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This study examines the feasibility and effectiveness of the sprayed-in-place pipe (SIPP) technology for concrete pipe repair, with a focus on a dual-component, high-strength spray lining material enhanced with an epoxy resin sealing layer. The research was conducted using a simulated experiment rig, tailored to specific environmental characteristics and the specifications of BONNA pipe, a type of precast reinforced concrete pressure pipe. This setup allowed for a detailed feasibility study of an automated spray process under simulated working conditions. The experimental process involved applying the lining material to concrete substrates, achieving a smooth, pinhole-free surface, with quality control managed using a high-voltage spark tester. The lining demonstrated exceptional impermeability, showing no penetration under 3 MPa water pressure, and maintained strong adhesive strength with the substrate, exceeding 6 MPa as indicated by substrate concrete failure during testing. Furthermore, the technique's applicability in complex scenarios was tested, including automatic spraying inside 90° elbows, with lining thickness variations staying within acceptable limits. These findings suggest that the process is highly suitable for on-site pipeline conditions, offering a robust and reliable solution for enhancing the durability and integrity of pipeline infrastructures. This study provides practical engineering references for the SIPP repair method, demonstrating its potential as a significant advancement in pipeline repair and maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a generalization of the Minkowski average of two subsets of a Riemannian manifold, in which geodesics are replaced by an arbitrary family of parametrized curves. Under certain assumptions, we characterize families of curves on a Riemannian surface for which a Brunn–Minkowski inequality holds with respect to a given volume form. In particular, we prove that under these assumptions, a family of constant-speed curves on a Riemannian surface satisfies the Brunn–Minkowski inequality with respect to the Riemannian area form if and only if the geodesic curvature of its members is determined by a function κ on the surface, and κ satisfies the inequality K + κ 2 - | ∇ κ | ≥ 0 where K is the Gauss curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ignition of spray flames is a process of stochastic nature, especially relevant to the high-altitude relight of aeroengines. The present work aims to quantify the role of spray inhomogeneities in a realistic droplet-laden ignition set-up through Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS). Computations of the ignition process of weakly turbulent ethanol spray flows are performed using complex chemistry, a realistic energy deposition model and a polydisperse description of the spray. A good qualitative agreement of the flame radius evolution is found between the DNS and experiments, and both long-time failure and ignition modes are recovered with comparable radii, hence reproducing the experimentally-observed range of behaviour of ignition kernels. In contrast to experiments where the presence of large droplets at the spark impact both the actual energy deposited in the flow and the local fuel-air equivalence ratio, the effect of both parameters on the ignition outcome are assessed independently in this work by carefully choosing ignition locations in the flow representative of time-wise fluctuations. The minimum ignition energy (MIE) representative of the global flow condition is then evaluated using results from the DNS simulations and flow and spark characteristics. In order to understand the origin of the ignition stochasticity observed experimentally, local values of the fuel-air equivalence ratio $ \Phi _t $ Φt and turbulence level $ u' $ u′ at the spark plug are measured in the simulations using an averaging in volumes of size $ \Delta _b $ Δb. It is found that $ \Phi _t $ Φt best correlates to the MIE at three different locations in the domain for a size around 4 mm, which corresponds approximately to the kernel size at 0.1 ms, that is, the typical time scale of plasma processes and right when the flame becomes toroidal. The results give support to the experimental conjecture that stochasticity is largely due to the spatial fluctuations of $ \Phi _t $ Φt induced by polydispersity and in a lesser extent to those of $ u' $ u′. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant nursery presents the characteristics of close planting. It is difficult for the traditional air-assisted sprayer to take into account the dual requirements of "long spray range and uniform droplet deposition", which leads to the problems of low deposition and drift.A goose-neck long-range air-assisted sprayer for nursery was designed based on CFD simulation and free submerged jet theory. The three-outlet flow guide device, as the core component of the sprayer, has outlets A, B, and C. Air outlet A adopts a circular arc shape, while air outlet B and air outlet C are gradually expanding circular arc tubes. The three air outlets are interconnected and correspond to different areas, which can meet the requirements of far-range spray operation. The optimized curvature radius parameters are conducive to maintaining a uniform and stable flow state of airflow. Based on the free submergence jet theory, the air outlet and fan parameters were determined, and airflow field distribution measurement experiments were conducted. when the fan speed is no less that 2 200 r/min, the airflow speed can fit the spraying requirement as far as 20 m. The average airflow speed was 2.33 m/s at a height of 0.8 m ; the airflow speed was 1.74 m/s at 20.0 m. The variation coefficient of airflow speed at different heights was less than 30%, indicating that the energy attenuation rate was slow and uniform, and the airflow could carry droplets to spray far away at a uniform speed. The droplet deposition test shows that the variation coefficient of the droplet deposition amount of the goose-neck long-range nursery air spray is 28.87%. To ensure the reliability of our findings,a comprehensive field test of the sprayer were conducted. Citrus seedlings, with an average height of 80 cm, were chosen as the test subjects, and the test was carried