocidade média do vento. Para isso foram realizados 29 ensaios de campo no equipamento de irrigação, o qual contém, em 5 vãos, 265 metros de comprimento, equipado com emissores modelo I-Wob com placa oscilante de 9 jatos. Para coletar a lâmina de água aplicada pelo equipamento na área irrigada foram utilizadas duas linhas de coletores paralelas, distantes 5 m e, cada uma, contendo 88 coletores espaçados 3 m entre si. Foi observado a alta uniformidade de aplicação de água do equipamento, mesmo em condições elevadas de vento (V > 6,00 m.s-1). Além disso, as distribuições normal, logística e Weibull de probabilidades se ajustaram adequadamente à maioria dos ensaios de campo. Os parâmetros de escala das distribuições normal e logística tiveram uma boa explicação na sua variação em função da velocidade média do vento, resultado esse não obtido para a distribuição Weibull. Os modelos propostos através dos parâmetros de Escala das distribuições normal e logística representaram de forma adequada, o desempenho do equipamento de irrigação mecanizado do tipo lateral móvel utilizado na irrigação do arroz na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. On a world stage, the irrigated agriculture is the activity that uses more water, and, in Brazil, especially in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the most widely used method of irrigation is surface irrigation with continuous flooding system, widely used in rice cultivation. However, sprinkler irrigation, if managed properly, has the potential to meet the water demand of the crop using a smaller volume of water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a mechanical lateral move irrigation equipment used on a rice crop and operating in windy conditions, as well as test the adequacy with which the distributions of normal probability, uniform, gamma, Weibull and logistics describe the distribution of water depth applied by the mechanical lateral, operating in windy conditions in southern of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as generate a model to simulate the parameters of the distributions that better represent the profile of the applied depth by the equipment through the average wind speed. To do this were performed 29 in-field tests of the irrigation equipment, which contains, in 5 spans 265 meters, equipped with I-Wob emitters with a 9-jets rotating plate. To collect water depth applied by the equipment in the irrigated area were used two parallel lines of catch cans distant 5 m and each containing 88 catch cans spaced 3 m from each other. It was observed high uniformity water application equipment even in high wind conditions (V> 6.00 ms-1). Furthermore, the normal distribution, logistics and Weibull probability is suitably adjusted to the most in-field tests. The range of parameters of normal and logistic distributions have a good explanation in its variation as a function of wind speed, a result not obtained for the Weibull distribution. The models proposed by the scale parameters of the normal distribution and logistics represented properly, the performance of the mechanical lateral move irrigation equipment operating on a rice crop in the south of Rio Grande do Sul.

The present study aimed at the development of the water deficit coefficient as a function of the Christiansen uniformity coefficient and relationship between the applied water depth and that required by a given crop, taking into account that the water distribution by the sprinkler follows a normal distribution. Another objective was to compare the experimental results to those obtained through simulation with the Mantovani model. For this, the water deficit coefficients developed in this work were used, as well as the simplified coefficient that takes into account the water distribution by the sprinkler following a uniform distribution, and finally the development of the production functions for the bean crop by using the Mantovani model. The production values simulated by the model, using the normal deficit coefficient, were always less than those simulated with the uniform deficit coefficient for all uniformity levels and all values of the crop's maximum evapotranspiration fraction restored by other sources (p). Under the conditions that this study was carried out, the use of the water deficit coefficient based on the normal distribution model did not provide a better performance of the simulation model proposed by Mantovani.

