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Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined how humans perceive altered video speeds, a domain yet to be systematically explored. Following modern technologies, manipulations of video speed, like slow motion or time lapse, are frequently employed tools in everyday life. However, only recent research highlights potential biases in perception and low sensitivity to altered video speed. To investigate to what extent humans are capable of correctly perceiving altered video speeds and how these video speeds affect our duration experience, participants watched short video clips either at original speed or at increased or reduced video speed. Our findings reveal systematic biases: overestimation of video playback speed during slow motion and underestimation of video speed when watching accelerated versions, intensifying with greater deviations from the original speed. Moreover, duration estimations systematically varied depending on video speed with slow-motion videos yielding shorter perceived durations than videos at original and accelerated speed. These biases carry potential implications for time perception in general as well as for applied fields like law and sports, where accurate judgment may hinge on detailed video analysis. Our findings offer a first exploratory glimpse into systematic biases in human perception of altered video speeds thereby advancing our understanding of how humans engage with this type of dynamic visual information. However, more research is needed to fully comprehend the extent, mechanisms and consequences of these perceptual biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The growing popularity and expansion of esports have prompted an academic and legal debate, where its classification as either a sport or a form of entertainment remains unclear. This article explores the dual nature of esports, providing an overview of the legal and regulatory challenges it presents. It opens the discussion by addressing the space occupied by esports, distinguishing it from the traditional understanding of analogue sports while introducing the role of various stakeholders. The article then delves into the legal discussion taking place at the EU level, exploring also how the national legal reality of some Member States approach esports. The study highlights the urgency of finding a balanced approach that recognises esports as a hybrid entity, necessitating a regulatory model that draws from both sports law and entertainment law. Furthermore, the article complements the analysis by addressing emerging normative systems within esports, including autonomous governance structures and the potential need for state intervention to address issues such as doping, match-fixing, and the protection of minors. By analysing the existing legal frameworks in non-EU countries, particularly in Asia and North America, the authors suggest that esports needs to be approached as a new type of sport—a perspective that should be reflected in future EU regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the recently introduced draft amendment to the Sports Act of the Slovak Republic, dealing thereby solely with one specific aspect of this draft bill, namely that of dispute resolution in sports. Solutions to legal problems related to dispute resolution in sports are introduced in the bill, reflecting various proposals which were suggested previously by the Slovak sports lawyers and sports experts. The draft amendment can, therefore, be considered a viable way of solving many of the theoretical and practical problems in the field.

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the concept of acts of sports law is analyzed and their types are determined in connection with the concept of information, as well as the the specifics of their application, in particular, in the justice system. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical theory of law, in the context of which the law is defined as a normative means of social management of society. Legal acts of sports law are management decisions in the field of sports, which are accepted and implemented by the subjects of sports relations. Acts of normative and legal regulation, which contain legal information, and acts of normative and technical regulation, which contain non-legal (technical) information, are distinguished. It is claimed that the branch of sports law is formed by norms that contain a certain composition of legal information and make up the system of normative-legal regulation of sports relations. It was concluded that the normative base of sports in Ukraine does not have proper accounting and systematicity, which creates problems both for the formation of the branch of sports law in the national legal system, and for the practice of solving court cases of a sports-legal nature. One of the reasons for this is the combination of activities of state authorities and non-governmental (public) organizations, primarily national and international sports federations, in sports management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University of Sport is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Shanghai University of Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University of Sport is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Shanghai University of Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of this study is caused by the fact that the institution of sports arbitration occupies a key position in ensuring effective and fair resolution of disputes between participants in sport. The purpose of this study was to review the history of the establishment and development, as well as the significance of the Court of Arbitration for Sport and its practice, with a forecast of the development of analogous institutions in Kyrgyzstan. The study employed the hermeneutic, institutional, formal-legal methods, method of analysis. The study covered the specific features of the legal development of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and the current problems of its functioning. The generalised conclusion is that a specialised arbitration institutions need to be developed for effective dispute resolution in the field of sport in Kyrgyzstan. The procedural aspects of dispute resolution were investigated on the example of CAS. Although CAS is often considered as an international court, it is not part of an international justice system that is formed with the participation of states or based on international law. The study analysed the existing points of view and opinions expressed by scientists on this issue. The analysis of different approaches helped to comprehend the complexity of this issue and consider possible ways to improve the procedures for consideration of sports disputes by specialised arbitration tribunal in Kyrgyzstan. The findings of this study may be of interest for the development of effective legislation aimed at regulating the activities of specialised arbitration courts in the field of sport in Kyrgyzstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Intercontinental Journal of Sport Management / Revista Intercontinental de Gestão Desportiva is the property of Revista Intercontinental de Gestao Desportiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Intercontinental Journal of Sport Management / Revista Intercontinental de Gestão Desportiva is the property of Revista Intercontinental de Gestao Desportiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Intercontinental Journal of Sport Management / Revista Intercontinental de Gestão Desportiva is the property of Revista Intercontinental de Gestao Desportiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The current research aims to identify mechanisms to reduce the phenomenon of