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The collagen fibers in the superficial layer of tibiofemoral articular cartilage exhibit distinct patterns in orientation revealed by split lines. In this study, we introduce a simulation framework to predict cartilage surface loading during walking to investigate if split line orientations correspond with principal strain directions in the cartilage surface. The two-step framework uses a multibody musculoskeletal model to predict tibiofemoral kinematics which are then imposed on a deformable surface model to predict surface strains. The deformable surface model uses absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) shell elements to represent the articular surface and a system of spring-dampers and internal pressure to represent the underlying cartilage. Simulations were performed to predict surface strains due to osmotic pressure, loading induced by walking, and the combination of both loading due to pressure and walking. Time-averaged magnitude-weighted first principal strain directions agreed well with split line maps from the literature for both the osmotic pressure and combined cases. This result suggests there is indeed a connection between collagen fiber orientation and mechanical loading, and indicates the importance of accounting for the pre-strain in the cartilage surface due to osmotic pressure.

We firstly model an irregular-shaped facility layout problem with split lines.The proposed approach outperforms GA when the number of FAs is large.The proposed approach outperforms GA when two split lines are crossed each other.The aspect ratio of an inscribed rectangle is used to control shapes. A logistics park is an exactly delimited domain having a large space to efficiently and effectively organize, manage, and ship goods. The facility layout problem in a logistics park is concerned with determining the proper physical organization of a number of interacting functional areas. It differs from traditional facility layout problems in the context of split lines - railways or highways - which may cross a logistics park and partition it into several parts. Logistics parks also commonly have an irregular shape instead of a rectangular shape. These additional features make the facility layout problem in a logistics park complex and require explicit modeling. This research proposes two mathematical programming models to obtain competitive solutions to the facility layout problem in a logistics park. The first model involves allocating the functional areas into different parts resulting from the given split lines. The second model uses slicing structure technique to determine the final layout of all functional areas. Given that the facility layout problem in a logistics park is NP-complete, a heuristic approach combining improved adaptive genetic algorithm with scatter search is presented. Computational results show that the both proposed models and solution approach are effective and efficient.

This paper proposes a computer-aided design method for semi-destructive disassembly with split lines. This method aims at extracting reusable, recyclable, or hazardous components more efficiently than manual disassembly with higher quality than shredding. The split line is a shape feature of a product that enables to destruct the product into desired shape, like pull tabs of cans. The proposed method aids a designer in adding proper split lines to extract target components. A case study showed that the semi-destructive disassembly sequence of an air conditioner with the split lines reduces the number of steps needed for extracting a target component.

An important process for the reuse and recycling of end of life products is their disassembly. In general, manual disassembly is a labor intensive and costly process. Especially, removing fasteners takes time and cost. For solving this problem, this paper proposes a design method for the partial dismantling of products with split-lines, which are added to the products at the design phase and enable to destruct the products along the line in order to extract target components. This method supports a designer in determining the location of split-lines by using the geometric model of the product. A case study shows that the dismantling of a LCD TV with split-lines reduces the number of manual operations needed for extracting target components.

We report a novel crossover behavior in the long-range-ordered phase of a prototypical spin-$1/2$ Heisenberg antiferromagnetic ladder compound ${(\mathrm{C}}_{7}{\mathrm{H}}_{10}\mathrm{N}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{CuBr}}_{4}$. The staggered order was previously evidenced from a continuous and symmetric splitting of $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ NMR spectral lines on lowering the temperature below ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}330\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}$, with a saturation towards $\ensuremath{\simeq}150\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}$. Unexpectedly, the split lines begin to further separate away below ${T}^{*}\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mK}$, while the linewidth and the line shape remain completely invariable. This crossover behavior is further corroborated by the NMR relaxation rate ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ measurements. A very strong suppression reflecting the ordering, ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{5.5}$, observed above ${T}^{*}$, is replaced by ${T}_{1}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\sim}T$ below ${T}^{*}$. These original NMR features are indicative of the unconventional nature of the crossover, which may arise from a unique arrangement of the ladders into a spatially anisotropic and frustrated coupling network.