Objective The objectives of these two studies were to determine if beads from extended-release topiramate capsules sprinkled onto soft food are bioequivalent to the intact capsule and if beads from the capsule can be passed through enteral gastrostomy (G-) and jejunostomy (J-) feeding tubes. Methods Bioequivalence of 200-mg USL255 (Qudexy® XR [topiramate] extended-release capsules) sprinkled onto soft food (applesauce) versus the intact capsule was evaluated in a phase 1, randomized, single-dose, crossover study (N = 36). Pharmacokinetic evaluations included area under the curve (AUC), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), and terminal elimination half-life (t1/2). If 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the ratio of geometric least-squares means were between 0.80 and 1.25, AUC and Cmax were considered bioequivalent. In separate in vitro experiments, 100-mg USL255 beads were passed through feeding tubes using gentle syringe pressure to develop a clog-free bead-delivery method. Multiple tube sizes (14- to 18-French [Fr] tubes), dilutions (5 mg/15 mL–25 mg/15 mL), and diluents (deionized water, apple juice, Ketocal, sparkling water) were tested. Results Area under the curve and Cmax for USL255 beads sprinkled onto applesauce were bioequivalent to the intact capsule (GLSM [90% CI]: AUC0–t 1.01 [0.97–1.04], AUC0–∞ 1.02 [0.98–1.05]; Cmax 1.09 [1.03–1.14]). Median Tmax was 4 h earlier for USL255 sprinkled versus the intact capsule (10 vs 14 h; p = 0.0018), and t1/2 was similar (84 vs 82 h, respectively). In 14-Fr G-tubes, USL255 beads diluted in Ketocal minimized bead clogging versus deionized water. Recovery of USL255 beads diluted in deionized water was nearly 100% in 16-Fr G-, 18-Fr G-, and 18-Fr J-tubes. Significance For patients with difficulty swallowing pills, USL255 sprinkled onto applesauce offers a useful once-daily option for taking topiramate. USL255 beads were also successfully delivered in vitro through ≥ 14-Fr G- or J-tubes, with tube clogging minimized by portioning the dose and using glidant diluents for smaller tubes.

Avaliou-se o efeito de espaçamentos entre gotejadores (10 cm e 30 cm) e sistemas de plantio (fileiras simples e duplas, com uma linha de gotejo) sobre o rendimento físico e econômico e a qualidade de frutos de tomateiro para processamento, na região do Cerrado do Brasil. Um tratamento de controle, com plantio em fileiras simples, foi irrigado por aspersão. A produtividade comercial para o espaçamento de 10 cm foi 10% maior que para o de 30 cm. O plantio em fileiras simples produziu 9% mais frutos do que o em fileiras duplas. A produtividade do tratamento por aspersão não diferiu do tratamento com gotejadores a 30 cm e fileiras duplas, mas foi pelo menos 15% menor do que nos demais tratamentos. A porcentagem de frutos podres não foi afetada pelo fator espaçamento entre gotejadores, mas foi maior no plantio em fileiras duplas. Na aspersão, a porcentagem de podres foi pelo menos 68% maior que nos tratamentos por gotejamento. Maior eficiência econômica foi obtida no tratamento com espaçamento entre gotejadores de 10 cm e plantio em fileiras simples (12,7%), seguido do espaçamento de 10 cm e fileiras duplas (7,5%). As taxas de retorno para estes tratamentos foram de 1,42 e 1,39, respectivamente.Processing tomatoes crop response to drip spacing (10 cm and 30 cm) and planting systems (single- and double-row planting, and a lone drip line) was evaluated in Brasília, DF, Brazil. A control treatment with single-row planting system was sprinkle irrigated. Marketable yield for 10-cm drip spacing was 10% higher than for 30 cm. Yield from drip single-row treatments was 9% higher than from double-row ones. Yield from sprinkle irrigated plots did not differ from the 30-cm drip spacing and double-row treatment, but was at least 15% lower than from other treatments. Rotten fruit rates were not affected by drip spacing factor, but were higher in double-row treatments. In the control treatment, rotten fruit occurrence was at least 68% higher than in the drip treatments. Greater economic efficiency was obtained for the 10-cm drip spacing and single row system treatment (12.7%), followed by drip spacing of 10 cm and double-row planting (7.5%). The revenue rates for those treatments were 1.42 and 1.39, respectively.