out in the nursery of the Citrus Research Institute of Chongqing Southwest University. Following the guidelines of GB/T17997-2008, the droplet deposition effect and drift rate at various distances were tested .The experimental results show that the fan speed of the sprayer is 2 400 r/min and the driving speed is 1 m/s; the droplet deposition tends to be less-more-less with the increase of distance. The droplet coverage rates of the upper and lower leaves of the canopy were 51.93% and 24.38%, respectively, and 42.99% and 19.26%, respectively. The average droplet deposition on the front and back leaves of the upper canopy was 13.34 and 2.82 μl/cm², respectively, and that on the lower canopy was 5.44 and 2.63 μl/cm², respectively, which met the requirements of plant protection spraying operation. It can be seen that the sprayer shows good spray range performance and droplet deposition uniformity, which can meet the agronomic requirements of the complex planting environment in the nursery and the industrial standards of the air-assisted sprayer. At present, in Chinese nurseries such as citrus, pear, and apple, etc, manual machinery accounts for a large proportion of spraying equipment, and the demand for specialized sprayers is becoming increasingly urgent. Due to the close planting mode of the nursery, it can be considered that the two modes of spray with high clearance spraying and long-range airflow- assisted spraying have application prospects. Compared with high-clearance spraying, long-range airflow-assisted spraying has the characteristics of high operating efficiency and good horticultural trafficability and is more suitable for small and medium- sized nurseries. However, improving the delivery distance of aerosol flow while ensuring good uniformity of droplet deposition is still a challenge. The results of this study can provide a new idea for developing a long-range air-assisted sprayer for nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a GMAW process modeling with a topology that includes two two-level rectifiers connected in parallel to operate under different transfer modes such as short circuit, mixed, spherical, and spray. The tests of the arc stability studied and compared to the experimental GMAW process of the PipeWorx 400 in order to know the effectiveness of the proposed model. The welding current and voltage, droplet diameter, and length of the weld wire can be easily extracted from the proposed model. This paper examined the dynamic behavior of the GMAW process under the healthy and faulty switch of the rectifiers, and proposed a new diagnostic technique based on the variations of the Boolean Mean Value (BMV) of the six currents of rectifiers. To estimate the droplet detachment frequency DDF, the technique of Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum (SSAS) is applied to the welding current of the simulation model and experimental process. The obtained results showed a high similarity in performance between the proposed simulation model and the experimental process. The SSAS technique is capable of estimating the accurate DDF value in both healthy and faulty cases of the IGBT switch. The proposed BMV diagnostic technique proved the exact location of the open circuit switch of the rectifiers in a very short time up to 7 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for a given spray S on an n-dimensional manifold M, we investigated the geometry of S-invariant functions. For an S-invariant function P, we associated a vertical subdistribution VP and found the relation between the holonomy distribution and VP by showing that the vertical part of the holonomy distribution is the intersection of all spaces VFS associated with FS where FS is the set of all Finsler functions that have the geodesic spray S . As an application, we studied the Landsberg Finsler surfaces. We proved that a Landsberg surface with S-invariant flag curvature is Riemannian or has a vanishing flag curvature. We showed that for Landsberg surfaces with non-vanishing flag curvature, the flag curvature is S-invariant if and only if it is constant; in this case, the surface is Riemannian. Finally, for a Berwald surface, we proved that the flag curvature is H-invariant if and only if it is constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, for a given spray $ S $ on an $ n $-dimensional manifold $ M $, we investigated the geometry of $ S $-invariant functions. For an $ S $-invariant function $ {\mathcal P} $, we associated a vertical subdistribution $ {{\mathcal V}}_{\mathcal P} $ and found the relation between the holonomy distribution and $ {{\mathcal V}}_{\mathcal P} $ by showing that the vertical part of the holonomy distribution is the intersection of all spaces $ {{\mathcal V}}_{ {\mathcal F}_S} $ associated with $ {\mathcal F}_S $ where $ {\mathcal F}_S $ is the set of all Finsler functions that have the geodesic spray $ S $. As an application, we studied the Landsberg Finsler surfaces. We proved that a Landsberg surface with $ S $-invariant flag curvature is Riemannian or has a vanishing flag curvature. We showed that for Landsberg surfaces with non-vanishing flag curvature, the flag curvature is $ S $-invariant if and only if it is constant; in this case, the surface is Riemannian. Finally, for a Berwald surface, we proved that the flag curvature is $ H $-invariant if and only if it is constant.

旨在优化大豆蛋白粉的生产工艺流程，介绍了大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白的3种喷涂造粒工艺（流化床喷涂造粒工艺、高效混合机喷涂造粒工艺、风运管道喷涂造粒工艺）的生产工艺流程以及工艺特点，并对比分析这3种喷涂造粒工艺的优缺点。如果只从蛋白粉的不飞扬性考虑，风运管道喷涂造粒工艺具有更大的优势；如果从蛋白粉的不飞扬性及蛋白的功能性两方面考虑，则采用流化床喷涂造粒工艺更合适。In order to optimize the production process of soybean protein powder, production process and process characteristics of three spraying granulation processes (fluidized bed spraying granulation process, high efficiency mixer spraying granulation process, air pipeline spraying granulation process) of soybean protein isolate and soybean protein concentrate were introduced. The advantages and disadvantages of these three spraying granulation processes were compared and analyzed. If only considering the non-flying of protein powder, the air pipeline spraying granulation process has greater advantages.If considering from the two aspects of non-flying and protein function, the fluidized bed spraying granulation process is more suitable.

