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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, sports psychology researchers have shown a growing interest in exploring various facets of sports careers, career transitions, the personal qualities profile of athletes who achieve peak sports performance, and the existing models and distinctions within career stages. This research aimed to examine the link between the mental qualities and skills and the sports careers of elite Latvian athletes and to seek potential differences dependent on sports career stages, level of qualification, and gender. The research was done among 109 elite athletes from Latvia aged 17 to 40, practicing 19 sports – 71 men and 38 women. For the purposes of the research, the subjects were divided into groups according to two criteria: 1) depending on the different stages of their sports career and 2) depending on the type of development of their sports career. The research methods included: Latvian personality survey (LPA-v3, Perepjolkina et al., 2011); Sports et al. (SMTQ; Sheard et al., 2009), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020); Psychological Performance Inventory Alternative version (PPI-A; Golby et al., 2007), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020.); General et al. (GSE; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020); Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS-R5), adapted for Latvian conditions by Fernāte Andra, 2008. The obtained results revealed some differences in the personal profiles of the Latvian athletes depending on the stages and type of their sports careers, level of qualification, and gender. We found higher results along the factors conscientiousness, honesty and modesty, and the lowest results along the factor neuroticism among the elite athletes. We found significantly higher values of the mental skills: anxiety control, concentration, mental preparation, motivation, self-confidence, and control among the men.

In recent years, sports psychology researchers have shown a growing interest in exploring various facets of sports careers, career transitions, the personal qualities profile of athletes who achieve peak sports performance, and the existing models and distinctions within career stages. This research aimed to examine the link between the mental qualities and skills and the sports careers of elite Latvian athletes and to seek potential differences dependent on sports career stages, level of qualification, and gender. The research was done among 109 elite athletes from Latvia aged 17 to 40, practicing 19 sports -- 71 men and 38 women. For the purposes of the research, the subjects were divided into groups according to two criteria: 1) depending on the different stages of their sports career and 2) depending on the type of development of their sports career. The research methods included: Latvian personality survey (LPA-v3, Perepjolkina et al., 2011); Sports et al. (SMTQ; Sheard et al., 2009), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020); Psychological Performance Inventory Alternative version (PPI-A; Golby et al., 2007), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020.); General et al. (GSE; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), adapted for Latvian conditions by Astaficevs et al. (2020); Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (PSIS-R5), adapted for Latvian conditions by Fernāte Andra, 2008. The obtained results revealed some differences in the personal profiles of the Latvian athletes depending on the stages and type of their sports careers, level of qualification, and gender. We found higher results along the factors conscientiousness, honesty and modesty, and the lowest results along the factor neuroticism among the elite athletes. We found significantly higher values of the mental skills: anxiety control, concentration, mental preparation, motivation, self-confidence, and control among the men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science of Gymnastics Journal is the property of Science of Gymnastics Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The information about the reasons for sports career (SC) termination among athletes is of significant importance, as it provides a theoretical foundation to prevent early withdrawal. A sociological survey was conducted among 76 former male artistic gymnasts who have ended their careers to determine the causes of SC termination. As a result, 11 different reasons for SC termination were identified. The most frequent reasons include sports injuries (35.52%), mandatory military service (31.57%), and employment (25.0%). The least mentioned reasons are coach-related issues (5.26%), health problems (2.63%), and age (2.63%). The survey offers a broader understanding of why Armenian athletes terminate their sports careers. This insight will enable the governing bodies of Armenian gymnastics and sports to provide targeted assistance to adult artistic gymnasts, helping to prevent early withdrawal in the future.

