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This retrospective multicenter study in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase was undertaken to confirm the clinical relevance of imatinib plasma concentrations monitoring in daily practice. Forty-one patients, with 47 imatinib plasma measurements, were analyzed during treatment with imatinib given at a fixed 400mg daily dose. A significant inverse relationship of imatinib concentration with the patients' weight was observed (Pearson's test: p=0.02, R 2 =0.1). More interestingly, patients with poor response (switched to another tyrosine kinase inhibitor because of imatinib failure, or because of disease progression after an initial response) displayed a significantly lower mean imatinib concentration as compared to patients maintained on imatinib (822ng/mL vs 1099ng/mL; Student's t-test, p=0.04). Failure or disease progression occurred more often in patients in the lowest quartile of imatinib concentrations compared to patients in the highest quartile (p=0.02, logrank test). No correlation could be established with other biological or clinical parameter, including complete cytogenic response and major molecular response., In Conclusion: in patients treated with imatinib at a fixed daily dose of 400mg, imatinib plasma concentrations decreased with increasing body weight and were lower in patients switched to another tyrosine kinase inhibitor due to imatinib failure. Systematic determination of imatinib plasma trough levels should be encouraged in such patients., (Copyright © 2016 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a hematologic disease involving the platelet aggregation and resulting in hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and microvascular occlusion. Although frequent neurologic features are headache and confusion, focal deficit is described in 30% of the cases. There are a lot of causes inducing thrombotic thrombocytopenic, but reports are lacking when associated with Grave disease. We describe the case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman presenting a 24-hour story of sudden onset of dysarthria and left superior limb palsy. Four months before, she developed severe hyperthyroidism associated with petechiae, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and schistocytes at blood film examination. Relapse of TTP in association with Grave disease was diagnosed. There are few reports describing association between Grave disease and TTP with only mild neurologic involvement. We described, to our knowledge, the first case of acute ischemic stroke secondary to thrombotic thrombocytopenic induced by thyrotoxicosis., (Copyright © 2014 National Stroke Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Conventional PKC (cPKC)-alpha regulates TRIF-dependent IFN response factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated gene transcription, but its role in MyD88-dependent TLR signaling remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrate that PKC-alpha is induced by several MyD88-dependent TLR/IL-1R ligands and regulates cytokine expression in human and murine DC. First, inhibition of cPKC activity in human DC by cPKC-specific inhibitors, Gö6976 or HBDDe, downregulated the production of classical inflammatory/immunomodulatory cytokines induced by TLR2, TLR5 or IL-1R but not by TLR3 stimulation. Similarly, dominant negative PKC-alpha repressed Pam(3)CSK(4) induced NF-kappaB- and AP-1-driven promoter activities in TLR2-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 T cells. Dominant negative PKC-alpha inhibited NF-kappaB reporter activity mediated by overexpression of MyD88 but not TRIF. Unexpectedly, BM-derived DC from PKC-alpha(-/-) mice exhibited decreased TNF-alpha and IL-12p40 production induced by both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent ligands. Furthermore, PKC-alpha is coupled to TLR2 signaling proximal to MyD88 since MAPK and IkappaB kinase-alpha/beta phosphorylations and IkappaBalpha degradation were inhibited in PKC-alpha(-/-) BM-derived DC. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PKC-alpha physically interacts with Pam(3)CSK(4) activated TLR2 in WT but not in MyD88(-/-) DC. Collectively this study identifies a species-specific role of PKC-alpha as a key component that controls MyD88-dependent cytokine gene expression in human and mouse but differentially regulates production of TRIF-dependent cytokines.

Rottlerin is a pharmacological inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) theta, a novel PKC selectively expressed in T lymphocytes. PKC theta is known to regulate T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signalling pathways in T lymphocytes, but the impact of PKC theta inhibition on human T cell responses remains undefined. In this work, we describe the effects of rottlerin on the responses of CD4+ and CD8+ human T lymphocytes upon polyclonal activation. We observed a dose-dependent inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies stimulation in the presence of rottlerin. This inhibition was associated with impaired CD25 expression and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production in activated T cells. In contrast, rottlerin did not alter IL-2-induced T cell proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that rottlerin blocked interferon (IFN) gamma, IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA expression in TCR/CD28 activated CD4+ T cells. These findings place rottlerin as a potent immunosuppressive agent for the development of novel therapies in T cell mediated immune disorders.