Compliance is a key component in successful implementation of the delivery of micronutrients among children. The present study evaluates the compliance with two home-based food fortification strategies (fortified complementary food or sprinkle) for providing iron and zinc among children aged 6-24 months. A total of 292 children were randomly allocated to receive either rice-based fortified complementary food and nutrition education (Cf = 101), sprinkle and nutrition education (Mp = 97), or nutrition education alone as control (Ed = 94). All the enrolled children were breastfed at the beginning of the study and were advised to continue breastfeeding. Biweekly information on compliance and anthropometry was collected. Complete haemogram estimation was conducted at baseline and end of the study. Compliance with the fortified complementary food was higher compared to sprinkle (Cf = 81%, Mp = 64% child-days). Consumption of the fortified complementary food for 6 months resulted in a significant increase in mean haemoglobin in the intervention group compared to control group (Cf 1.29 +/- 1.6 g/dL; Ed 0.23 +/- 1.3 g/dL; p0.001). Our results showed that fortified complementary food had higher compliance than sprinkle and is a suitable delivery mechanism for iron and zinc in preschool children.

O presente experimento teve como objetivo comparar valores de velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, determinados por duas metodologias distintas: infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos (IANC) e infiltrômetro de aspersores (IAS). Em uma parcela de controle com dimensões de 12 x 12 m obtiveram-se, pela metodologia do IANC, 36 curvas de infiltração de água no solo e a velocidade básica de infiltração de água nesta área, através da metodologia do IAS. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos em ambas as metodologias, constatou-se que a média aritmética dos valores obtidos pela metodologia do IANC superestimou a velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, obtida pela metodologia do IAS, e que somente os valores da média geométrica e da moda obtidas com o IANC se aproximaram da velocidade de infiltração obtida com o IAS.The objective of this paper was to compare values of water infiltration rate in soil, obtained with two distinct methodologies: cylinder infiltrometer and sprinkler infiltrometer. Thirty six infiltration rate curves were obtained using the cylinder infiltrometer methodology and four infiltration rate curves using a sprinkler infiltrometer. It was observed that the arithmetic mean of results from the cylinder infiltrometer methodology obtained overestimated the infiltration rate obtained with sprinkler infiltrometer and that the geometric mean and mode of the results obtained with cylinder infiltrometer approached the velocity of infiltration of water in soil obtained with the sprinkler infiltrometer.

O presente experimento teve como objetivo comparar valores de velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, determinados por duas metodologias distintas: infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos (IANC) e infiltrômetro de aspersores (IAS). Em uma parcela de controle com dimensões de 12 x 12 m obtiveram-se, pela metodologia do IANC, 36 curvas de infiltração de água no solo e a velocidade básica de infiltração de água nesta área, através da metodologia do IAS. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos em ambas as metodologias, constatou-se que a média aritmética dos valores obtidos pela metodologia do IANC superestimou a velocidade de infiltração de água no solo, obtida pela metodologia do IAS, e que somente os valores da média geométrica e da moda obtidas com o IANC se aproximaram da velocidade de infiltração obtida com o IAS. The objective of this paper was to compare values of water infiltration rate in soil, obtained with two distinct methodologies: cylinder infiltrometer and sprinkler infiltrometer. Thirty six infiltration rate curves were obtained using the cylinder infiltrometer methodology and four infiltration rate curves using a sprinkler infiltrometer. It was observed that the arithmetic mean of results from the cylinder infiltrometer methodology obtained overestimated the infiltration rate obtained with sprinkler infiltrometer and that the geometric mean and mode of the results obtained with cylinder infiltrometer approached the velocity of infiltration of water in soil obtained with the sprinkler infiltrometer.