sports naturalization in the Arab Republic of Egypt, by identifying the challenges of resorting to the phenomenon of sports naturalization in the Arab Republic of Egypt, and then arriving at mechanisms to reduce the phenomenon of sports naturalization in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the community The research consists of working leaders working in the Ministry of Youth and Sports with a minimum rank of general director, which are (head of the sports sector, head of the youth sector, permanent agent, heads of central administrations and public administrations), boards of directors and executive leadership of the Egyptian Olympic Committee, and some Olympic sports federations, which number ( 15) Olympic Sports Federation. The research sample was selected by random stratified method and consists of (219) individuals. The researcher used data collection tools, including an analysis of documents and records, and a questionnaire about mechanisms to reduce the phenomenon of sports naturalization in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The most important results were that the economic dimension and temptations Materialism is one of the most important reasons that lead to resorting to naturalization. Sports naturalization is also one of the most dangerous threats to global sports, and the exacerbation of this phenomenon will lead to the confinement of sports competition between the laws of the article and the financing of deals to purchase athletes to naturalize them. In addition, there is no article in the new sports law to combat sports naturalization, and the majority of different sports federations have not established unified controls to limit the naturalization of athletes, which has caused its spread. The researcher recommended setting a vision to correct the course of sports institutions and developing their working mechanisms to do their part to limit sports naturalization, and launching a fund to spend on champions and talents in individual sports to confront the phenomenon of naturalization of sports players, and adding an article to the new sports law to combat naturalization, and closing loopholes in sports laws, in addition to Expanding the establishment of schools for the gifted to detect talents early and prevent them from becoming naturalized talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institutional rules of International Sports Federations ("IFs") and the International Olympic Committee ("IOC") concerning nationality and its transfer therein are regulated by the Nottebohm safeguard, which requires the conferral of nationality under domestic laws to be consistent with international law for the conferral to be valid in the international legal sphere. The international sporting arenas qualify as international legal space, but the compatibility of naturalization laws with this legal space is regulated and enforced not by states, but by non-state entities, namely IFs and the IOC. These institutional rules possess a normative character because the pertinent stakeholders consent to them by contract, which in turn provides for the jurisdiction of internal quasi-judicial determination and ultimately gives rise to arbitral awards (as a form of ultimate appeal) to the Court of Arbitration for Sport ("CAS"). The key provision is Rule 41 of the Olympic Charter and its interpretative Bye-Laws, which provide that an athlete may switch sporting nationality provided that three years have elapsed from their last participation for the country they previously represented. This general rule may be supplemented by the institutional rules of IFs, the majority of which operate nationality review panels for this purpose. This Article selectively examines the rules and institutions of two IFs other than the IOC, namely the Fédération Internationale de Basketball (International Basketball Federation) ("FIBA") and the World Athletics Federation ("WAF"). Each struggle with different objectives and nationality transfers, chiefly naturalizations, gives rise to a number of problems and concerns that are resolved through the observance and enforcement of varying internal nationality rules. This Article suggests that a set of five questions sets the standard for a human rights impact assessment of all naturalizations in the sport domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much scholarly ink has been spilled recently in sports law literature about the importance of competitive balance for maintaining the integrity of sports. In decades previous, scholars focused less on competitive balance and more on gambling and cheating as the core issues related to the integrity of sports. But recent scandals in all major professional sports leagues have once again raised concerns about the integrity of sports. While the historical concerns of gambling in sports have largely subsided--and perhaps even been mitigated by the rise of legal sports gambling--other forms of cheating in sports have risen. Examples include the use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes and the use of illegal technology to gain impermissible advantages during games. These scandals cast doubt on the integrity of sporting events and potentially strike at the heart of the business of sports. Professional sports leagues have, understandably, attempted both to prevent and punish these wayward actions on the parts of players and teams. While the interests of the leagues may align with the business interests of their sports, the legal limitations of such punishment sometimes run contrary to those goals. This Article seeks to explore the tensions in this important dynamic in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that physical activity (PA) is considered an important tool for promoting human health and a determinant of the right to health has contributed to the promotion of a separate human right to PA at the global level. This article compares the government policies and legal mechanisms for ensuring the right of citizens to health through PA in various EU member states and Ukraine. It has been established that in the absence of a single standard or conditions for implementing this right, the experiences of different European states are different in significant ways. According to our findings, the obstacles to ensuring the right of citizens to PA in Ukraine are due to (1) an inconsistent national development strategy, and adoption of unsystematic regulations without effective mechanisms for their practical implementation; (2) a lack of effective sectoral programs on PA for different social groups; (3) a low level of interest of the majority of citizens in PA as a means of promoting human health. The problem of realizing the rights of Ukrainian citizens has become much more acute due to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, starting in February 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (2522-3380) is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the problems of implementing the right to judicial protection of the labor rights of athletes and coaches. It was right under international and Russian law and one of the most important elements of a person’s legal status. At the same time, the realization of the right to judicial protection in sport has its own characteristics, because athletes and coaches actually cannot choose the legal authority, that will consider the case. In this research judicial practice is analyzed, in which considered the issue of the possible application of sanctions to an athlete for appealing to a state court. The study concludes that, despite the presence in sport of its own special system of dispute resolution bodies, the application of sanctions for the use of one of the fundamental constitutional and labor rights does not find a reasonable justification.

