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Copyright of Journal of Physical Education / Tiyu Xuekan is the property of Journal of Physical Education Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper looks at the history of technology development in Artistic Gymnastics (AG) by reviewing patent registrations, test procedures for the AG competition equipment by the official control laboratory of the International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG), and major apparatus advances by manufacturers. Equipment became lighter and more resistant with synthetic materials, with a clear tendency to increase elastic (repulsive) capacity. It is noteworthy that the testing laboratory becomes an arbiter for the industry and the FIG when the technological developments and equipment of manufacturers are evaluated for official use. Only 23 companies have equipment approved by the FIG, 12 of them manufacturing AG apparatuses. Suppliers are located in nine different countries (2 in Asia; 4 in Europe; 2 in America; 1 in Oceania). There is still an unequal distribution of access to technologies, which are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. More access to the actual technology is clearly required when we consider that 156 national member federations are affiliated with the FIG as of this writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiales para la Historia del Deporte is the property of Polytechnic University of Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación Física y Ciencia is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article revisits a controversial 1998 Journal of Sport History (JSH) article by Synthia Sydnor titled "A History of Synchronized Swimming." It focuses on interrelated aspects of selected academic texts both hostile and sympathetic to the 1998 article and exegesis of the theory, method, biography, and scholarship on which the article was based, underscoring that the composition, theory, and methodology of the article were influenced by beloved people, places, and new and older canonical thought that explored form, genre, and distribution of historical scholarship. The present article sets into historical and cultural context the provocative 1998 article; the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; and the academic milieu of sport studies in the northern hemisphere from the 1970s through the early 2000s. From its 1998 publication onward, the JSH article was studied as an example of deconstruction, postmodern social theory, and the cultural and linguistic turn in scholarship. Some reactions from academia and popular culture to the 1998 piece from over the years are sampled. The 1998 work is summarized as encompassing facets of the avant-garde, postmodern theory, and modern humanities with intentional criticism, meaning, and narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the career of the Indian physical culturist, K.V. Iyer, and situates his writings from the 1920s and 1930s within a transnational community between India and the United States. Iyer ran several gymnasiums, offered health advice, and sold books and mail-order courses across India and internationally. Previous studies have focused on his yogic practices and anti-colonial thinking, with less attention given to his place in the global bodybuilding community. While his writings were sometimes suffused with political rhetoric, his vision of the ideal citizen was derived from his immersion in Western scientific ideas around physiology and anatomy and his ongoing communication with American physical culturists. Studying a global health community between India and the United States, which first found expression through yoga and the Young Men Christian Association, this article positions Iyer as a leading figure in a global exchange of Indian and American ideas concerning the muscular body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the state of the humanities in kinesiology. Programs variously referred to as sport history, sport philosophy, physical culture studies, and physical cultural studies have become endangered species within the field. In response, I highlight several scholars who are, in their own ways, stewards of a humanities-centered, interdisciplinary approach to understanding human movement. In learning from their work, humanists must do more to save themselves from extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive historical overview of the development of DanceSport in China from 1864 to 2023. It delineates three distinct periods: foreign enlightenment (1864–1949), tumultuous exploration (1949–1986), and rapid flourishing (1986–2023). The introduction of DanceSport in treaty ports like Shanghai in the late nineteenth century laid the foundation. The standardization reforms of the 1920s accelerated its popularity among elites. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, DanceSport was transformed ideologically and spread from elites to the masses. The Cultural Revolution brought a total ban. With Reform and Opening up, ballroom dance resumed and began integrating with international standards as DanceSport. Since the 1990s, the competitive, artistic, educational and gender interaction aspects have rapidly grown through organizational development, talent cultivation, and innovation. The article analyzes the patterns, challenges and turning points across the historical progression. It provides a scholarly insight on the localized evolution of a global sport in China amidst broader political, social and cultural transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contributions to Contemporary History / Prispevki za Novejšo Zgodovino is the property of Prispevki za Novejso Zgodovino and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lembaran Sejarah is the property of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Department of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