Realizou-se um estudo para se avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de água em um sistema de irrigação por aspersão de alta pressão, na região norte-fluminense, RJ. Por meio da metodologia descrita pela ASAE (1990) foi avaliada a uniformidade de distribuição de água utilizando-se, para isso, o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) com aspersores em disposição retangular e triangular. Para cada uma das situações, o CUC foi analisado em função das seguintes variáveis independentes: velocidade e direção do vento, pressão de operação do aspersor, espaçamento entre aspersores na linha lateral, espaçamento entre linhas laterais e velocidade de rotação do aspersor. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de regressão múltipla, gerando-se modelos estatísticos para a estimativa do CUC. Observou-se que o aumento da velocidade do vento e do espaçamento entre aspersores diminui o CUC, enquanto o aumento da pressão de operação do aspersor o elevou nos intervalos estudados.A study was performed to evaluate the water distribution uniformity in a high pressure sprinkle system in the norte-fluminense region, RJ. The field experiment was carried out according to ASAE (1990) methodology. Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) was used to evaluate the water application distribution uniformity, with sprinklers placed in rectangular and triangular spacings. For each one of these situations the CUC was analysed according to the following independent variables: wind speed and direction, operation pressure, spacings between sprinklers and lateral lines, and sprinkler speed rotation. The evaluation of data was made with multiple regression analysis, which made it possible to develop a statistical model to estimate the CUC. It was observed that the increase in wind speed and spacing between sprinklers reduced the CUC, while the increase in sprinkler pressure increased the CUC.

RESUMO Realizou-se um estudo para avaliação do desperdício de energia correspondente à porcentagem de perda de água do jato de um aspersor de alta pressão, na região Norte Fluminense, RJ. Por meio da metodologia descrita pela ASAE (1990) foi analisado o desperdício de energia em função dos seguintes elementos do clima: velocidade do vento, umidade relativa do ar e radiação solar e da pressão de serviço do aspersor. Observou-se que a umidade relativa teve maior influência no desperdício de energia (desperdício em Mega Joule por hectare hora) seguida pela velocidade do vento, pressão de serviço do aspersor e radiação solar. ABSTRACT A study was performed to determine the energy loss corresponding to percentage of water losses in high pressure sprinkler in the Norte Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro. A field experiment was carried out according to ASAE (1990) methodology. Energy loss was analyzed as a function of the following independent variables: wind speed, air relative humidity, solar radiation and pressure head of sprinkler. Results obtained showed that relative humidity of air had the most influence in the energy loss (energy loss in Mega Joule per hectare hour) followed by wind speed, sprinkler pressure head and solar radiation.

Foi avaliado o efeito de sistemas de preparo do solo sobre o diâmetro médio dos agregados (DMA), porcentagem de cobertura da superfície do solo (CSS), profundidade da camada arada (PCA) e produção de tubérculos de batata. Foram instalados dois experimentos em solo argiloso com os mesmos tratamentos, sendo um irrigado por gotejamento e outro por aspersão. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = apenas abertura do sulco de plantio, prática comum aos demais tratamentos; T2 = uma subsolagem (SS); T3 = duas passadas de enxada rotativa (ER); T4 = uma aração com disco (AD) + duas gradagens niveladoras (GN); T5 = 1AD + 2GN + 1ER; T6 = 1AD + 2GN + 2ER; T7 = 1SS + a sequencia de T6; T8 = uma aração com aiveca (AA) + 2GN. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e o plantio foi manual. Os maiores valores de DMA e de CSS foram observados em T1 e T2 e o maior valor de PCA, 29,6 cm, foi observado em T8. Em ambos experimentos, a produção de tubérculos comerciais (PCT) foi maior em T8, menor em T1 e T2 e intermediária nos demais tratamentos. Na média dos experimentos, o aumento médio da PCT pela aração com aiveca (T8) foi 52% em relação ao disco (T4). The effects of soil tillage systems were evaluated on soil aggregate mean diameter (DMA), soil surface cover (CSS), deep-ploughed soil layer (PCA) and potato tuber yield. Two experiments, one sprinkle-irrigated and the other drip-irrigated, were conducted in a clay soil with the same treatments. The treatments were: T1 = no tillage, except furrowing before planting, also performed in the other treatments; T2 = one sub soiling (SS); T3 = twice rotary hoeing (ER); T4 = one disc plowing (AD) + twice disc harrow leveling (GN); T5 = 1AD + 2GN + 1ER; T6 = 1AD + 2GN + 2ER; T7 = 1SS + T6 sequence; T8 = one moldboard plowing (AA) + 2GN. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Planting was manually performed, in previously open furrows. The highest DMA and CSS values were obtained at T1 and T2 and the highest PCA value, 29.6 cm, was observed at T8. In both experiments, commercial tuber yield was the largest in T8, the smallest in T1 and T2, and intermediate in the remaining treatments. In both experiments, the commercial tuber yield increased 52% due to moldboard plow (T8) in comparison to disk plow (T4).