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The importance of safeguarding young athletes' well-being lies in anti-doping policies that carefully balance the enforcement of accountability with the need to offer effective protections for minors in this domain. This case serves as a critical reflection point for the sports world, highlighting the complexities of enforcing anti-doping regulations and the need for systematic reforms to ensure fairness, transparency, and athlete welfare. Despite being a minor, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that the same standards of proof applied to both minors and adults, rejecting age as a mitigating factor and sparking intense debate about the responsibility of the coaches, guardians, and sports organizations in safeguarding young athletes. This case also exposed systematic issues in applying the anti-doping rules, such as delays in testing and reporting, while emphasizing the psychological toll on young athletes subjected to public scrutiny. Additionally, the involvement of adults in the athlete's entourage raised important questions about accountability and their role in her doping violation. While the World Anti-Doping Agency has made significant steps to protect minors from abuse within the doping framework, its inconsistent and limited application of the 'Protected Person' concept fails to adequately protect minors from the agency's punitive measures, revealing a critical gap in the Anti-Doping Code. The controversy underscores the urgency for stricter oversight of sports organizations, enhanced protections for underage athletes, and the importance of balancing justice and compassion within the framework of good governance in sports. The controversy underscores the urgency for stricter oversight of sports organizations, enhanced protections for underage athletes, and the importance of balancing justice and compassion within the framework of good governance in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the subsequent relevant international legal instruments, the consensus of the international human rights law and its legal instruments has promulgated the right to non-discrimination. However, Islamic Shari'ah explicitly rejected discrimination and called for equity and tolerance more than fourteen centuries ago. This note examines the Egyptian criminal law, which has witnessed major developments in combating discrimination following the issuance of the 2014 Constitution. The Islamic nature of Egyptian legal system, which is based on the Islamic Shari'ah as the principal source of legislation, has positively influenced the development of criminal law in Egypt. Since the values and traditions of Islam are rooted in the principles of equity and nondiscrimination, this note argues that the Egyptian legislature is obligated to enact laws prohibiting discrimination. Adherence to this obligation is well reflected in the Egyptian criminal law developments following the adoption of 2014 Constitution which have extended to various fields, including the Penal Code, Sports and Press Law. These developments have criminalised certain types of discriminatory behaviour, such as incitement to hate, racism, and bullying. However, the Egyptian legislature has opted to implement a punitive justice system to tackle discrimination rather than embracing new criminal approaches such as restorative justice, which indicates that the legislature has adopted a firm and serious policy regarding combating discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogical Sciences is the property of Poltava V.G. Korolenko National Pedagogical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The intersection of sport and human rights has demonstrated that the actions of global sport mega-event franchise owners can now no longer be viewed as impervious to wider human rights considerations. In examining recent operational developments undertaken by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as evidenced by their institutional embrace of international human rights standards, this article cautions against an uncritical acclaim of such developments. By drawing upon legal texts, the extant literature on the overlap of both sport and human rights law, and Foucault's governmentality theory, it argues that whilst the IOC's embrace of human rights remains a positive development, their ongoing application of the 'clean venue' principle on Olympic Host Cities remains problematic for two key reasons. It argues, first, that the 'clean venue' principle can be understood as a governmental technique that disciplines and controls Olympic spaces, and those who fall within the regulatory, legal, and operational reach of the principle itself, whilst preserving the existing political economy in which the Olympics are embedded within. Secondly, it argues that as an inescapable expression of the IOC's commercial and contractual control, the 'clean venue' principle raises additional human rights concerns which impact upon various rights such as freedom of assembly and expression and the rights of local communities within and around Olympic and 'non-Olympic' spaces. Ultimately, this article contends that while the IOC's recent operational developments are to be welcomed, much work remains to ensure that human rights law is more visibly foregrounded within the IOC's legal framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The equestrian sports industry constitutes a lucrative branch of business for numerous stakeholders. This article aims to show the reality of animal welfare standards in modern equestrian sports, its pros, cons and the possible fate of these Olympic disciplines in the nearest future. After presenting the legal foundations of equestrian sports, the latest controversies and most important facts connected with the ethics of using horses in equestrian sports, the problem of the position of horses in these sports is presented, trying to place them somewhere between athletes and victims. As the next step, the main negative aspects of equestrian sports are pointed out, combining the social and psychological aspects of sport rivalry and the impact that human emotions – inevitable in any sporting rivalry – may have on the ethics of using horses. The conclusions present my opinion regarding the possible future of equestrianism, including answering the question as to whether it should remain an Olympic discipline.