Withdrawal (retirement) from a sports career is a period or phase that every athlete must face at some point in their career. This phase represents a key point of study in sports psychology, in terms of what is generated for athletes going through in this type of situation. A lot of writers compare withdrawal from sports altogether to retirement, which is something people plan for a very long time. However, the fact is that there is a difference between these two things. Top athletes may withdraw or give up their sports careers for several reasons caused by various factors. Once they retire from professional sports, they usually enter the world of work like everyone else. However, for the professional athlete who is about to enter the working world, leaving behind years of sports work, he is now faced with a new and often different situation. Not all professional athletes extend their working lives as athletes. This is the first side, when withdrawal or retirement occurs voluntarily, with age-reaching, performance reduction as part of the process and not as an isolated event. The other side that we will also talk about below in the text is, if the withdrawal happens suddenly, caused by several factors: injury, incorrect relationship with the trainer, insufficient support from the family and the environment, lack of motivation for training, which typically manifests in younger athletes when they quit competition before reaching their optimal level of performance (Cervello et al., 2007). According to some previous scientific research, athletes go into depression, resort to banned substances, eating disorders, and low self-confidence appear, as a reason for suddenly leaving the sport. It has been shown that quitting sports can be a very challenging and complex process as it depends on various interpersonal, intrapersonal, structural and social factors. (Crane and Temple, 2015; Wilson et al., 2019). Facing the end of a career is a very sensitive phase that any elite athlete can face and which is the subject of interest and study by many authors in sports psychology (Battaglia et al., 2021; Crane and Temple, 2015; Diaz et al., 2018; Persson et al., 2020). With any of these ways of withdrawal that the athlete faces, the goal is to work on identifying the concept of accepting the new situation. Working or planning in advance and transferring sports skills to other areas of life will reduce the level of trauma from the end of the sports career. However, the question arises as to what are the most important factors that can cause the abandonment of a professional sports career and how the individual himself experiences them. Transitions are defined as a substantial shift in a person's life that forces them to modify their routines and behavior to meet their “new way” of living. (Van Houten et al., 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Investigación Cuerpo, Cultura y Movimiento is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives The goal is to present the results of sociological research with respect to comprehending the subjective social world of both able-bodied and disabled athletes. Material and methods The research used the concept of Fritz Schütze, with the biographical method and the narrative interview technique being employed. Intentional sampling was used. Fifty-six interviews were conducted, where the respondents were divided into eight categories based on: physical fitness, stage of sports career, and type of sports discipline. Results From the analyses performed, the motivation and importance of sport in the lives of both able-bodied and disabled athletes, their families and professional situation, the education process, as well as the completion of their sports career have been presented. Conclusions Compared to their peers, able-bodied athletes were distinguished by their skills, which determined their decision to compete in sport. People with a disability could meet other disabled individuals during sports training. The choice of the sport discipline depended on predispositions. A club's policy and the rules governing it influenced the lives of the competitors: they discontinued education or delayed starting a family. In the social world of sport, competitors met significant others. Practising a discipline determined the time of retirement from sports.

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological foundations of sports psychological counseling, taking into account professional requirements for the personality of the athlete. The problem of the influence of psychological counseling on the personal development of the athlete is theoretically examined. Recent technologies of psychological counseling for the personal development of athletes are presented. The main tasks of sports and psychological counseling on personal development are considered. The personal criteria of formation of psychological readiness of the athlete for professional activity in the context of the personality-oriented approach to sports-psychological counseling are specified. The influence of professional deformations on the structure of the athlete's personality is emphasized and consultative technologies of their weakening are offered. At the methodological and applied level it is proved that in the sports-psychological counseling the problem of development of the athlete's personality is inextricably linked with his / her individual sports style. Recommendations on technologies for the development of the client's confidence on the principles of trust and partnership in the process of counseling work with the conveyance have been developed, taking into account the individual approach, the presence of personal deformities in the client-athlete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Management Analysis / Revista Gestão em Análise is the property of Revista Gestao em Analise and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Early specialization in a single sport from childhood is associated with an increased risk for acute and overuse injuries. Conversely, experience in multiple sports may be associated with improved neuromuscular control and performance. Currently, early sports specialization remains poorly researched in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the relationship between early sports specialization and landing and balance ability in Japan., Methods: Thirty-eight female college basketball players were included and divided into the early specialization and nonspecialization groups. Landing and balance ability was measured using the one-leg jump-landing test, and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) differences between the two groups were examined using unpaired t -test., Results: Results showed no significant differences in SEBT between the two groups. In the one-leg jump-landing test, the vertical maximum ground reaction force and loading rate of the nondominant foot were significantly higher in the early specialization group than in the nonspecialization group., Conclusion: Thus, in female college basketball players, early specialization may affect ground reaction forces and loading rate and may be a factor in developing acute and overuse injuries.