South African popular and formal sport history has over-emphasised rugby, soccer and cricket during the nineteenth century. To date, no formal South African study has covered a history of hockey. The game emerged in South African newspapers during the mid-to late-nineteenth century. The present article conveys this history within a socio-historical context, starting with an historical narrative about the origins of the game in England. It is worth noting that these origins came to Britain through African and other routes. In England, hockey developed around issues of class and gender and was exported to its colonies in this manner. In the Cape Colony the game emerged initially in schools and later in military garrisons and sport clubs. Not surprisingly, the early officials of these clubs were also leading members in other social areas of society, and, as with all things in colonial society, black people were usually only mentioned in the press in relation to crime and menial activities. This was also true of hockey. In the Zuid-Afrikaanse Republiek, for example, where earliest documentation exists from 1897 onwards, they were recorded acting as groundsmen at white sporting venues. This article pivots around the work of Robertha Park who argues that sports are cultural artefacts, reflecting dominant social structures and salient values of societies. The best we can do is explain the origins of South African hockey as a fraction of world history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the intersections between the study of sport and the study of the city through the extension of sport history to themes traditionally explored by geography—notably urban planning scholars. Its focus is two case studies related to urban planning decisions in early millennial Sydney, Australia. Through an examination of public submissions in response to building development applications made by two community-owned professional sports organizations competing in the National Rugby League, the study explores how modern sporting fandom complicates ideas about place and locality through forms of delocalization and glocalization. The authors conclude that when exploring the phenomenon of place protection, the built environment is not necessarily the primary factor informing a sense of place attachment in an urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elite football migration from Africa has drawn much scholarly attention. The social value attached to the ostensibly fortunate players crossing borders has grown expansively in the continent. Still, little empirical research is available on East African football. To lay the foundations to study Ugandan footballers' transnational lives, history, and migration trajectory, a historical review of Uganda's football migration trends is presented. Until 1962, Ugandan sports were under the British influence and control, athlete movement was restricted, football structures were flimsy, and the economy was in dismay. With professionalization, globalization, commercialization of sports, as well as the free movement of professional athletes endorsed by the 1995 Bosman Ruling, ushered in a new era of liberalized sport labour migration. Ugandan footballers were among those who participated in this phenomenon, sometimes using other African football leagues as a springboard to their desired destinations. While football migration in the early years was dominated by men, by the early 2000s women footballers also started departing, albeit at a slower pace and following distinct migration trajectories to their male counterparts. Moreover, Ugandan footballers do not follow a predictable or consistent migration patterns, exposing the need for indepth research into the unique migration trajectories and life histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neither archives nor museums are neutral. They reflect particular sets of priorities: those of the institution; the collectors and curators within them; and those of their intended audiences. In the context of sport, gender is a key influence on these priorities. Yet sporting archives are relatively silent about women's historical involvement in sport. A number of Collaborative Doctoral Partnership projects delivered through Sporting Heritage use oral history as a methodology for academic research and as an intervention in the archive, expanding collections and giving voice to otherwise under-represented groups. In this paper, I focus on issues relating to oral history in heritage settings and in the academic practice of history: the history of the methodology itself and its implications for a shared research agenda, including the extent to which oral history can – and should – be used as a method of historical recovery. In sport heritage and sport history. where men and the masculine have dominated the academic discipline and the practice of collecting, I consider the gendering of oral history, and its implications for such collections. Lastly, I reflect on the critical opportunities offered by this methodological approach, as well as the challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia: Questoes & Debates is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article looks at the ways in which the Gerald Ford administration involved itself in the United States Olympic program. Though short in tenure, Ford's administration dealt with four Olympic-related issues and acted in the best interest of the US Olympic Movement in each case: the creation of the President's Commission on Olympic Sports, funding for the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Games, the revocation of Radio Free Europe's press credentials in Innsbruck, and the status of the Republic of China's team in Montreal. It argues that Ford understood the distinction between presidential support for the Games and too much presidential interference in the Olympic Movement and that his administration always acted appropriately. Though often overshadowed by his successor Jimmy Carter's outright interference in American sporting diplomacy, Ford's legacy regarding American amateur sport and particularly the Olympic Games should be positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the post-war period of 1940s Montreal, in part characterized by the Quebec nationalism of Premier Maurice Duplessis, the businessman Adrien Gagnon challenged the monopoly on bodybuilding, physical training, and physical culture enjoyed by fitness entrepreneurs Ben and Joe Weider. Gagnon mobilized sentiment against the dominance of English businessmen in Montreal, through his magazine Santé et Développement Physique. This article examines how Gagnon wielded aspects of French Canadian nationalism, and the respective influences of language and religion as cultural and moral enterprises, in the sale of his publications and products as he attempted to dislodge the market share and influence of the Weiders in the business of health and exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writing of this paper is the result of reflections on my practices of teaching History in secondary education. Academic studies linked to the History of Sports are relatively new and their products are little known. This has meant that History of Sports is rarely considered as an option for teaching History. I believe that it is necessary to discuss the relevance of the history of sports in the History classroom and, above all, the formative elements of teaching this specific knowledge. This paper aims, firstly, to provide an overview of sport as an object of study in History and the main formative elements of this field of study. Secondly, to reflect on its educational potential, so that it becomes a didactic option for teaching History in secondary education.