Desenvolveu-se este trabalho para avaliar a composição química da parte aérea da alface, cv. Elisa, irrigada com água residuária tratada com leitos cultivados com macrófitas e água de um depósito de fonte hídrica superficial, cultivada em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, utilizando-se dos sistemas de irrigação por aspersão convencional, gotejamento subterrâneo e superficial. O experimento compreendeu o período de 17-8 a 3-10-2001, e as análises químicas da alface foram realizadas aos 47 dias após o transplantio das mudas em campo. A parte aérea da alface foi analisada quanto ao teor de nitrogênio total, nitrato, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, manganês, cobre, zinco, sódio, boro, cobalto e molibdênio. O sódio e o enxofre apresentaram teores maiores que o máximo adequado na parte aérea da alface e o magnésio menor, enquanto para os demais elementos químicos foram normais e adequados, considerando os padrões para plantas bem nutridas, não sendo influenciados pelo tipo de água. O sódio foi o elemento químico que apresentou a maior elevação na parte aérea nos tratamentos irrigados com água residuária, apresentando diferença significativa em relação à água do depósito superficial nos três sistemas de irrigação. A utilização dos diferentes sistemas de irrigação para aplicação de água residuária tratada com leitos cultivados com macrófitas não interferiu no teor de nutrientes na parte aérea. A trial was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition in the aerial part of lettuce, cv. 'Elisa', irrigated with wastewater treated with constructed wetland and source deposit water, grown on a Rhodic Hapludox Soil, using the irrigation systems sprinkle, subsurface drip and surface drip irrigation. The experiment was carried out from August 17th to October 3rd of 2001 and the chemical analyses of the lettuce were accomplished to 47 days after transplanting of the seedling. The aerial part of the lettuce was analyzed as for the levels of total nitrogen, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, sodium, boron, cobalt and molybdenum. The sodium and the sulfur presented higher levels than the maximum suitable in the aerial part of the lettuce and the smallest level of magnesium, while other chemical elements analyzed were normal and appropriate considering the standard for well-nourished plants, not being influenced by the water type. The sodium was the chemical element that presented the highest levels in the aerial part of the lettuce in the treatments irrigated with wastewater, presenting significant difference in relationship to the treatments irrigated with source deposit water in the three irrigation systems. The use of the different irrigation systems by the application of wastewater treated with constructed wetland did not interfere in the levels of nutrients in the aerial part of the lettuce.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da irrigação na disponibilidade de matéria seca em pastagens de capim-elefante, cv. Napier, foi conduzido um experimento durante dois anos no Setor de Agrostologia da UFV. A irrigação foi realizada por um sistema de aspersão convencional de média pressão, usando turno de rega variável. Observou-se que, nos dois períodos de seca abrangidos pelo experimento, a irrigação não conseguiu determinar diferenças significativas na disponibilidade de matéria seca do capim-elefante. Por outro lado, quando se avaliaram os resultados acumulados para os períodos de inverno e verão, a disponibilidade de forragem nos tratamentos sob irrigação foi sempre significativamente maior, em razão de a irrigação suprir e manter a umidade do solo em níveis suficientemente adequados para as forrageiras, quando as temperaturas mínimas não foram limitantes ao crescimento, eliminando os efeitos dos veranicos e permitindo manutenção da estabilidade da produção. Conclui-se que a irrigação realizada de forma eficiente e criteriosa pode ser mais uma alternativa, visando ao aumento da produção animal a pasto, pois permite significativos aumentos na produção forrageira, principalmente no verão, quando as temperaturas mínimas não foram limitantes ao desenvolvimento do capim-elefante. With the objective of evaluating the effects of the irrigation in the availability of dry matter in elephant-grass pastures, cv. Napier, an experiment was driven for two years in the Section of Agrostologia of UFV. The irrigation was accomplished by a system of conventional aspersion of medium pressure, using turn of watering variable. It was observed that, in the two drought periods embraced by the experiment, the irrigation didn't get to determine significant differences in the availability of dry matter of the elephant-grass. On the other hand, when the accumulated results were evaluated for the winter and summer periods, the forage availability in the treatments under irrigation was always significantly larger, in reason of the irrigation to supply and to maintain the humidity of the soil sufficiently in levels adjusted for the forages, when the minimum temperatures did not limit to the growth, eliminating the effects of the drought stress and allowing maintenance of stability of the production. It was concluded that the irrigation technique conducted in an efficient and discerning way can be more an alternative, seeking to the increase of the animal production at grass, because it allowed significant increases in the forage production, mainly in the summer, where the minimum temperatures did not limit the development of the elephant grass.