Non-nominal visualisation is used to evaluate how geometrical variation influences the appearance of split-lines between components on a car body. Depending on the simulation method, visualised variation can be represented in an unrealistic manner, which can affect the perception of the result. This paper presents a comparative study in which eye-tracking equipment has been used in order to explore whether the interpretation of variation differs between rigid- and non-rigid-based variation simulations during the evaluation of visualised models. Subjects from the automotive industry were asked to evaluate two virtual models where the same amount of variation was represented by rigid and non-rigid models. Eye tracking was used to record how the subjects performed the assessment. The result shows that there is a significant difference in how simulation results are interpreted using rigid versus non-rigid simulation.

After the spatial discrepancy between SLI(Street-Level Imagery) and vector map is removed by their conflation, the corresponding building regions can be found based on SLI parameters. The building region correspondence, however, is not perfect even after the conflation. This paper aims to improve the correspondence of building regions by region splitting of an SLI. Regions are initialized by the seed lines, projection of building objects onto SLI scene. First, sky images are generated by filtering, segmentation, and sky region detection. Candidates for split lines are detected by edge detector, and then images are splitted into building regions by optimal split lines based on color difference and sky existence. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed region splitting method had improved the accuracy of building region correspondence from 83.3% to 89.7%. The result can be utilized effectively for enhancement of SLI services.

The purpose of this study was to develop a plausible methodology based on experimental data how to set up darts and split lines on 3D parametric body dressed with tight-fit garment. The results were as following: Through the process of making convex hull, the concave parts were straightened to make a convex hull, especially in the center part of bust, under breast part and scapular part. To figure out the optimum positions of darts and split lines, the inflection points of curve ratio were searched along the horizontal polylines of waist and bust. This procedures produced reliable results with low deviation. Using Rapidform, CATIA and Unigraphics, six patches of bodice patterns were drawn and aligned. Paired t-test results showed the outline and area between 3D surface and 2D were not significantly different, meaning this method could be adaptable when flattening 3D surfaces. The amount of waist dart measured on the pattern showed that the highest portion was allocated on 2nd dart(back), followed by 1st dart(back), 1st dart(front), 2nd dart(front)/side dart, and center back dart. A series of findings suggested that curve ration inflection point could be used as a guide to set up darts and split line on 3D parametric model with low deviation.

We report the discovery of resolved magnetically split lines in two chemically peculiar stars, the SrEuCr star HD 92499 and the Bp SiCr star HD 157751. From FEROS spectra, we have measured a mean magnetic field modulus of 8.5 kG for HD 92499 and a mean magnetic field modulus of 6.6 kG for HD 157751. Both stars have small projected rotational velocities: v sin i = 3.0 km/s and 8.5 km/s, respectively. Our preliminary abundance analysis reveals ionisation imbalance of rare earths in HD 92499 indicating the abundance pattern typical of rapidly oscillating Ap stars. Cr and Fe are found strongly overabundant in HD 157751., 4 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication as a letter to MNRAS

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the pattern of superficial collagen fibril orientation on the talar dome and to create a template for rotational graft alignment during mosaicplasty. Type of Study: An anatomic, cadaveric study. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric tali had the articular surface of the talar dome pierced in grid fashion with a dissecting needle dipped in India ink. The longitudinal split that occurred between the superficial collagen fibers defined the fiber arrangement at each site of the talar dome. Results: There was a remarkably consistent pattern to the split lines from specimen to specimen. Conclusion: Proper orientation of mosaicplasty plugs during transfer from the donor to recipient site with respect to superficial collagen fiber arrangement may allow the graft to better resist tensile stresses and may contribute to increased long-term graft longevity. Clinical Relevance: Use of the talar dome map, combined with knowledge of the split-line orientation of the donor site, should allow surgeons performing mosaicplasty procedures on the talus to properly rotate their plugs with respect to split-line orientation.

We show that in rapidly oscillating Ap stars with resolved magnetically split lines, different pulsation behaviours can be expected for the π and σ line components. We outline the prospects that this opens for diagnosis of the pulsation of these stars. We present a first application to the strongly magnetic star HD 166473. While the predicted effect could not be observed (possibly due to the low pulsation amplitude), marginal detection of variation of the mean magnetic field modulus with the pulsation frequency is achieved.