This article seeks to increase the understanding of the historical development of Artistic Gymnastics and, mostly, the women’s participation in this sport. Therefore, through historical research, we analyzed the genesis and the inclusion of balance beam apparatus at the core of this gymnastics discipline. The delimitation of the period ranged from 1896 Olympic Games until the years between 1952 and 1964, which are known by the stabilization of the competitive characteristics of Women's Artistic Gymnastics. We observed that in the beginning, as well as in sport in general, women were excluded from this cultural experience. However, throughout history, we observed that the balance beam became a protagonist of the Artistic Gymnastics becoming a stage for reinforcing as much as to confront what women could or could not do in this gymnastics discipline.

Copyright of Science of Gymnastics Journal is the property of Science of Gymnastics Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Title IX specifies that "no person" shall be subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex. Yet, advocacy groups and state legislators have debated transgender girls' and women's right to participate in sports teams consistent with their gender identity. Such entities employ misguided research about testosterone's role in sports, assert that transgender girls displace cisgender girls in sports, and weaponize gender verification against transgender girls. Title IX's original intent catalyzes access for all young people in sports, regardless of gender identity. A review of the historical underpinnings of the regulatory policy driving Title IX's implementation, leading up to the Biden administration's current efforts to assess Title IX's application to sports, underscores the path to the truest implementation of Title IX. The regulatory mechanisms establishing Title IX implementation compel maximization of sport opportunities for all girls and women, which includes trans girls and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinclair W. Bell, Christian Jaser and Christian Mann, eds., The Running Centaur: Horse-Racing in Global-Historical Perspective. London: Routledge, 2022. 216 pp. $160 (hb).

Copyright of Recorde: Revista de História do Esporte is the property of Recorde: Revista de Historia do Esporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Japan has a long and deeply embedded physical culture of long-distance running. During the late 1800s, imperial postal couriers ran messages along the Tokaido road, connecting Kyoto to Edo (known as Tokyo today), serving as an integral part of Japan's communication and transportation system. From these foundations, a sporting tradition was established that has continued uninterrupted for over one hundred years. Ekiden racing is a team relay running race indigenous to Japan. It emphasizes four unique features: team dynamics within a solitary sport; Japan's impressive support systems for the encouragement of long-distance running; the cultural feature of passing the tasuki (sash) while racing; and the performative expressions of effort, endurance and suffering that these events evoke for participants and spectators. Building on its social, educational, symbolic, historic, and performative strengths, the sport is exceedingly popular today in Japan. This paper explores the ways in which ekiden, a traditional and indigenous sport, has had an influence on the current marathon market in Japan and beyond. Finally, it discusses how Japan has encouraged and supported distance running as an activity that embodies Japanese cultural values while simultaneously drawing foreigners to Japan to participate in its distance running ecosystem. The tradition of ekiden racing is, in part, responsible for the development of Japan as a marathoning nation during the last two centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1924 Tex Austin, an American showman, brought his world travelling Rodeo to Croke Park in Dublin. Coming at a time of significant social and political upheaval in Ireland, Austin's rodeo promised an entirely new kind of spectacle which was free from imperial or British connotations. Austin's rodeo, and cowboy paraphernalia in general, seemed largely immune from cultural suspicions despite the fact that few citizens knew what a rodeo actually entailed. The purpose of the present article is twofold. First it provides a detailed examination of Tex Austin's Dublin Rodeo, and a growing proliferation of cowboy culture in interwar Ireland. Second, it uses Austin's Rodeo and its aftermath, to discuss the rise of cowboy masculinities in Ireland. Done to highlight the multiplicity of masculine identities in the Free State, the article discusses the appeal of cowboy inspired masculinity in Ireland, as well as the mediums through which it passed. Such an identity was not all encompassing but it did exist, and was sustained by the entertainment and leisure industry. Its study reiterates the need for more work on the various pressures and influences brought to bear on Irish masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of sports-specific clothing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been explored by academics, yet with only a few exceptions which focus on sports such as swimming, riding and tennis, little has been written about the development of sportswear for women in Britain in this period. Similarly, there has been little in the way of consideration given to the growth and development of women's golf during this time. Yet, both are areas of considerable change and worthy of detailed study. In this article we will trace the developments of golf clothing