Maintaining an effective testing program is critical to the success and credibility of the anti-doping movement. However, a low detection ratio compared to the assumed real prevalence of sport doping has led some to question and criticize the effectiveness of the current testing system. In this perspective article, we review the results of the global testing program, discuss the purpose of testing, and compare benefits and limitations of performance indicators commonly used to evaluate testing efforts. We suggest that an effective testing program should distinguish between preventive testing and testing aimed at detecting the use of prohibited substances and prohibited methods. In case of preventive testing, the volume of the test program in terms of number of samples, tests and analyses is likely to be positively related to the extent of the deterrent effect achieved. However, there is a lack of literature on how the deterrent effect works in the practical context of doping testing. If the primary goal is to detect doping, the testing must be risk- and intelligence-based, and quality in test planning is more important than quantity in sample collection. The detection ratio can be a useful tool for evaluating the effectiveness of doping testing, but for the calculation one should take into account the number of athletes tested and not just the number of collected samples, as the former would provide a more precise measure of the tests' ability to detect doping among athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the characteristics and psychological characteristics of athletes' illegal and criminal behaviours, this paper puts forward a study on the disciplinary violations of High-performance sport athletes in China. This study used the methods of literature review and expert interviews to analyze the disciplinary violations of High-performance sport athletes in China. The results show that the disciplinary violations of High-performance sport athletes in China mainly include match fixing, false age, false gender, doping, violence, etc. The reasons for these disciplinary violations involve low education level, distorted ideological concepts, weak legal awareness, inadequate sports laws and regulations, and the impact of social misconduct. In response to the existing problems, some feasible suggestions have been put forward, including strengthening the construction of athletes' moral quality, strengthening the cultivation of legal awareness, strengthening the construction of sports legal system, and increasing the punishment for disciplinary violations. These suggestions are intended to lay a foundation for the rapid, stable, civilized and healthy development of High-performance sport in China. In summary, in order to solve the problem of illegal and criminal behaviour among athletes, it is necessary to play the guiding role of the Sports Law and improve the legal responsibility for doping violations; Expand the application of civil compensation, broaden the channels for athletes' relief, and encourage athletes to request compensation for infringement liability; Improve relevant administrative regulations and provide guarantees for inspections outside doping competitions; Strictly crack down on doping crimes and use criminal punishment to crack down on the doping crime circle. These measures will help solve the problem of athletes' crimes and promote the healthy development of High-performance sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, original in nature, was devoted to the issue of awards and prizes for e-sports players. The motivational financial instruments in question are regulated in the Sports Law, specifically in Article 31. The author has attempted to solve the legal problem of finding an answer to the question of the legal possibility for municipalities to establish and finance prizes and awards for e-sports players under Article 31 of the Sports Law. Due to the singular and causal works in the field of e-sports funding, which do not address the issue of establishing and funding prizes and awards for e-sports players under Article 31 of the Sports Act, the elaboration of this issue within the framework of the article will, in the author's opinion, undoubtedly enrich the current literature on the subject. The introductory considerations focus on presenting the essence of the definition of sport and attempt to qualify e-sports as a sport under the Sports Act, which is significant for the possibility of local authorities establishing prizes and awards. The key views of the literature, judicial decisions, and the state of the law in this area were presented. Investigations in this area have led to the conclusion that, with a few reservations, it is possible to qualify e-sport as a sport. Subsequently, the focus was on the legal aspects concerning the possibility for municipalities to establish and finance prizes and awards for e-sports players. The problem concerning the understanding of competition under the Sports Act was resolved, and it was pointed out that e-sports players, despite the lack of a Polish e-sports association, can participate in sports competitions under the Sports Act. In addition, the problematic premise concerning the importance of a given sport for a local authority has been clarified. The final considerations in this area have allowed de lege ferenda postulates to be formulated. The analysis is based on legal norms and statements of doctrine and jurisprudence. The article contains considerations concerning the normative and dogmatic sphere as well as the sphere of law application by administrative courts. The