During the last few decades, designers have been educated to develop designs with restricted geometry so that parts can be made easily. The revolutionary aspect of rapid manufacturing will be that geometry will no longer be a limiting factor. The introduction of rapid manufacturing will have a number of effects on design. It will be possible to have re-entrant shapes without complicating manufacturing, no draft angles, variable wall thickness, no split lines and fewer parts, leading to easier assembly and lower stock. The individual designer's method of working will change with the introduction of rapid manufacturing and also there will be changes to the overall design process.

Purpose The aims of the present study were to compare the image quality and visibility of tooth cracks between conventional methods and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and to develop an automatic detection technique for tooth cracks by SS-OCT imaging. Methods We evaluated SS-OCT with a near-infrared wavelength centered at 1,310 nm over a spectral bandwidth of 100 nm at a rate of 50 kHz as a new diagnostic tool for the detection of tooth cracks. The reliability of the SS-OCT images was verified by comparing the crack lines with those detected using conventional methods. After performing preprocessing of the obtained SS-OCT images to emphasize cracks, an algorithm was developed and verified to detect tooth cracks automatically. Results The detection capability of SS-OCT was superior or comparable to that of trans-illumination, which did not discriminate among the cracks according to depth. Other conventional methods for the detection of tooth cracks did not sense initial cracks with a width of less than 100 μm. However, SS-OCT detected cracks of all sizes, ranging from craze lines to split teeth, and the crack lines were automatically detected in images using the Hough transform. Conclusions We were able to distinguish structural cracks, craze lines, and split lines in tooth cracks using SS-OCT images, and to automatically detect the position of various cracks in the OCT images. Therefore, the detection capability of SS-OCT images provides a useful diagnostic tool for cracked tooth syndrome., Graphical Abstract

Zusammenfassung Der vorliegenden Arbeit lag die Hypothese zugrunde, das in den konkaven Anteilen des Huft- und Schultergelenks — aufgrund von Biegung und Zugspannung bei bizentrischer bzw. exzentrischer Belastung — eine Vorzugsrichtung der Kollagenfibrillen im subchondralen Knochen zu erwarten ist, aber keine Vorzugsrichtung in den konvexen Gelenkpartnern. Wir untersuchten daher 25 menschliche Huft- und 27 Schultergelenke, welche nach Mazeration entkalkt wurden. Zur Darstellung der Vorzugsrichtung der kollagenen Fibrillen wurde die Spaltlinienmethode verwendet, indem die sub-chondrale Knochenplatte in regelmasigen Intervallen mit Stecknadeln punktiert wurde, welche zuvor in verdunnte Tusche getaucht worden waren. Im Acetabulum fanden wir eine transversale Vorzugsrichtung der Spaltlinien im Bereich des Vorder- und Hinterhorns, die sich in den meisten Fallen durch die Fossa acetabularis fortsetzten. Im ventralen Bereich des Pfannendachs wurden bogenformige Spaltlinienverlaufe beobachtet. In der Cavitas glenoidalis ergab sich ein Spaltlinienmuster mit deutlich antero-posteriorer Verlaufsrichtung, uberwiegend im mittleren Drittel der Gelenkflache. An Caput femoris und Caput humeri wurde in keinem der Falle eine Vorzugsrichtung der subchondralen Spaltlinien beobachtet. Die subchondralen Spaltlinienmuster des Acetabulums interpretieren wir als Ausdruck von Zugspannungen, die durch ein Aufspreizen der Pfanne bei bizentrischer (ventral-dorsaler) Belastung im physiologisch inkongruenten Gelenk bedingt werden. An der Cavitas glenoidalis konnte eine relativ schwache knocherne Abstutzung im ventralen und dorsalen Bereich — insbesondere bei exzentrischer Belastung wahrend dynamischer Aktivitat — zu Biegung und Zugspannungen fuhren, die den von uns beobachteten Spaltlinienverlauf erklaren. Die Ergebnisse unterstutzten die Auffassung, das im subchondralen Knochen der konkaven Gelenkpartner Zugspannungen auftreten, die sich in einer Vorzugsrichtung der Kollagenfibrillen niederschlagen. Dies kann als funktionelle Anpassung des subchondralen Knochens auf mikrostruktureller Ebene gewertet werden.