Key message: Gene silencing of BcDCL genes improves gray mold disease control in the cultivated strawberry. Gene silencing technology offers new opportunities to develop new formulations or new pathogen-resistant plants for reducing impacts of agricultural systems. Recent studies offered the proof of concept that the symptoms of gray mold can be reduced by downregulating Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) and 2 (DCL2) genes of Botrytis cinerea. In this study, we demonstrate that both solutions based on dsRNA topical treatment and in planta expression targeting BcDCL1 and BcDCL2 genes can be used to control the strawberry gray mold, the most harmful disease for different fruit crops. 50, 70 and 100 ng μL−1 of naked BcDCL1/2 dsRNA, sprayed on plants of Fragaria x ananassa cultivar Romina in the greenhouse, displayed significant reduction of susceptibility, compared to the negative controls, but to a lesser extent than the chemical fungicide. Three independent lines of Romina cultivar were confirmed for their stable expression of the hairpin gene construct that targets the Bc-DCL1 and 2 sequences (hp-Bc-DCL1/2), and for the production of hp construct-derived siRNAs, by qRT-PCR and Northern blot analyses. In vitro and in vivo detached leaves, and fruits from the hp-Bc-DCL1/2 lines showed significantly enhanced tolerance to this fungal pathogen compared to the control. This decreased susceptibility was correlated to the reduced fungal biomass and the downregulation of the Bc-DCL1 and 2 genes in B. cinerea. These results confirm the potential of both RNAi-based products and plants for protecting the cultivated strawberry from B. cinerea infection, reducing the impact of chemical pesticides on the environment and the health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf wetness duration is a crucial factor in plant disease management. Current optical methods use standard RGB images to classify leaf wetness as a binary problem, i.e., wet or dry. Green leaves absorb red light, whereas water reflects it. Based on this difference, an experimental platform was built to semi-automatically measure droplet deposition on grape leaves while capturing red laser images using an RGB camera. The setup measured changes in leaf mass and area of scanned leaves to determine the water mass per leaf area as a measure of leaf wetness. A sprayer was used to apply water droplets to the leaves. As the amount of deposited water increased, the mean red channel intensity decreased, with more bright spots in the images. These bright spots were more distinguishable as droplets in the green channel. Segmented leaf area, mean red channel intensity, and the number of identified droplets were used as image features. A generalised additive model was employed to predict the leaf wetness value with extracted features. The R-squared value for the prediction of the validation dataset was 0.71. Image resolution and leaf orientation were identified as factors that influenced the model accuracy. The measurement method introduced in this study shows potential for accurately quantifying leaf wetness, and implies that in practice detecting leaf wetness can be integrated into a multi-classification problem, thereby broadening the potential applications of optical methods. • A novel non-contact optical method was developed to quantify leaf wetness. • The effect of water droplets on leaves on the images in visible light were analysed. • Factors influencing this method were identified for further development. • A semi-auto system was built to accurately measure the deposition on leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Soft tissue infections can be severe and life-threatening. Their treatment consists currently in radical surgical wound debridement and combined systemic antimicrobial therapy. Different side effects are possible. Local antibiotic therapy represents a new approach to reduce side effects and improve healing. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the local sprayed use of antibiotics with fibrin sealing compared with negative pressure wound therapy as an established treatment of soft-tissue infections. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients with soft tissue infections who underwent surgical treatment were analysed. One group consists of patients, who received local fibrin-antibiotic spray (FAS) (n = 62). Patients treated by vacuum-assisted wound therapy (VAWT) as the established treatment were the control group (n = 57). Main outcomes were differences in the success of healing, the duration until healing and the number of needed operations. Results: Clinical healing could be achieved for 55 patients (98.21%) in the FAS group vs. 47 patients (92.16%) in the VAWT group (p = 0.19). Time to require this was 10.65 ± 10.38 days in the FAS group and 22.85 ± 14.02 days in the VAWT group (p < 0.001). In the FAS group, patients underwent an average of 1.44 ± 0.72 vs.3.46 ± 1.66 operations in the VAWT group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Compared to vacuum-assisted wound therapy in soft tissue infections, local fibrin-antibiotic spray shows faster clinical healing and less needed operations. Leading to shorter hospital stays and more satisfied patients. The combination of sprayed fibrin and antibiotics can be seen as a promising and effective method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In heat engines utilizing fuel injection, the processes of atomization and spray formation have a significant impact on the combustion process, thereby determining both efficiency and emission characteristics. Accurate prediction and control of spray formation in fuel injection systems play a key role in improving the efficiency and environmental performance of thermal engines, especially with the emergence of carbon-neutral fuels. To achieve accurate prediction of spray mixture formation, it is imperative to refine the atomization model for the liquid jet within numerical simulations. This requires a phenomenological representation of the atomization process that avoids reliance on computational constants obtained from spray experimental results. Consequently, the present study attempts to mathematically model the turbulent nozzle flow and liquid jet atomization process, leading to the development of a novel primary breakup model. The construction of the primary breakup model involves an analysis of the turbulence at the nozzle inlet. By merging this turbulence with the turbulence resulting from wall shear flow within the nozzle, the model provides insight into the internal turbulence and surface instability of the liquid jet, encompassing the turbulence spectrum. Consequently, the influence of nozzle length on the turbulent flow within the nozzle can be understood, and the droplet formation characteristics of the liquid jet can be predicted along with its multi-wavelength dispersion characteristics. The model effectively captures the experimental results in terms of breakup length and droplet dispersion characteristics, thus adding a higher level of accuracy to numerical simulations. Ultimately, the in-depth study of this model, coupled with its comparison with experimental results, enhances the understanding of the liquid jet atomization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed the dynamic modeling and control strategy for GMAW and FCAW processes using two parallel-connected inverters in the power supply to weld an HSLA X70 steel pipeline using short-circuiting and spray transfer modes. The obtained results showed a great similarity between the welding current and voltage of the simulation model and the experimental process. A novel technique, the single-sided enveloped spectrum (SSES), proved highly efficient in estimating droplet detachment frequency (DDF). Mesh area calculations confirmed the high arc stability due to optimized welding parameters. The microstructure of a GMAW pass consisted primarily of coarse acicular ferrite, Widmanstätten ferrite, and polygonal ferrite, with