This is a course regarding technical design and evaluation of pressurized agricultural irrigation systems, including system layout, pipe sizing, water applicator selection, pumping system hydraulics, water filtration requirements, and water application uniformity and efficiency.

Avaliou-se o efeito de espaçamentos entre gotejadores (10 cm e 30 cm) e sistemas de plantio (fileiras simples e duplas, com uma linha de gotejo) sobre o rendimento físico e econômico e a qualidade de frutos de tomateiro para processamento, na região do Cerrado do Brasil. Um tratamento de controle, com plantio em fileiras simples, foi irrigado por aspersão. A produtividade comercial para o espaçamento de 10 cm foi 10% maior que para o de 30 cm. O plantio em fileiras simples produziu 9% mais frutos do que o em fileiras duplas. A produtividade do tratamento por aspersão não diferiu do tratamento com gotejadores a 30 cm e fileiras duplas, mas foi pelo menos 15% menor do que nos demais tratamentos. A porcentagem de frutos podres não foi afetada pelo fator espaçamento entre gotejadores, mas foi maior no plantio em fileiras duplas. Na aspersão, a porcentagem de podres foi pelo menos 68% maior que nos tratamentos por gotejamento. Maior eficiência econômica foi obtida no tratamento com espaçamento entre gotejadores de 10 cm e plantio em fileiras simples (12,7%), seguido do espaçamento de 10 cm e fileiras duplas (7,5%). As taxas de retorno para estes tratamentos foram de 1,42 e 1,39, respectivamente. Processing tomatoes crop response to drip spacing (10 cm and 30 cm) and planting systems (single- and double-row planting, and a lone drip line) was evaluated in Brasília, DF, Brazil. A control treatment with single-row planting system was sprinkle irrigated. Marketable yield for 10-cm drip spacing was 10% higher than for 30 cm. Yield from drip single-row treatments was 9% higher than from double-row ones. Yield from sprinkle irrigated plots did not differ from the 30-cm drip spacing and double-row treatment, but was at least 15% lower than from other treatments. Rotten fruit rates were not affected by drip spacing factor, but were higher in double-row treatments. In the control treatment, rotten fruit occurrence was at least 68% higher than in the drip treatments. Greater economic efficiency was obtained for the 10-cm drip spacing and single row system treatment (12.7%), followed by drip spacing of 10 cm and double-row planting (7.5%). The revenue rates for those treatments were 1.42 and 1.39, respectively.