Ap stars whose spectral lines are resolved in several magnetically split components are of particular interest, because their magnetic field can be diagnosed with unrivalled precision, in an essentially approximation-free manner. We are pursuing a systematic programme of search and study of such stars. At present 25 of them are known, of which 13 have been discovered in the course of the present project (Mathys 1990, hereafter Paper I; Mathys & Lanz 1992, hereafter Paper II; this paper).Up to now, we have obtained observations of 22 of these Ap stars with resolved magnetically split lines. We have recorded high-resolution spectra of a region containing, among others, the three lines Cr ɪɪ λ6147.154, Fe ɪ λ6147.741, and Fe II λ 6149.258. The Zeeman patterns of these three lines are, respectively, close to a triplet, close to a quadruplet, and a doublet. The doublet Fe ɪɪ λ 6149.258 is particularly interesting, because of its large Landé factor (2.7): it can be resolved even in stars with fairly modest fields.

The three-dimensional architecture of bovine articular cartilage collagen and its relationship to split lines has been studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the middle and superficial zones, collagen was organised in a layered or leaf-like manner. The orientation was vertical in the intermediate zone, curving to become horizontal and parallel to the articular surface in the superficial zone. Each leaf consisted of a fine network of collagen fibrils. Adjacent leaves merged or were closely linked by bridging fibrils and were arranged according to the split-line pattern. The surface layer (lamina splendens) was morphologically distinct. Although ordered, the overall collagen structure was different in each plane (anisotropic) a property described in previous morphological and biophysical studies. As all components of the articular cartilage matrix interact closely, the three-dimensional organisation of collagen is important when considering cartilage function and the processes of cartilage growth, injury and repair.

Through interpretation of high-speed films at 10,000 frames per second of shock wave action on kidney stones and gallstones, the mechanism of stone destruction was analyzed in detail. This shows that the interaction of the shock wave with the targets firstly produces fissures in the stone material. Liquid then enters these small cracks. The actual disintegration is caused later by the enormous violence of imploding cavitation bubbles within these small split lines. That cavitation acts inside the stone and causes fragmentation even within the human gallbladder could furthermore be demonstrated by using scanning electron microscopy. These results should lead to a different process in gallstone lithotripsy leaving intervals between the shock wave treatments. This will allow the viscous bile fluids to occupy the fissures of the stones more completely and, therefore, should increase the cavitational activity on the subsequent treatment with shock pulses.

A system for the recognition and checkout of legal amounts on Chinese bank cheques was presented in the paper. Firstly, pianpang recognizer was proposed to combine any pianpang into a neighbor segment. Then, the width model of characters was proposed to determine the predicted positions of split lines. Finally, an efficient state transfer model was proposed to conduct Subset-based recognition. Experiments had been performed on more than 4,000 cheques from China Construction Bank. The proposed system was shown to be effective and efficient. Without (with) the reference values, the correct checkout rate of the best segmentation can reach as high as 85.83% (91.02%).

99Ru,61Ni,57Fe and119Sn Mossbauer spectroscopic studies were made on ternary intermetallic compounds containing ruthenium, RuxY3−xZ (Y=Fe, Ni; Z=Si, Sn). In the system of RuxFe3−xSi, two different hyperfine magnetic fields were observed at the99Ru nuclei (Hhf[Ru]) in the range ofx≤1.0 and the magnitude of eachHhf[Ru] was found to decrease with an increase in the ruthenium concentrationx. Both the99Ru and119Sn Mossbauer spectra of Ru2FeSn could be analyzed with two sets of magnetically split lines. The61Ni Mossbauer spectra of Ru2NiSn were obtained at 5 and 77 K.