for women from the early days of the formalized game in the late nineteenth century until the end of the inter-war period. In doing so we seek to highlight that golf fashions, like those in other sporting arenas, mirrored the changing expectations of female players whilst also reflecting the societal expectations of women of the period. We will discuss the everyday clothing worn by the pioneers of the game and the modifications they made to their garments in order allow them to play effectively. We will also explore the growth of specialist sports clothing developed specifically for golf and the ways in which these sports clothes were marketed and ultimately became fashionable modes of attire beyond the golf course by the end of the inter-war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the evolution of Tour de France TV broadcasting. Over the course of 70 years, the duration, quality and scope of the race’s coverage changed dramatically. Three periods are identified. In a first phase (1948-1967), Tour de France TV coverage was just a relatively small local French experiment. The second phase (1968-1991) is characterized by European expansion and a stronger focus on product improvements. In the final phase (1992-2021), a high-quality product is brought before a worldwide audience. As a result, the value of the TV broadcasting rights for the Tour de France increased significantly since the 1990s. This enabled race organizer ASO to firmly establish themselves as the sport’s most important actor.

During the interwar years, competitive sport become a global phenomenon, in which competitive games were organized by international bodies and professional athletes performed as (inter)national icons of health, beauty, and social success. The following article explores the nature of this transnational change in one particular place: the Jewish community of Mandate Palestine. By focusing primarily on two Zionist athletic delegations (male and female), the paper illustrates the particular way in which the Hebrew worldview positioned athletic performance within its emerging national project. Specifically, it highlights the way in which, unlike the athletes of many other societies at the time, the Hebrew athlete was not embraced as a national symbol. In incorporating the story of the Hebrew athlete's marginalization, the article advances a necessary (re)examination of "big" Zionist phrases - like "new Jew" or "Muscular Judaism" - not as mere clichés, but in their historical context, as powerful reflections through which a specific group of people perceived themselves and their bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Historia is the property of Associacao Nacional dos Professores Universitarios de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article traces the author's path from early life in the United Kingdom to graduate school in Newfoundland and New Brunswick and then to a series of faculty positions – ultimately, at Saint Mary's University. Early work in the seventeenth-century history of northern New England gave way to a more broadly comparative approach to this era and, eventually, to an effort to coordinate imperial, colonial, and Indigenous history in northeastern North America. A variety of career uncertainties and evolutions also led to involvement in the history of higher education, the history of Atlantic Canada, and the history of sport. Through it all, collaborative work developed as a recurrent approach, with Atlantic Canada themes frequently underpinning responses to a variety of historiographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) and its later sister organization, focusing on care of girls (YWCA), have a long tradition dating back to 1844. They were targeted at young people aged between 12 and 18 years, trying to provide conditions for their overall development. In the Czech lands, the first organization was founded in 1886 as part of the Evangelical Church. In 1919, its American offshoot came to Bohemia along with returning legionnaires, and soon, a local association was formed, which was generously subsidized mainly from American sources. Many of these organizations then operated here mainly with their social and sports activities. Above all, American affiliates brought new methods of training and sports. YMCA and YWCA were abolished twice in 1943 and 1951.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the financial growth and development of the governing body of Rugby Union in Australia, now known as Rugby Australia. In doing so, the research observes Rugby Australia's transformation from a small amateur organisation into a multi-million dollar enterprise. The study examines 39 years of annual financial reporting from which four key operational phases were identified. Through this analysis the exponential growth of the organisation is quantified. Correspondingly, the composition of the organisation's specific revenue items was shown to have shifted significantly over the four phases. Furthermore, the changing accounting treatment of revenue line items within the financial reporting provides qualitative insight into the organisation's historical philosophy toward individual revenue streams. The study contributes to an emerging field of sport research which utilises financial documents as a primary method to explore organisational performance and development. This offers new empirical insights into the transformation of sport into a sophisticated commercial industry. In doing so, it addresses academic calls for greater adoption of quantitative financial methods to explore both sport history and sport management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]