Realizou-se um estudo para se avaliar a uniformidade de distribuição de água em um sistema de irrigação por aspersão de alta pressão, na região norte-fluminense, RJ. Por meio da metodologia descrita pela ASAE (1990) foi avaliada a uniformidade de distribuição de água utilizando-se, para isso, o coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) com aspersores em disposição retangular e triangular. Para cada uma das situações, o CUC foi analisado em função das seguintes variáveis independentes: velocidade e direção do vento, pressão de operação do aspersor, espaçamento entre aspersores na linha lateral, espaçamento entre linhas laterais e velocidade de rotação do aspersor. A análise dos dados foi feita por meio de regressão múltipla, gerando-se modelos estatísticos para a estimativa do CUC. Observou-se que o aumento da velocidade do vento e do espaçamento entre aspersores diminui o CUC, enquanto o aumento da pressão de operação do aspersor o elevou nos intervalos estudados. A study was performed to evaluate the water distribution uniformity in a high pressure sprinkle system in the norte-fluminense region, RJ. The field experiment was carried out according to ASAE (1990) methodology. Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) was used to evaluate the water application distribution uniformity, with sprinklers placed in rectangular and triangular spacings. For each one of these situations the CUC was analysed according to the following independent variables: wind speed and direction, operation pressure, spacings between sprinklers and lateral lines, and sprinkler speed rotation. The evaluation of data was made with multiple regression analysis, which made it possible to develop a statistical model to estimate the CUC. It was observed that the increase in wind speed and spacing between sprinklers reduced the CUC, while the increase in sprinkler pressure increased the CUC.

RESUMO Este trabalho foi realizado no sistema de irrigação por aspersão do Perímetro Irrigado Barreiras, Petrolândia, PE. As avaliações compreenderam duas modalidades distintas, tendo a primeira abrangido três lotes convencionais em pontos distintos da tubulação principal e a segunda o uso de um aspersor adicional tipo "drag line". Na primeira modalidade, constatou-se que a pressão de serviço apresentou variação de 44,80% em relação à recomendada (250kPa). A velocidade média do vento foi da ordem de 1,88 + 1,31m.s-1, o Coeficiente de Uniformidade de Christiansen situou-se em torno de 86,0% e a eficiência média de irrigação foi de 54,27% + 18,23%, sendo o melhor resultado (68,68%) obtido sob pressão de 293kPa. Na segunda modalidade, constatou-se melhoria acentuada do seu desempenho, sob pressão de 250kPa. ABSTRACT This study was carried out with the sprinkle irrigation system of the Barreiras irrigation district, Petrolândia-PE. Two different evaluations were performed. In the first one three conventional lots at different points along the main pipie and in the second an additional sprinkler of "drag line" type was tested. In the first evaluation it was found that the working pressure showed a variation of 44.8% (243 to 362kPa) compared to the recommended pressure (250kPa). The mean wind speed at the time of the test was 1.88 + 1.31m.s-1. The Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) was around 86.00%. The mean irrigation efficiency of the system was 54.27% + 18.23%, with the best result (68.68%) obtained under the working pressure of 293kPa. In the second one the irrigation system showed a large improvement at a pressure of 250kPa.

This manual describes and explains detailed procedures for field evaluation of the performance of several types of sprinkle, surface, and trickle (drip) irrigation systems and of management practices. Most chapters include lists of equipment needed for performing these evaluations, give step-by-step instructions for gathering data in the field, show sample forms for recording and organizing these field data, and present sample studies that demonstrate the entire process. The book includes analyses and recommendations for a few actual case studies. The introduction states and explains the general concepts of uniformity, efficiency, and management that are used in evaluating each system and improving their use. Individual chapters describe procedures for both full and simple evaluations of performance of the various systems of irrigation.