A spectroscopic survey of previously-unstudied Luyten Half Second proper motion stars has resulted in the discoveries of two new cool magnetic white dwarfs. One (LHS 2273) is a routine DA star, T= 6,500K, with Zeeman-split H alpha and H beta, for which a simple model suggests a polar field strength of 18.5 MG viewed close to equator-on. However, the white dwarf LHS 2534 proves to be the first magnetic DZ showing Zeeman-split Na I and Mg I components, as well as Ca I and Ca II lines for which Zeeman components are blended. The Na I splittings result in a mean surface field strength estimate of 1.92 MG. Apart from the magnetic field, LHS 2534 is one of the most heavily-blanketed and coolest DZ white dwarfs at T ~ 6,000K., Comment: 7 pages, Astrophysical Journal (Letters), in press

Diagnosis of Ap star magnetic fields through spectroscopic methods is a broad topic, which cannot be fully covered within the rather tight limits of this contribution. Accordingly, the latter is devoted to only one particular approach, namely the determination of the mean magnetic field modulus from the observation of resolved magnetically split lines in high-dispersion spectra taken in unpolarized light. This determination is straightforward, mostly approximation free and model independent. The derived quantity, the mean magnetic field modulus, is the line-intensity weighted average over the visible stellar hemisphere of the modulus of the magnetic vector.

The parameters of an observed spectrum of the resonant absorption of γ-quanta in crystals are calculated for single and split lines, with allowance for self-absorption in the source.

Since Dr. Harvey has already mentioned the main results of my observations, I want to restrict myself to two topics: i) a brief description of the improvements of my method as compared to that used by Stenflo (1973), ii) some puzzeling aspects of my results which might be discussed in this meeting. The main differences between the two methods of simultaneous Zeeman polarization measurements used by Stenflo (1973) and by myself are based on suggestions by Schroter (1973): a) use of three instead of only two differently split lines; b) use of less temperature sensitive lines; c) use of model atmospheres instead of a Milne-Eddington model for the calculation of the ‘calibration curves’; d) observation of selected Ca + K features in order to avoid the statistical method with the scatter-plot diagram.

Architectural changes of the mandibular ramus following masseterectomy were analyzed by means of the split-line technique in both adult and growing monkeys. The right masseter muscle was resected in ten tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and they were sacrificed following a 12-month period. Along with modifications in the shape of the mandible, the masseterectomy induced structural changes as revealed by alterations in the split-line patterns. These changes were much more evident in the adult animals. In growing monkeys, intrinsic forces determine an architecture of mandibular growth, represented by the direction of the splits. This is not influenced by the lack of mechanical factors like muscle action. Conversely, the final fibrous architecture of the bone in the adult monkey may be modified by extrinsic mechanical factors.

Measurements of line strengths in the (101) and (111)-(010) bands of 14N16O2 have been made at a resolution of 0.02 cm−1 in the region 2863 to 2934 cm−1. The strength data in the (101) band were analyzed to determine a vibrational band strength and coefficients of the F factor. Each subband for K−1 ≤ 9 was analyzed separately and all the F-factor coefficients in terms of the rotational quantum number, N, were found to be too small to be of significance. However, F was found to be dependent on K−1 and the experimentally determined subband strengths were least-squares fitted to the expression Sv0·F, where Sv0 = 68.3 cm−2 atm−1 at 296 K and F = 1 + (2.899 × 10−3)K−1 + (4.08 × 10−3)K−12 − (2.34 × 10−4)K−13. The integrated strengths for the (101) and (111)-(010) bands were found to be 70.9 ± 2.3 and 2.7 ± 0.3 cm−2 atm−1 at 296 K, respectively. Also included in this study are measurements of line center positions in the two bands and spin-splittings in the (101) band. Recent frequency measurements of lines with K−1 ≤ 8 in the (101) band have been made at a resolution of 0.0033 cm−1 by V. Dana and J. P. Maillard (J. Mol. Spectrosc. 71, 1–4) (1978)) for the region above 2889 cm−1 and our values are in excellent agreement with theirs. Separations of the split lines measured in this work (K−1 ≤ 10) agree well with calculated values using expressions which include the ηaaaaK−14 term with η′aaaa = −1.70 ± 0.15 × 10−4 cm−1 as derived for the (101) state. Three forbidden (ΔN ≠ ΔJ, ΔK−1 = 0) transitions in the (101) band were observed with their identifications based on the agreement between measured and calculated line positions and strengths.