research has a national character. In this article, the dogmatic-legal method has been applied, consisting of the analysis of legal regulations on the establishment and financing of awards and prizes for players of electronic sports. The subject matter discussed is divided into several main editorial units. The different parts correspond to the main outline of the problem and its relation to important scientific and practical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Compulsory Execution / Revista Română de Executare Silită is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Court of Justice's case law, stretching back fifty years, provides that sporting practices which fall within the scope of EU law may be applied on the condition that it is shown they are necessary to achieve legitimate objectives and that they comply with the demands of the test of proportionality. This admirable model of 'conditional autonomy' is in danger. On 21 December 2023, the Court changed its approach. It restricted the scope for arguments specific to sport to be advanced in defence of practices reviewed against the demands of EU competition law. The risk is that an interpretation of EU law 'from a competition standpoint' – as the Court put it on 21 December - in pending cases concerning the transfer system, the regulation of agents and club (re)location will prevent sport's (claimed) special features even being assessed as part of the legal analysis. This paper urges the Court not to wreck its excellent track record in the development of EU sports law. It should treat most choices about governance in sport as restrictions of competition by effect, not object. The intent is not to immunise them from review but rather to ensure that review stretches beyond Article 101(3) TFEU and is fully sensitive to the economic and sporting context in which governing bodies operate as regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on recent developments in sports law through a survey of court decisions between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023. Topics include alternative dispute resolution in sports-related cases, the application of antitrust laws to professional and collegiate sports, and significant rulings affecting NCAA regulations and athlete compensation.

The purpose of this study is to examine experiences female collegiate athletes encountered with Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) legislation. Ten collegiate female athletes across multiple divisions and geographic regions were interviewed for this study. Participants discussed various facets of their experiences with NIL, such as team dynamics and personal branding. The results of this study suggest differences in (1) their institutional educational processes for NIL, (2) their attitudes toward NIL, (3) shifts (or lack thereof) in their team's group cohesion and leadership, and (4) their experience with forming and managing their personal brand. This study adds to the current body of literature illuminating the ways in which NIL legislation has impacted team dynamics and athlete branding, an area of research previously unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, sports activity mainly served as a means of rehabilitation for persons with disabilities (PWDs), leading to sports’ organizational structures to be limited primarily to athletes with disabilities (AWDs). Today, given the professionalization of adaptive sports, sports activity may also be a source of income. This, however, brings implications for forming adequate organizational structures that ensure achievement of best sports results and integration. Integration of PWDs is a process aimed at including them in the community life of persons with disabilities and opening the circles of able-bodied persons to PWDs. Given the above, in 2010 the Sports Act started to move away from the discriminating division between sports for “the able-bodied” and for “persons with disabilities”. At the moment, AWDs are subject to the same regulations as other athletes and efforts are made to involve them in competitive sports on the same terms and within the same organizational structures. The aim of this study is to see if the adopted model of organizational structures in professional (Olympic and Paralympic) has significance for the sense of integration from the perspective of AWDs. To answer this question, provisions of the Sports Act that regulate the creation of Polish sports associations (PSAs) are analysed. Results of the analysis are juxtaposed with empirical research used for expert opinions for the Ministry of Sports and Tourism, which covered 613 Paralympic athletes. Sociological, including statistical, methods are used for the analysis of empirical research. The study employs the method of investigation of the law in force to analyse provisions of the Sports Act, relying on rulings of administrative courts and legislative materials. In the light of opinions of AWDs affiliated in PSAs dedicated to training both able-bodied athletes and AWDs, different opinions are observed on the sense of integration in sports when compared with opinions of AWDs affiliated in associations dedicated solely to training AWDs. Even though the Sports Act does not have a direct and literal proof for PSA’s integrational character, interpretation of provisions by administrative authorities and their application by courts suggests otherwise. Therefore, it can be concluded that legislative changes regarding the model of PSAs, which organizes competition for both able-bodied and AWDs brings positive results in terms of integration.