Theoretical background: A sports career is a specific activity because it starts at an early age, lasts a relatively short time, and usually athletes are most successful when their peers are just starting to develop their typical professional careers. In previous research on the second careers of ex-athletes, mainly the top performers were described, forgetting that many athletes play in the lower leagues and sport is also their main profession. In this study, athletes who played at different levels of competition were analysed. Purpose of the article: The article aims to determine how the length of a sports career affects the second professional career of former athletes. Research methods: The studied population were Polish basketball players of working-age after finishing their sports careers. The survey was conducted online in 2021 and 301 people took part in it. The average duration of a sports career of participants was 10.13 years. Former basketball players were divided into 2 groups according to their career length. The first group consisted of those whose basketball careers lasted at least 10 years (160 people), and the second group consisted of those whose careers were shorter than 10 years (141 people). Main findings: Former players whose sports careers lasted for at least 10 years are more satisfied with them than those whose sports careers were shorter, but they assess their current career prospects worse. It may result from the fact that among those whose sports careers were shorter, a greater percentage have higher education. The results also show that those whose basketball careers were longer, are now more likely to work in the field of sport. In conclusion, it can be said that earlier retirement from sports, favours to a greater extent university graduating and also allows a faster transition to a second professional career.

O presente artigo teve por objetivo apresentar as narrativas de atletas da seleção brasileira de ginástica artística masculina (GAM) acerca da influência parental em suas carreiras. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco ginastas que participaram das principais competições internacionais entre os anos de 2013 e 2021. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, realizou-se a análise temática dos dados e identificou-se as seguintes unidades temáticas: a cultura esportiva familiar; a inserção na modalidade; o envolvimento da família; o apoio emocional; a emancipação precoce e a família da ginástica. Conclui-se que as famílias que estão inseridas na cultura esportiva tendem a propiciar para as crianças maior contato com diferentes modalidades. Além disso, a inserção na modalidade, bem como a manutenção, depende fortemente dos pais. O envolvimento dos pais inclui a participação em associações esportivas e a mudança de cidade. Quando não houve apoio parental, a iniciação na modalidade se deu mais tarde e o atleta encontrou apoio na família da ginástica. Não foi relatado envolvimento excessivo dos pais que viesse a comprometer o treinamento. Palavras-chave: esportes ginásticos; esporte de elite; psicologia do esporte; família; carreira esportiva; suporte familiar. Abstract: This article aimed to present the narratives of athletes from the Brazilian male artistic gymnastics (MAG) team about parental influence on their careers. For that, semi-structured interviews were carried out with five gymnasts who participated in the main international competitions between 2013 and 2021. After transcribing the interviews, the thematic analysis of the data was carried out and the following thematic units were identified: a family sports culture; insertion in the modality; family involvement; emotional support; early emancipation and the gymnastics family. It is concluded that families that are part of the sports culture tend to provide children with greater contact with different modalities. In addition, the insertion in the modality, as well as the maintenance, depends heavily on the parents. Parent involvement includes participation in sports associations and moving to another city. When there was no parental support, initiation into the modality took place later and the athlete found support in the “gymnastics family”. Excessive parental involvement that could compromise training was not reported. Keywords: gymnastic sports; elite sport; sport psychology; family; sports career; family support. Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las narrativas de atletas del equipo brasileño de gimnasia artística GAM sobre la influencia de los padres en sus carreras. Para ello, realizó entrevistas a los principales países internacionales que participaron en los años que participaron en el principal13 y 2021. Después de cinco de las encuestas, se realizó el análisis temático de los siguientes datos y se estructuró como unidades temáticas: una cultura deportiva familiar; inserción en la modalidad; participación familiar; soporte emocional; la emancipación temprana y la familia de la gimnasia. Se concluye que las familias que se insertan en la cultura deportiva tienden a brindar a los hijos mayores diversas modalidades. Además, la inserción en la modalidad, así como la manutención, depende principalmente de los padres. La participación de los padres incluye la participación en asociaciones deportivas y mudarse a otra ciudad. Cuando había apoyo de los padres, la iniciación en la modalidad no se producía más tarde y la deportista buscaba apoyo en la “familia gimnástica”. No se informó una participación excesiva de los padres que pudiera comprometer el entrenamiento. Palabras clave: deportes gimnásticos; deporte de élite; psicología del deporte; familia; carrera deportiva; apoyo familiar.