The analysis of surface quantum oscillations in strong magnetic fields at gate voltages, where the valley splitting is not resolved, show, that the σ xx measurements can be successfully simulated with different sets of data for the valley splitting and the lineshape of the density of states. From experimental σ xx data, measured at different magnetic field directions relative to the surface normal, only the lineshapes of the conductivity contributions σ N,s ( E ) of spin split levels (which consist of two valley split lines) and an upper limit Δυ max for the valley splitting can be deduced (Δυ max ≈ 1 meV at n = 4 × 10 12 cm −2 and B ⊥ = 7.4 Tesla). Measurements at different substrate bias voltages and the analysis of Hall conductivity data seem to indicate, that the valley splitting is substantially smaller than Δυ max .

Major changes in the demands of the automobile engineer have led to a reduction in variety, an increase in numbers and a change in materials used. More accurate production methods need more accurate castings and less is left to the judgement of the individual pattern-maker. Fundamental design problems are discussed, such as the uniqueness of component description and the difficulties with defining split lines and surfaces. Conventional methods of mould-making are outlined and details are given of A computer aided engineering system (duct) with stereoscopic viewing facilities. The system is shown diagrammatically and the various operational steps involved are explained. A review is given of the fundamental concepts involved in the use of duct to design components. An example is given of a mould made without the use of any conventional drawings. Weights of components can be quickly estimated, and components can easily be optimised for weight and casting stresses. (TRRL)

57Fe Mossbauer spectra of highly supersaturated Al-Fe alloys containing 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 at % Fe were obtained. The spectra were interpreted as a superposition of a single line due to isolated Fe atoms and broad quadrupole split lines due to Fe associations and precipitations. From the area ratio between single line and doublet, it was found that the enhanced formation of these associations and precipitations occurred in all specimens.

When similar products are mix-produced through manufacturing operations where some of the processes are in common and some are different, split automatic transfer lines are installed. In these lines, a split interference caused by a split of the in-process job flow occurs, and line productivity decreases more than series lines. So buffer storages need to be allocated between successive stages. In this paper we study the behaviour of split lines using a Markov model, and compare two allocation methods for the buffer: one is the allocation of local buffers and the other is the allocation of a common buffer.

The polarisability of a molecule is assumed to be made up of the bond polarisabilities as functions of the inter-nuclear distances. It is pointed out that certain normal co-oridnates could be quadratic functions of some of the variations in the inter-nuclear distances which fact accounts for the appearance of overtone Raman lines assuming only first order variations in the bond polarisabilities. These ideas have been applied to the case of CO2 and the intensity ratio of the Fermi split lines has been calculated which is in good accord wih experimental observations.

Profile changes of five magnetically non-split lines going from the photosphere to faculae are investigated. The observations show that the profiles normalized to the continuum differ from those of the undisturbed photosphere only in the core. The outer parts of the profiles remain unchanged. Calculations using two recent facular models do not represent these observed profile changes. It is shown that a temperature increase in outer layers h≳ 250 km does explain the observations. The problem of photospheric magnetograph calibration for facula magnetic field measurements is discussed.

Line asymmetries of five magnetically insensitive lines in penumbrae are investigated in detail.

A study of the diffraction pattern of UO/sub 3/ revealed several split lines, suggesting a monoclinic or triclinic unit cell. Calculated and x-ray data are tabulated. (J.E.D.)

The DUCT package of programs for the computer aided design and manufacture of objects with doubly-curved three-dimensional surfaces is described. Recent developments enable a designer to define the shape of a surface readily, to analyse the shape to find split lines, surface areas, enclosed volumes, etc.,and to cut the surface on an n.c. machine tool. The DUCT package is implemented by Control Data on their international time-sharing bureau, and also by the Delta Metal Co.Ltd. on their own Prime 300 computer.