minor traces of bainite. In contrast, the FCAW passes exhibited a wider variety of ferrite morphologies. Grain boundary ferrite (GBF) morphology was prevalent, while the capping passes showed a distinct feature: very fine grains of bainite and acicular ferrite. Vickers micro-hardness measurements revealed a significant reduction in hardness within the Heat Affected Zone and Weld Zone of the GMAW process, down to approximately 180 ± 5 HV. Conversely, the capping pass exhibited the highest micro-hardness, reaching around 230 HV. This increase is attributed to the presence of a fine, columnar microstructure composed of Widmanstätten and polygonal ferrite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible piezoresistive tactile sensor (FPTS) is widely used in wearable devices, e‐skin, and so on. However, the performance consistency and durability hinder its widespread application at a larger scale. It is still a challenge to prepare conductive composites with high performance consistency and high durability. In this research, a multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/polydimethylsiloxane FPTS with high performance consistency and high durability was prepared by a combination of spray and spin coating method. The spray parameters of MWCNTs solution were optimized by numerical simulation, and a self‐developed high pressure spray device was adopted to realize the high‐pressure spray. In the 6000 tensile cycles experiments, the fluctuation of FPTS resistance is less than 5%. The range of prepared FPTS can reach 1.2 kPa, and the sensitivity is 0.8 kPa−1. The results of mouse click and wrist bending tests confirmed that the prepared FPTS can satisfy the detection requirements of wearable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri is a plant bacterium that causes citrus canker, an important disease in several citrus-growing areas. Due to its relevance, this pathosystem has been frequently investigated, requiring suitable protocols of inoculation for symptom reproduction. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the concentration of X. citri and the duration of the moisture chamber period on the incidence and severity of citrus canker symptoms under greenhouse conditions. Inoculum concentrations ranging from 100 to 108 cfu/mL were evaluated using both infiltration and spray-inoculation methods. The effect of the moisture chamber on the development of citrus canker lesions was assessed for 24 or 48 h before and/or after inoculation. The minimum concentrations required to infect 100% of the inoculated leaves using infiltration and spray-inoculation were 104 and 107 cfu/mL, respectively. Intermediate severity levels, e.g., 3.2 to 11.4 and 2.5 to 6.7 lesions/cm2, were observed using 103 – 104 cfu/mL for infiltration and 106 – 107 cfu/mL for spray-inoculation. This severity level is suitable when the number of lesions in a given treatment needs to be determined. Conversely, lower or higher inoculum concentrations resulted in severities either extremely low, with no or very few lesions, or excessively high, with coalesced lesions forming a large necrotic area, respectively. A moisture chamber period of 24 h after spray-inoculation was sufficient for reproducing citrus canker lesions under greenhouse conditions. Suitable inoculum concentrations and the use of a moisture chamber after spray-inoculation of X. citri are critical for the successful reproduction of citrus canker symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In diesel engines, the interaction between evaporative sprays and combustion wall is unavoidable phenomena. The fields with large temperature gradient should be occurred near the wall against high temperature ambient gas as well as evaporative vapor fuel. Thus, this paper is focusing on the quantitative measurement of fuel vapor concentration in nonreacting field near the wall, where large temperature gradient is existing, by applying exciplex fluorescence method. Two - wavelength exciplex system is originally developed to detect the quantitative vapor concentration fields inside the wall impinged evaporative spray, by accessed with the signal ratio of two wavelength, based on the predetermined calibration experiments. By applying this method, quantitative fuel vapor concentration could be obtained with a variation of, fuel injection pressure and wall - nozzle distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Thirst is a common symptom among patients with endotracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU), with an estimated prevalence of 88%. Purpose: This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of cold saline spray and cold water spray in alleviating thirst, and to explore the maintenance and sustained effects of both groups in relieving thirst among patients with endotracheal intubation in the ICU. Methods: Patients with indwelling tracheal tubes in the medical ICU were recruited from one medical center in northern Taiwan and randomly assigned to either the cold saline (n = 18) or cold water (n = 18) group. The cold saline group received three rounds of cold saline spray at a temperature of 2°C -- 8°C. Each round consisted of 10 sprays directed toward each of the four surfaces of the oral cavity followed by a 5-minute wait period. This process was repeated three times, with 30-minute intervals between interventions. The cold water group received the same intervention steps using a cold water spray at 2°C -- 8°C. Thirst intensity was measured using a numeric rating scale before and after each of the three interventions in both groups. Demographic and relevant physiological data were collected on the participants by reviewing their medical records. Results: Both of the interventions were found to effectively alleviate thirst intensity, with no significant difference between the two groups in terms of thirst intensity reduction after each intervention detected. Only the cold water spray had a maintenance effect, while the two groups had a continuous sustained effect in alleviating thirst intensity. Conclusion: Both of the interventions effectively alleviated thirst, and the cold water spray had both maintenance and sustained effects in alleviating thirst intensity. Based on the results, the cold water spray method may be considered as the priority treatment for thirst alleviation by healthcare providers in the clinical management of patients with tracheal intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonation engines are gaining prominence as next-generation propulsion systems that can significantly enhance the efficiency of existing engines. This study focuses on developing an injector utilizing liquid fuel and a gas oxidizer for application in detonation engines. In order to better understand the spray characteristics suitable for the pulse detonation engine (PDE) system, an injector was fabricated by varying the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio and the geometric features of the fuel injection hole. Analysis of high-speed camera images revealed that the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics of air-assist or air-blast atomization. Under the conditions of an exit diameter ratio of Re/Ri = 1.0, the formation of a liquid film at the exit was observed, and it was identified that the film's length is influenced by the geometric characteristics of the fuel injection hole. The effect of the fuel injection hole and Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio on SMD was analyzed by using droplet diameter measurement. The derived empirical correlation indicates that the atomization mechanism varies depending on the Venturi nozzle exit diameter ratio, and it also affects the distribution of SMD. The characteristics of the proposed injector, its influence on SMD, and its velocity, provide essential groundwork and data for the design of detonation engines employing liquid fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the relationship between the near-wall flow and the heat flux through