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Study Aim The main aim of the study was to determine the level of optimism and life satisfaction among men of different ages who professionally or recreationally practice judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu. Material and Methods The study involved 43 judo athletes, 43 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (BJJ) and 42 persons in a control group (homogenously selected in terms of sex and age). The study used the SWLS scale to determine the satisfaction with life and the LOT-R test to determine the level of optimism. Descriptive parametric statistics were presented in order to show the analysed variables. Due to the number of subjects in groups, nonparametric statistics were used in the analysis – to analyse the differences, the Anova Kruskal-Wallis test; to analyse correlations between variables, the agglomerations method using Euclidean distances (single bond in space). In the analysis of the magnitude of the influence of variables on life satisfaction and optimism, parameter β was used – the significance of the parameter (p) was based on Wald's statistics. Results Analysis of intergroup differences for the judo, BJJ, and control groups revealed significant differences in education, social status, professional work, and health condition. The compared psychological variables – quality of life and life orientation in terms of standardised results did not reveal significant differences; however, the dichotomous division of the quality of life allowed indicating the distinctness of the compared groups. The analysis of multiple comparisons revealed that the differences only concerned the characteristics of the judo and the control groups, while the BJJ and the judo groups significantly differed in the quality and the length of their sports careers. Systems of characteristic features to explain the quality of life and life orientation were also searched for – the agglomerations method allowed indicating the distinctness of the BJJ and the judo groups in terms of the length of their sports careers. Based on the conducted logistic regression analysis, the likelihood of high or low quality of life and of life orientation and optimism in both groups of athletes has been identified, and differences consistent with previous observations have been indicated. Conclusions The subjects involved in combat sports significantly differ from those who do not practice sports in terms of education, social status, work situation and health assessment. The presence of high or low life satisfaction differentiates the compared groups.

Adolescence is a stage of physical growth, development, and maturation; it is therefore relevant when studying the context in which young athletes carry out their sporting activities, and when identifying the roles of environmental factors in their sporting performance. Successful athletic development is multifactorial, including physical, psychosocial, and interpersonal aspects, and, therefore, athlete-- environment interactions influence the quality of sports performance. Previous studies have revealed that supporting young athletes' autonomy promotes their physical and emotional well-being through the enrichment of the "athletic talent development environment" (ATDE). The objective of the present study was to review the recent literature (between January 2015 and May 2020) on the influence of physical and sociocultural factors, body image, and autonomy support on the sporting performance of adolescent athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In youth swimming, researchers are interested in understanding how anthropometry and parameters related to swimming technique (biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency) influence the performance. However, there is not any review in the literature that consolidates the body of knowledge of this topic. The objective of this study was to review systematically the current body of work on the influence of determinant factors related to swimming technique (biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency) and anthropometry in the young performance of swimmers.Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies.Results: After screening, 240 studies were analyzed and 59 related to swimming performance, and its determinant factors were retained for synthesis. Studies revealed a high-quality index by PEDro scale (mean score was 7.17 ± 1.40). Twenty-five studies were longitudinal designs and the remaining 34 cross-sectional designs. Most of the studies (N = 39, 66.1%) reported concurrently two or more determinant factors (anthropometrics, biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency).Conclusion: Youth swimming research relies on a multifactorial assessment. From the synthesis, it is possible to conclude that the performance of young swimmers is characterized by a multifactorial, holistic, and dynamic phenomenon. Better performance has always been related to better swimming technique and higher anthropometrics. This suggests that both anthropometrics (i.e., nature) and training (i.e., nurture) play key roles in the swimming performance of young swimmers.

