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Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-vet-10.1177_03009858231173467 for Distribution of the misfolded isoform of the prion protein in peripheral tissues and spinal cord of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with naturally occurring chronic wasting disease by T. R. Spraker, T. Gidlewski, J. G. Powers, T. A. Nichols and M. A. Wild in Veterinary Pathology

Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943 D e s c r i p t i o n (figs 1, B; 2, F; table 2). General. Small acanthocephalans. Trunk with dilatation in its anterior part. Spine field extends to 609–976 dorsally, and to posterior end of trunk ventrally, in males with bare zone between ventral and genital spines. Length of somatic spines increasing from anterior (17–37) to posterior (36–44). Genital spines present, 41–49 long. Proboscis almost cylindrical, with widening in its posterior quarter. Proboscis with 17–19 longitudinal rows of 11–14 hooks each. First 9–11 hooks large, with simple roots directed posteriorly. Next 1–2 hooks transitional with small roots in shape of inverted Y (fig. 2, F). Next 2–3 hooks spiniform, with simple roots directed anteriorly or without roots. Largest hooks 9 th and 10 th. Proboscis receptacle double-walled. Neck 145–261 long. Lemnisci 505–901 long, attached in neck and extending to level of proboscis receptacle bottom or slightly posterior to it. Gonopore subterminal in both sexes. R e m a r k s. Corynosoma obtuscens is a common parasite of sea lions (Lincicome, 1943; Van Cleave, 1953 a, b). The species was described by Lincicome (1943) from Z. californianus from the San Diego Zoo, California, USA. It was also registered in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus Linnaeus) and South American sea lions (Otaria byronia Péron) from the California coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of South America and in Alaska (Van Cleve, 1953 a, b), and from domestic dogs in Peru (Cabrera et al., 1999). Juvenile specimens were also registered in sea otter (Enhydra lutris Linnaeus) (Ward & Winter, 1952). Domestic dogs were successfully infected experimentally with cystacanths collected from fish (Castro & Martínez, 2004). Our material corresponds to the original description provided by Lincicome (1943). Intermediate hosts for C. obtuscens are unknown. Several species of fishes (paratenic hosts) off the Pacific coast of South America were found to be infected with cystacanths of C. obtuscens with prevalence up to 60 % (Tantaleán & Huiza, 1994; Tantaleán et al., 2005; Chero et al., 2014)., Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 187, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/6454655, {"references":["Lincicome, D. R. 1943. Acanthocephala of the genus Corynosoma from the California sea lion. Journal of Parasitology, 29, 102 - 106.","Van Cleave, H. J. 1953 a. A preliminary analysis of the acanthocephalan genus Corynosoma in Mammals of North America. Journal of Parasitology, 39, 1 - 13.","Cabrera, R., Rojas, R., Davalos, M. 1999. Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in Canis familiaris de la Ciudad de Chincha, Peru. Parasitologia al dia, 23, 59 - 62.","Ward, H. L., Winter, H. A. 1952. Juvenile Acanthocephala from the yellowfin croaker, Umbrina roncador, with description of a new species of the genus Arhythmorhynchus. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 71, 154 - 156.","Castro, M., Martinez, R. 2004. Proceso del desarrollo de Corynosoma obtuscens (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) en Canis familiaris y su posible implicancia en slud publica. Parasitologia Latinoamericana, 59, 26 - 30.","Tantalean, M., Huiza, A. 1994. Sinopsis de los parasitos de peces marinos de la costa peruana. Biotempo, 1, 53 - 101.","Tantalean, M., Sanchez, L., Gomez, L., Huiza, A. 2005. Acantocefalos del Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia, 12, 83 - 92.","Chero, J., Iannacone, J., Cruces, C., Saez, G., Alvarino, L. 2014. Community of metazoan parasites of corvine drum Cilus gilberti (Abbott, 1899) (Pisciformes: Sciaenidae) in the coastal zone of Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. Neotropical Helminthology, 8, 163 - 182."]}

Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) D e s c r i p t i o n (figs, 1, A; 2, E; table 2). General. Small acanthocephalans, males and females similar in size and shape, females slightly larger. Trunk 3,800 –6,240 × 933–1,600. Trunk anterior part widened in the form of ellipsoidal swelling, with small spines extended ventrally more than dorsally. Length of spines increasing from apical (32–38) to median (44–61) and decreasing posteriorly (25–36). Trunk posterior part narrowest at middle, slightly dilated at posterior end. Genital spines present or absent. Proboscis 450–620 × 260–290, almost cylindrical, with widening in its posterior third. Proboscis with 17–19 longitudinal rows of 10–11 hooks each. First 6–7 hooks large, with simple roots directed posteriorly. Next 1–2 hooks transitional, with small roots in the shape of an inverted Y (fig. 2, E). Proximal 3–4 hooks spiniform, with simple roots directed anteriorly. Largest hooks are 6th or 7th. Proboscis receptacle double-walled. Lemnisci broad, leaf-shaped, shorter than proboscis receptacle. Neck truncated cone, 211–620 long, often retracted into foretrunk. Reproductive system in narrow posterior part of trunk. Remarks. Corynosoma strumosum was initially described by Rudolphi (1802) from harbor seal (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus). This species was also reported in various marine mammals, terrestrial carnivores and aquatic birds throughout the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and in the Caspian Sea (Delyamure, 1955; Dailey & Brownell, 1972; Shults, 1982; Yurakhno, 1998; Nickol et al., 2002; Ionita et al., 2008; Amin et al., 2011). Morphologically, our specimens of C. strumosum are consistent with the original description of the species. Amphipods are known to be intermediate hosts for C. strumosum (Petrochenko, 1958; Atrashkevich, 2008); more than 30 species of fishes and a few reptiles, and experimentally infected amphibians and reptiles have been reported as paratenic hosts (Dubinin, 1949; Moles, 1982; Skorobrechova et al., 2012)., Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 185, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/6454655, {"references":["Rudolphi, C. A. 1802. Fortsetzung der Beobachtungen uber die Eingeweidewurmer. Archiv fur Zoologie und Zootomie von Wiedemanns, 2, 1 - 67.","Delyamure, S. L. 1955. Helminthofauna of marine mammals (ecology and phylogeny). Izdatelstvo AN USSR, Moscow, 1 - 518 [In Russian.]","Dailey, M. D., Brownell, R. L. J. 1972. A checklist of mammal parasites. In: Ridgeway, S. H., Springfield, C. C. T., eds. Mammals of the Sea: Biology and Medicine, 528 - 589.","Shults, L. M. 1982. Helminths of the spotted seal, Phoca largha, from the Bering Sea. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 18, 59 - 62.","Yurakhno, M. V. 1998. Diseases and Parasites. In: Sokolov, V. E, Aristov, A. A., Lisitzina, T. U., eds. Northern fur seal: systematic, morphology, ecology, behavior. Nauka, Moscow, 810 - 899 [In Russian.]","Nickol, B. B., Helle, E., Valtonen, E. T. 2002. Corynosoma magdaleni in gray seals from the Gulf of Bothnia, with emended descriptions of Corynosoma strumosum and Corynosoma magdaleni. Journal of Parasitology, 88, 1222 - 1229.","Ionita, M., Varela, M. G., Lyons, E. T., Spraker, T. R., Tolliver, S. C. 2008. Hookworms (Uncinaria lucasi) and acanthocephalans (Corynosoma spp. and Bolbosoma spp.) found in dead northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska in 2007. Parasitology Research, 103, 1025 - 1029.","Amin, O. M., Richard, A. H., Halajian, A., El-Naggar, A. M. 2011. The morphology of an unique population of Corynosoma strumosum (Acanthocephala, Polymorphidae) from the Caspian seal, Pusa caspica, in the land-locked Caspian Sea using SEM, with special notes on histopathology. Acta Parasitologica, 56, 438 - 445.","Petrochenko, V. I. 1958. Acanthocephala of Domestic and Wild Animals. Izdatelstvo NAS of USSR Moscow ,, 1 - 458 [In Russian.]","Atrashkevich, G. I. 2008. Spiny-headed worms genus of Corynosoma Luhe, 1904 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the Okhotsk sea and parasitic system with dominant species of C. strumosum (Rudolphi, 1819). In: Proceedings of the IV Congress of the Russian Society of Parasitologists, Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 - 25, October, 2008, Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg \" Parasitology in XXI century - problems, methods, solutions \", 1, 38 - 42 [In Russian.]","Dubinin, V. B. 1949. Experimental studies on the life-cycles of some parasitic worms of animals in the Volga delta. Parazitologischeskii Sbornik. Zoologischeskii Institut Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 11, 156 - 160 [In Russian.]","Moles, A. 1982. Parasite-host records of Alaskan fisheries. In: National Atmospheric and Oceanic Agency, Washington, D. C. National Marine Fisheries Special Scientific Report No. 760, 1 - 41.","Skorobrechova, E. M., Nikishin, V. P., Lisitsyna, O. I. 2012. Structure of capsule around acanthocephalan Corynosoma strumosum from uncommon paratenic hosts - lizards of two species. Parasitology Research, 108, 459 - 467."]}

Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939) Schmidt, 1975 D e s c r i p t i o n (figs 1, D; 2, D, K; table 2) General. Relatively small acanthocephalans. Trunk with discoid widening and two fields of spines in anterior part. Anterior field of spines broadest on ventral surface, narrow dorsally. Posterior field of spines broadest ventrally. Maximum width of bare zone between fields of spines 150. In anterior field of spines, length of spines decreasing from apical (38– 49), to basal (29–31). In posterior field of spines, length of spines increasing from apical (32–37) to median (39–41) and decreasing posteriorly (28). Ventral spines almost reaching posterior end of trunk. Genital spines absent. Proboscis almost cylindrical, with dilatation in posterior third, with 18 longitudinal rows of 11 hooks in each. First 7 hooks large, with strong roots directed posteriorly. Next 4 hooks spiniform, without roots. Proboscis receptacle double-walled, with cerebral ganglion in its anterior third. Neck distinct. Lemnisci sacciform, attached in neck, not reaching level of proboscis receptacle bottom. Remarks. Andracantha phalacrocoracis is a common parasite of fish-eating birds. It was initially described by Yamaguti (1939) from pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocoracis pelagicus Pallas) from Shikoku Islands, Japan. This species was also reported from blacklegged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus), slaty-backed gull (Larus schistisagus Steineger), black-throated loon (Gavia arctica Linnaeus), hooded crow Corvus cornix (Linnaeus), carrion crow Corvus corone (Linnaeus) and P. pelagicus from the Far East from Chukotka to the Prymorye, Russia (Khokhlova, 1986), from P. pelagicus and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Linnaeus, 1766) from Alaska (Schmidt, 1975; Richardson & Cole, 1997), from the great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (Blumenbach) from South Moravia, Poland, on their seasonal migrations (Okulewicz, 2014; Moravec & Scholz, 2016). Intermediate hosts for A. phalacrocoracis are unknown. However, several species from the genus Andracantha are known to use amphipods as their intermediate hosts (Atrashkevich, 2008). Fishes from three families, Nototheniidae, Bathydraconidae and Channichthyidae, were reported as the paratenic hosts for these acanthocephalans (Rocka, 2006; Laskowski et al., 2008; Laskowski & Zdzitowiecki, 2009)., Published as part of Lisitsyna, O. I., Kudlai, O., Spraker, T. R. & Kuzmina, T. A., 2018, New Records On Acanthocephalans From California Sea Lions Zalophus Californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) From California, Usa, pp. 181-192 in Vestnik Zoologii 52 (3) on page 183, DOI: 10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019, http://zenodo.org/record/6454655, {"references":["Yamaguti, S. 1939. Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan, part 29. Acanthocephala, II. Japanese Journal Zoo 1 ogy, 8, 317 - 351.","Schmidt, G. D. 1975. Andracantha, a new genus of Acanthocephala (Polymorphidae) from fish-eating birds with descriptions of three species. Journal of Parasitology, 61 (4), 615 - 620.","Khokhlova, I. G. 1986. Acanthocephala of terrestrial vertebrates of the USSR. Nauka, Moscow, 1 - 275 [In Russian.]","Richardson, D. J., Cole, R. A. 1997. Acanthocephala of the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in North America. Journal of Parasitology, 83 (3), 540 - 541.","Okulewicz, A. 2014. Helminths in migrating and wintering birds recorded in Poland. Annals of Parasitology, 60 (1), 19 - 24.","Moravec, F., Scholz, T. 2016. Helminth parasites of the lesser great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis from two nesting regions in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitologica, 63, 022.","Atrashkevich, G. I. 2008. Spiny-headed worms genus of Corynosoma Luhe, 1904 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in the Okhotsk sea and parasitic system with dominant species of C. strumosum (Rudolphi, 1819). In: Proceedings of the IV Congress of the Russian Society of Parasitologists, Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 - 25, October, 2008, Zoological Institute RAS, St. Petersburg \" Parasitology in XXI century - problems, methods, solutions \", 1, 38 - 42 [In Russian.]","Rocka, A. 2006. Helminths of Antarctic fishes: life cycle biology, specificity and geographical distribution. Acta Parasitologica, 51, 26 - 35.","Laskowski, Z., Jezewski, W., Zdzitowiecki, K. 2008. Cystacanths of Acanthocephala in notothenioid fish from the Beagle Channel (sub-Antarctica). Systematic Parasitology, 70, 107 - 117.","Laskowski, Z., Zdzitowiecki, K. 2009. Occurrence of acanthocephalans in notothenioid fishes in the Beagle Channel (Magellanic sub-region, sub-Antarctic). Polish Polar Research, 30, 179 - 186."]}