the wall, the velocity distribution of the diesel spray flame and the heat flux at the combustion chamber wall were measured in a rapid compression and expansion machine (RCEM), which has a twodimensional combustion chamber. The velocity distribution of the diesel spray flame near the wall was measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV), and the heat flux through the wall where the diesel spray flame impinges was measured using a newly developed multi-point heat flux sensor. Furthermore, the velocity gradient tensor was calculated based on the measured velocity distribution results, and the effect of the shear flow characteristics on wall heat transfer was analyzed. As a result, the higher the injection pressure leads the higher the peak value of the heat flux. A fluctuation of the heat flux exhibits the same trend as the fluctuations of the velocity, and a high heat flux appeared in the high-velocity gradient tensor region, which suggests that the characteristics of shear flow near the wall can affect the heat flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field plot test method was used to determine the control effect of four different first spraying time on apple scab. From the apple flower dew red period, the first spraying treatment was carried out according to the best period of apple growth (T1,T2,T3,T4 and water control CK). Each treatment was sprayed once every 10 days for a total of five times. The disease level of apple scab was investigated on the 10th and 30th day after the end of spraying, and the disease leaf rate, disease index and control effect were calculated. The suitable period for screening out the best control of scab was the first application at the apple flower red stage, and the control effect was 98. 22%, which was significantly higher than other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of Flumethrin-, Moxidectin- and Pyriproxyfen-based spray against Ixodid and Acariform ticks in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The therapeutic efficacy of a multicomponent spray against Ixodid and Acariform ticks was evaluated in dogs and cats in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on 140 animals naturally infected with Ixodid and Acariform ticks. The animals were divided into an experimental group and a control group of 10 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were given the study drug while the control animals were not given the drug. Clinical examinations at ixodidosis in dogs and cats were performed at 24 and 48 hours, and at 3 and 5 days after the start of the experiment. In Acariformes parasitism, a control examination and microscopy of deep skin scrapings taken at the healthy and affected skin interface were made using a scalpel at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after the start of the experiment, in treatment of sarcoptic mange, notoedric mange and demodicosis as well as scrapings from the auricle (distal part of the acoustic canal) in otodectic mange.Results and discussion. It was found that Flumethrin-, Moxidectin- and Pyriproxyfen-based spray had high therapeutic efficacy when used once, externally, against ixodid tick, and in the auricle twice with a 7-day interval against otodectic mange and externally 2–4 times with a 7-day interval against notoedric mange, sarcoptic mange and demodicosis in various disease forms in dogs and cats.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of a Flumethrin-, Moxidectin and Pyriproxyfen-based spray against entomosis in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The therapeutic efficacy of the multicomponent spray against entomosis of cats and dogs was evaluated in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on 100 animals naturally infected with fleas Ctenocephalides spp. (20 cats and 20 dogs), Linognathus setosus (20 dogs), chewing lice Felicola subrostratus (20 cats) and Trichodectes canis (20 dogs). The animals were divided into experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were given the drug topically with a bottle pump directed to the skin and fur from 20–25 cm, treating the entire body of the animal at a dose of 3–6 pumps per 1 kg of animal weight, and the control animals were not given the drug. The animals were observed for 60 days after a single dose of the drug; clinical examination was performed before and at 24, 48 hours and 5, 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment.Results and discussion. The examination of the skin and coat of some experimental animals infected with ectoparasites found single ectoparasite imago at 24 hours after treatment. At 48 hours and on day 5, 30 and 60 of the experiment, all animals treated once with the drug were free from ectoparasites, which was evidenced by clinical studies. The study results showed that the study drug had high therapeutic efficacy against ctenocephalidosis, linognathosis, and trichodectosis in dogs and cats.

Abstract Despite the record speed of developing vaccines and therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is not a given that such success can be secured in future pandemics. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination and application of therapeutics remain low in developing countries. Rapid and low cost mass production of antiviral IgY antibodies could be an attractive alternative or complementary option for vaccine and therapeutic development. In this article, we rapidly produced SARS-CoV-2 antigens, immunized hens and purified IgY antibodies in 2 months after the SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence became public. We further demonstrated that the IgY antibodies competitively block RBD binding to ACE2, neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus and effectively protect hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge by preventing weight loss and lung pathology, representing the first comprehensive study with IgY antibodies. The process of mass production can be easily implemented in most developing countries and hence could become a new vital option in our toolbox for combating viral pandemics. This study could stimulate further studies, optimization and potential applications of IgY antibodies as therapeutics and prophylactics for human and animals.

Abstract The spray characteristics of a fuel greatly influence the combustion as it affects the formation of an air–fuel mixture, which directly impacts the performance and emissions of the engine. This study investigates the physical injection spray characteristics of biofuels to optimize the engine operating parameters for their effective utilization. For the analysis of the spray characteristics of pure diesel (D100), 80% diesel—20% biodiesel (D80B20), 80% diesel—10% biodiesel—10% pure ethanol (D80B10E10), and 80% diesel—10% biodiesel—10% hydrous ethanol (D80B10HE10) are investigated. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of a constant volume chamber under non-evaporative conditions is performed to conduct numerical analysis. The chamber pressure of 2 and 2.5 MPa and nozzle injection diameter of 0.126 mm, 0.15 mm, and 0.2 mm are considered to conduct the simulations. The variation in spray penetration length is analyzed and discussed for the injection of different fuel blends at different initial conditions. It is observed from numerical results that the high-density fuel blend D80B20 has a penetration length of 10.695% and 15.805% higher than pure diesel and D80B10HE10 blends, respectively. For pure diesel, with an increase in nozzle diameter from 0.126 mm to 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm, the penetration length is increased by 20% and 32%, respectively, and with an increase in pressure from 2 MPa to 2.5 MPa, penetration length is decreased by 14.62%. From this study, it can be concluded that biofuels like biodiesel and hydrous ethanol can be used with diesel in blended form over pure ethanol. Compared to pure ethanol, hydrous ethanol gives cost benefits and better spray characteristics.