Introduction: In youth swimming, researchers are interested in understanding how anthropometry and parameters related to swimming technique (biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency) influence the performance. However, there is not any review in the literature that consolidates the body of knowledge of this topic. The objective of this study was to review systematically the current body of work on the influence of determinant factors related to swimming technique (biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency) and anthropometry in the young performance of swimmers. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Results: After screening, 240 studies were analyzed and 59 related to swimming performance, and its determinant factors were retained for synthesis. Studies revealed a high-quality index by PEDro scale (mean score was 7.17 ± 1.40). Twenty-five studies were longitudinal designs and the remaining 34 cross-sectional designs. Most of the studies (N = 39, 66.1%) reported concurrently two or more determinant factors (anthropometrics, biomechanics, energetics, and efficiency). Conclusion: Youth swimming research relies on a multifactorial assessment. From the synthesis, it is possible to conclude that the performance of young swimmers is characterized by a multifactorial, holistic, and dynamic phenomenon. Better performance has always been related to better swimming technique and higher anthropometrics. This suggests that both anthropometrics (i.e., nature) and training (i.e., nurture) play key roles in the swimming performance of young swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice hockey is an established site for talent identification and development in Finland. In this ethnographic study, I examine the discourses that top gatekeepers of Finnish elite junior hockey construct and favour with respect to the human capital potentiality of ice hockey players. Building upon Foucauldian discourse analysis, the study identified two competing discourses within the Finnish ice hockey domain. The dominant one considers a player to be a capital investment, and the aim is symbolic and economic success; the lesser, but still very vital, discourse looks at a player as an individual with potential that can be nurtured with the right attitudes and conditions. Together, these discourses create a social space in which up-and-coming hockey players' talents are identified and decisions are made about their possible future athletic careers. These conflicting discourses create tensions for coaches—that is, whether they must obey commercial logic despite their own motivation for working with junior athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contestants enter a risky contest when pursuing a sports career or choose a secure outside option. If contestants enter this contest but their sports career fails, they may have asymmetric career opportunities outside of sport. Greater opportunities reduce the risk of entering this contest. However, contestants' incentives to exert effort decrease. Two types of equilibria exist if the initial pool of contestants is large. Either only types with high opportunities or only types with low opportunities enter the sports contest. If the initial pool of contestants is low, both types of contestants participate in the contest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: A sports career is a specific activity because it starts at an early age, lasts a relatively short time, and usually athletes are most successful when their peers are just starting to develop their typical professional careers. In previous research on the second careers of ex-athletes, mainly the top performers were described, forgetting that many athletes play in the lower leagues and sport is also their main profession. In this study, athletes who played at different levels of competition were analysed. Purpose of the article: The article aims to determine how the length of a sports career affects the second professional career of former athletes. Research methods: The studied population were Polish basketball players of working-age after finishing their sports careers. The survey was conducted online in 2021 and 301 people took part in it. The average duration of a sports career of participants was 10.13 years. Former basketball players were divided into 2 groups according to their career length. The first group consisted of those whose basketball careers lasted at least 10 years (160 people), and the second group consisted of those whose careers were shorter than 10 years (141 people). Main findings: Former players whose sports careers lasted for at least 10 years are more satisfied with them than those whose sports careers were shorter, but they assess their current career prospects worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premises. Athletes are dealing with additional challenges in the management of double careers, having to dedicate countless hours to sports while respecting the educational, academic rigors, which generates the neglect of one of activities at the expense of the other. Objectives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the way of approach sports career and training, as priority activities carried out in parallel. Subjects and methods. The sample included a total of 300 performance athletes at the representative sports clubs of the country's N-V region (Bihor County, Bistriţa-Năsăud, Cluj, Maramureş, Satu Mare, Sălaj). In conducting the study the method of investigation was used by administering a questionnaire. Results. The analysis of recorded data shows that the subjects of the first performance value echelon (N=176, M=2.78+1.02) allocate less time to the school preparation, compared to the subjects of the second echelon (N=124, M=3.05+1.19), positioning sports career as a priority activity. Female athletes show greater concern for study and training, compared to male athletes (χ 2=16.92, df.=1, p=0.000). Conclusions. The study conclusions emphasize the trend of athletes working in higher performance echelon, to focus mainly on sports success, as well as a more active concern of female subjects for study and training.

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Introduction: Success in decathlon contests is achieved by athletes of all ages -from 18 to almost 40 years. The development and importance of individual competitions in the final point score have changed during many years of sports ontogenesis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes taking place in sports performance level within the decathlon running competitions and their impact on the final result during the long-term sports championship (sports career) development. Materials and methods: In the analysis, data concerning the "sports ontogenesis” of the world’s best decathletes(N=25, mean score 8198 points) were used. The final point score and results in three running competitions, i.e. 100, 400 and 1500m runs were taken into account. In the evaluation of sports championship development, four stages were singled out: junior (up to 19 years), youth (to 23 years), the age in which the best results are achieved (up to 30 years), and the final stage of sports championship (decrease of the performance level -31 years and more). The changes in performance level were evaluated based on analysis of variance (ANOVA), the relationship between the partial results (runs) and the final score (decathlon) was evaluated basedon the Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The calculated values of correlation coefficient showed that there is a relationship between the results achieved in the running events and the total score at the individual stages of athletes’ sports development. The highest Pearson correlation values in all researched periods were determined for the 400m run (|rxy| > 0.59; p < 0.05). Additionally, at the third stage of sports career development (stage, at which athletes achieve the best results), the final score is also impacted by the level of results achieved at the distance of 100m. The correlation values for distances of 100 and 400m, are at this stage comparableand are approx. |rxy| = 0.6. Conclusions:The greatest impact on the final score achieved by decathletes at all stages of their sports career is running preparation over the distance of 400m.

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The main problem of the study was to examine the characteristics of sports career drop outs of young elite sportswomen and their adaptation to the post-sport life. The sample included 20 ex-young elite sportswomen, who had brought their successful sport careers to an end before the age of 19. We used a modified interview about sports career termination (Cecić Erpič, 1998) for the investigation of the characteristics of their sports careers. To examine the caracteristics of sport careers we used frequency analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the participants mostly stated more than one reason for the termination of their career. The most common reasons for career termination were: lack of motivation, bad relations with trainers or co-competitors and dedication to school or education. After the end of a sports career most of the young sportswomen stayed actively in touch with sport, either as trainers, judges, or they remained engaged in sports for recreation.

Elite sport is considered to stimulate sporting activity in the general population and promote a series of positive externalities in the society. The study aimed to identify the main factors or variables that positively (negatively) influence the rise, maintenance and development of high performance athletes in Chile. The study is based on information obtained through a previous study that used diverse equipment for information recollection. This was undergone through multistage sampling that included athletes throughout different regions of the country. This process was planned and coordinated with managers, coaches and athletes from national sports governing bodies. A basic multi-factorial model was also incorporated; inspired in a traditional economic analysis that includes a multidisciplinary outlook. This model schematically illustrates the main variables and parameters that affect athlete performance at high level competition. The study concludes that the solution to increase performance requires active and effective management from the current government with ad hoc policies and support from the private sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peculiarities of a long-term athlete development are being analyzed in the present study. The analysis of scientific literature and generalization methods were applied to the research. The analysis of scientific literature has revealed that a long-term athlete development is a long-term and purposeful process. During the process of a longterm athlete development various training programs combined with factors educating athlete‘s personality are being taken into account. A long-term athlete development can be estimated as a complicated process, during which an athlete is being trained as a personality facing diverse difficulties while seeking the results in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Unfallchirurg is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)