Despite the record speed of developing vaccines and therapeutics against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, it is not a given that such success can be secured in future pandemics. In addition, COVID-19 vaccination and application of therapeutics remain low in developing countries. Rapid and low cost mass production of antiviral IgY antibodies could be an attractive alternative or complementary option for vaccine and therapeutic development. In this article, we rapidly produced SARS-CoV-2 antigens, immunized hens and purified IgY antibodies in 2 months after the SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence became public. We further demonstrated that the IgY antibodies competitively block RBD binding to ACE2, neutralize authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus and effectively protect hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge by preventing weight loss and lung pathology, representing the first comprehensive study with IgY antibodies. The process of mass production can be easily implemented in most developing countries and hence could become a new vital option in our toolbox for combating viral pandemics. This study could stimulate further studies, optimization and potential applications of IgY antibodies as therapeutics and prophylactics for human and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to enhance the accuracy, real-time performance, and practicality of real-time target detection in spray robots in forest and fruit orchards. A novel approach was introduced using a lightweight PointNet deep learning network. Efficient detection of target was realized during spray under complex natural environments. Several key steps were consisted as follows. Firstly, the target was extracted from the original point cloud. Preprocessing techniques included the region extraction downsampling, ground segmentation, and an improved density-based spatial clustering of application with noise. The target points were isolated to facilitate the subsequent recognition. After extraction, the target point cloud was transformed into the format suitable for the input into the point cloud recognition network. The moving least squares upsampling was carried out to collect the appropriately prepared data. The recognition network of point cloud was constructed to specifically designed for the forest and fruit tree environments. The residual module was introduced to enhance the cyclic pruning algorithm into the PointNet network. The representation power of the network was improved to capture more complex patterns and features of target objects. The cyclic pruning algorithm was used to refine the network architecture, and then remove unnecessary connections, in order to reduce the computational overhead with high performance. The experimental results demonstrate that an impressive accuracy of 89.7% was achieved in the widely-used ModelNet40 dataset. The accuracy of target recognition reached 92.49% in actual nursery environments. Moreover, the misidentification and rejection rates were reduced to 13.4% and 6.47%, respectively. The accuracy of the improved PointNet was outperformed by 4.38 percentage points, compared with the original. While the misidentification and rejection rates were reduced significantly. Comparative analysis revealed that the recognition accuracy of the improved model was only 1.14 percentage points lower than that of PointNet++. Additionally, the misidentification rate and false rejection rate were slightly higher by 0.9 and 1.12 percentage points, respectively. Nevertheless, the number of parameters and computational operations were reduced remarkably in the lightweight PointNet model, only 11.5% of PointNet and 27.02% of PointNet++. The operations were reduced by 13.3 and 76.79 percentage points, respectively. The efficiency and response performance were promoted to reduce the computational complexity suitable for real-time applications. In conclusion, the improved lightweight PointNet deep learning network can offer the high real-time performance, accuracy, and robustness, which was well-suited for the target recognition in spraying operations within forest and fruit orchard environments. These findings can provided the strong reference to advance the field of target detection and recognition in spray operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the computational experiments of the liquid fuels spray and its droplets distribution in a turbulent reacting flow. Primary and secondary atomization of two types of liquid fuel droplets (isooctane and dodecane) in the presence of combustion was described by the equations of continuity, momentum, internal energy, concentration of components of reacting substances and a two-parameter model for calculating turbulent flow. The study results of the spray, dispersion and combustion of droplets of hydrocarbon liquid fuels in a model combustion chamber when changing the injector injection angle were obtained. The injection angle values varied from 2 to 10 degrees. Based on the computational experiment temperature profiles and concentration characteristics of combustion products and gas in the combustion chamber at various times were obtained. Numerical calculations of the droplets' Sauter mean diameter distributions have the same dispersion pattern for dodecane. This suggests that the accuracy and adequacy of developed complex model of the formation and distribution of spray in a reacting flow has been confirmed by its strong correlation and good agreement of the modeling results with experimental data from other researchers. This kind of modeling methods and the obtained computational experiments results from them are widely used not only in traditional thermal power engineering, but also in the study of technological processes in the new generation engines chambers, combustion of alternative types of fuels and optimization of their combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We establish the equivalence of Gromov ellipticity and subellipticity in the algebraic category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodynamic behavior of liquid spray is influenced by the geometry of the injector nozzle, which has a significant impact on the combustion process and quality of fuel atomization. In this survey, transparent and visible nozzles were fabricated from Plexiglas to facilitate experimental visualization of the nozzle interior and enhance the accuracy of liquid spray investigation. To achieve this, three types of nozzles with varying orifice coefficients were prepared. Results showed that at a certain pressure, for divergent conical nozzle the intensity of cavitation increases and it's very prone to cavitation. Conversely, the convergent conical nozzle suppresses cavitation. As the pressure of fluid injection rises within nozzles, cavitation bubbles persist until reaching the orifice's end, resulting in super-cavitation phenomenon. Further increasing of injection pressure triggers the hydraulic flip phenomenon. The occurrence of the super-cavitation phenomenon causes uniform droplet distribution of the resulting spray. In other words, The pressure corresponding to occurrence of super-cavitation phenomenon has a better droplet breakup and distribution (divergent conical nozzle with injection pressure of 3 MPa). At a certain injection pressure with decreasing k factor outlet volume flow rate of the nozzle decreases and the spray cone angle increases. Therefore, the desired macroscopic characteristic of the spray could be determined by specifying the k factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Nowadays, increase in population have caused increasing demand for paper, and in addition, greater restrictions on raw materials, initiated the production of high-yield pulps and mechanical pulps has found special status. These pulps are produced with the yield greater than 85%. The utilization of these pulps due to the presence of lignin, extractives, and metal ions, is limited to short-term usage, as in the long they suffer from brightness reversion and photo-yellowing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nanochitosan spray on the optical properties of chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP). Materials and methods: For this purpose, first, a quantity of bleached chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) was selected as a control sample from Mazandaran wood and paper industry. Papers with a basis weight of 60 gr/m² were prepared from the mentioned paper pulp. In this study, the nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) was purchased from Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Sari, Iran), which was prepared from softwood alpha cellulose pulp with an average fiber diameter of 32 nm. The NFC was sprayed at 2% on paper sheets. Nanochitosan (“Seafresh”, Thailand), with a deacetylation degree of 93% and a molecular weight of 270 kDa was used. Nanochitosan was sprayed at 1 and 2% of the dry pulp weight. Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) was prepared from DIPER-Samchun (South Korea(. To spray the DTPA onto the paper surface, 0.5% DTPA solution was prepared. To prepare samples for the surface modification, paper sheets with a basis weight of 60 g/m² were made. Then, 0.5% DTPA, 2% nanochitosan, and 2% nanocellulose were sprayed separately on the paper sheets. In addition, another treatment named mixed-solution (containing 0.5 % DTPA + 2% nanochitosan + 2% nanocellulose) was sprayed on the handsheets. The spraying time and distance were 20 s and 20 cm, respectively, and the treatment process was named “spray-coated”. Then, the optical properties (brightness, opacity, yellowness, and greenness) of the hand-sheets were measured according to ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. Results: The results showed that by DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan spray on the handsheet paper, brightness, yellowness, greenness, L* factor, and the opacity increased and the a* factor decreased. By spraying nano-cellulose on the test samples, most of the optical properties were significantly improved except for the yellowness of the handsheet paper. In addition, the most appropriate properties were observed in the paper obtained from DTPA spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan on hand-sheet papers. Therefore, it has caused a very sensible increase and improvement in all the optical properties, which can be selected and suggested as the best treatment. The evaluation results of the brightness reversion of the hand-sheet paper from CMP pulp showed that most of the treatments led to a relative reduction of the return of the paper brightness. On the other hand, the lowest and highest brightness return values in the hand-sheet paper were obtained from 0.5% DTPA spray and nano-chitosan spray, respectively. The evaluation results of the SEM images of the test samples compared to the control sample showed that the hand-sheet paper with nanochitosan and nano-cellulose spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nanocellulose, and nano-chitosan had more favorable surface and structural properties. The existence of less empty spaces (cavity) and more overlap of fibers in the test samples can be a reason for the higher quality of the properties, as well. Conclusion: The results showed that by spraying nanocellulose, nano- chitosan and DTPA on the test samples, the optical properties, brightness, greenness, opacity, a* factor, l* factor, yellowness and brightness stability improved. In addition, among the various treatments, the DTPA treatment in long-term thermal aging and the use of chitosan-nano and nano-cellulose in the short-term aging had noticeable effects on brightness stability and decrease in the color reversion. As a result, there was an increase in the durability of the paper against thermal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the suitability of biodiesel for IC engines with inclusion of fuel additives has emerged as a promising avenue of research in recent years. Nanoparticles (NPs) as fuel additives have witnessed significant advancements as they offer several advantages like higher surface area, improved heat transfer capabilities, and strong catalytic properties. These attributes boost combustion processes and reduce exhaust emissions. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to comprehensively understand the influence of NPs when incorporated into biodiesel and its blends. Recent reviews have revealed the effect of nano additives on performance, combustion, and emissions, however, the effect of NPs on fuel spray characteristics has not been clearly understood due to scarce literature available. This review includes the combined effect of fuel spray characteristics, thermal performance, and exhaust emissions, incorporating the fuel preparation methodologies, analysis of fuel stability, and properties for diesel–biodiesel with nano additives from the last 10 years of research. The findings indicate that NPs yield favorable outcomes in enhancing atomization quality, optimizing engine performance, and mitigating exhaust emissions. For instance, the addition of 50 ppm of CeO2 to diesel-ethanol reduced penetration length and increased spray cone angle by −2.16 % and +4.3 % in contrast to 25 ppm of CeO2. BTE improved by 1.58 %, 1.62 %, and 2.34 % with the inclusion of 40, 80, and 120 ppm of Fe2O3 NPs in Mauha biodiesel. CO emissions decreased by 9.78 % for TiO2 blends, 21.84 % for Al2O3 blends, 17.10 % for CuO blends and 6.38 % for CeO2 with respect to B10. Nonetheless, there remain several unresolved challenges, with the cost of production and long-term fuel stability standing out as a critical factor that must be addressed to establish nano fuels as a financially viable alternative fuel source.

This study investigated the effects of co-flow air swirling on the combustion of Kerosene, as relatively heavy fuel, under preheated and diluted air conditions. Various factors affecting the flame structure, such as preheating temperature, dilution, swirl number, and airflow rate were studied using the upgraded MILD (Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution) combustion tester of Sharif University of Technology (SMSTR). This tester, which is symmetrically axial, provides co-flow air with the desired temperature, swirl number, and dilution for a liquid fuel spray burner. The flame characteristics was investigated through direct photography and chemiluminescence. The results show that the stability range significantly increases with the air swirling, while the flame length decreases. Enhancement of combustion quality and more complete combustion of fuel were observed with preheating. Preheating resulted in geometric changes in the appearance of the flame, specially reducing flame lift-off and the front view area in high airflow. A decrease in the air oxygen content causes a general change in the structure of the flame, resulting in a shorter and more lifted one compared to non-diluted condition. The chemiluminescence images of the flame also revealed weaker and more uniform emission pattern with the inlet high-swirl air preheating and dilution. By utilizing around 15 % oxygen content dilution, preheating at around 656 K, and a swirl number of 0.8, the combustion zone exhibited similarities to the MILD combustion mode, suggesting the achievement of MILD combustion. The high swirl concept allowed higher dilution limits (about 12 %) and reduced preheating requirements (approximately 11 %) in achieving the MILD combustion regime compared to the previous study conducted without swirl conditions. In contrast to the non-swirl mode flame, the flame in this study transitioned completely to a MILD-like condition.

To address the issues of heat and humidity hazards, as well as insufficient air volume in deep mining operations, a novel cooling method combining spray and chord grid is proposed. To investigate the cooling dynamics, an experimental platform integrating both spray and chord grid components is independently developed. Field boundary conditions are simulated to conduct orthogonal experimental research. Under the experimental parameters of an inlet air temperature of 32 °C, relative humidity of 88 %, and initial spray water temperature of 26 °C, the effects of water-air ratio, nozzle distance, and other parameters on inlet and outlet temperature, as well as moisture content, are quantified. These influencing factors are analyzed through range analysis. Results demonstrate that the water-air ratio has a greater impact on cooling compared to the nozzle distance. Notably, when the water-air ratio and nozzle distance reach critical values of 0.6 and 70 cm respectively, the cooling rate begins to plateau. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the cooling and dehumidification effects of single spray versus spray + chord grid reveals that the cooling capacity of single spray systems can be surpassed by incorporating a chord grid. Specifically, the combination of spray + chord grid achieves superior cooling effects with lower water consumption.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of the drug in the form of spray based on Fipronil, Moxidectin and Pyriproxyfen against canine acarosis.Materials and methods. The assessment of the acaricidal effect of multicomponent drug against canine acarosis was carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (VNIIP), a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FSC VIEV RAS, as well as the veterinary clinic GLOBALVET CLINIC LLC (Moscow) in 2020–2022. 82 dogs were used in the experiments, including those spontaneously infected with Otodectes cynotis (38 sp.), Sarcoptes canis (28 sp.), and Demodex canis (16 sp.). The animals were divided into experimental and control groups. To the infected animals of the experimental groups, the drug was applied in the form of spray to the affected areas of the body at the rate of 1 ml per 10 cm2, 2–4 times with an interval of 7 days. The dogs in the control group were treated at the end of the experiment. The efficacy of the drug was taken into account by examining and recording the number of ticks in animals before and 3, 11, 25, 40 and 60 days after treatment. The results were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel.Results and discussion. On the 11th day, all animals showed extinction of clinical signs, healing of affected skin areas and scratches, and the appearance of new hair in areas of alopecia; microscopy of scrapings revealed single mites, deformed larvae and eggs. Microscopy of skin scrapings on the 25th day revealed single mites in 5 dogs affected by demodicosis. On the 40th day, upon examination and acarological examination of animal skin scrapings, no S. canis, O. cynotis and D. canis mites were found. The research results showed 100% efficacy of the drug.

Background and purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has a high prevalence in the world community and the majority of sufferers use inhalation sprays. There is a remarkable consensus that the choose the most appropriate method to deliver inhaled medicine in the control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is as important as the selected drug. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of salbutamol through spray, spacer and the nebulizer on lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Materials and methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 66 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalized in Shahada Qain Hospital in 2019. Research units were randomly assigned to spray, spacer, and nebulizer groups based on the inclusion criteria. After entering the data into SPSS software version 23, chi-square, Crosal-Wallis, ANOVA and repeated measurement statistical tests were used to analyze the data. Results: There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of demographics and information related to the disease (P>0.05). The average respiratory indices including FVC, FEV1, SPO2, FEV1FVC and respiratory rate after the intervention in the spray group with spacer and the nebulizer group were significantly higher than the spray alone group (P

Pyrolysis is already an established recycling method to recover the carbon fibers of end-of-life composites. However, the pyrolysis process removes the fiber sizing. Fiber sizing is a critical step in composite material production, influencing adhesion, protection and overall performance. In this study, recycled carbon nonwoven reinforcements made from pyrolyzed carbon fibers were pretreated to improve the mechanical properties of polyamide and polypropylene composites. The pretreatment involved applying specific coatings (sizings) on the nonwoven by spraying. Pretreated and non-pretreated composites were prepared by compression molding to investigate the impact of the fiber pretreatment on the tensile properties and interlaminar shear strength. The tests were performed in the 0° and 90° directions of the composite plate. The results revealed that pretreatment had little effect on the polyamide composites. However, significant improvements were obtained for the polypropylene composites, as an increase of more than 50% in tensile strength was achieved in the 0° direction and more than 35% in the 90° direction. In addition, the interlaminar shear strength increased from 11.9 MPa to 14.3 MPa in the 0° direction and from 14.9 MPa to 17.8 MPa in the 90° direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic nozzles are widely used among many kinds of spray nozzles due to their large atomization volume, energy saving, simple structure, economical practicality. It’s important to study the atomization and deposition characteristics of hydraulic nozzles for optimizing pesticide application performance. In order to determine the influence of hydraulic nozzles on its atomization and deposition characteristics, droplet size, velocity and deposition distribution of 6 kinds of hydraulic nozzles (standard flat fan XR 110-015, anti-drift flat fan DG 110-015, air-induction flat fan AIXR 110-015, air-induction flat fan AI 110-015, hollow cone TXA 80-015 and air-induction hollow cone AITXA 80-015) were tested. The results showed that droplet sizes of all nozzles decreased with increasing spray pressure with little difference in volume median diameter (Dv0.5) between fine (XR 110-015) and medium droplet nozzles (DG 110-015) under different spray pressures. In contrast, coarse (AIXR 110-015) and extremely coarse droplet nozzles (AI 110-015 and AITXA 80-015) were more sensitive to spray pressure, and the Dv0.5 of droplet decreased dramatically with increasing spray pressure. Droplets velocity was mainly determined by nozzles type and spray pressure has little effect on droplet velocity, in which case the same nozzle at different spray pressures has similar droplet velocity trends. Under the same spray pressure, the average velocity (Vavg) of fine droplet nozzle was greater than its volume median droplet velocity (Vv0.5), while with the increase of the droplet diameter, the Vv0.5 of nozzles exceeded its Vavg. The flow rates of all nozzles were quite close but lower than its nominal flow rates, and the loss rates of nozzles ranged from 7.82% to 9.75%. Spray pressure has little effect on droplet distribution uniformity of DG 110-015, XR 110-015 and AIXR 110-015, but a higher pressure was beneficial for the uniformity distribution of AITXA 80-015 and TXA 80-015. This study can provide theoretical guidance and technical reference for the selection of hydraulic nozzles and the optimization of pesticide application parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving diesel engine performance requires a comprehensive understanding of fuel atomization and air–fuel mixing within the combustion chamber. Numerous studies have been conducted to reduce emissions and enhance diesel engines. However, further investigation is required on the detailed diesel spray process. In this study, we adopted extinction measurement to analyze the effects of a fuel injection pressure range of 300 to 700 bar on spray morphology. For the extinction imaging setup, we utilized a high-intensity continuous LED source along with a diffuser to ensure uniform light distribution. The high-speed extinction and image processing results indicate that increasing the injection pressure from 300 to 700 bar effectively produced a smaller particulate size (15% reduction) and a better air–fuel mixing process. Especially at the end of injection, our results show smaller liquid ligaments (50% reduction) and droplets around the injector tip with higher injection pressure cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprays have gained significant attention and widespread use due to their numerous advantages, including rapid action, safety, and convenience. They are widely used in various fields such as dermatology, respiratory disease treatment, wound repair, and central nervous system targeted drug delivery. With the in-depth research of new drugs and modern pharmaceutics, the development ideas of sprays are more diverse, and the application scenarios are increasingly extensive. In this review the clinical application status of sprays and the latest research progress were summarized. Then the quality control parameters were briefly introduced, which provided reference for the research and development of sprays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]