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INTRODUCTION. HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) IS A VIRAL INFECTION WHICH GENERATES EPITHELIAL TUMOURS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES AND SKIN ESPECIALLY WARTS. THE DIMENSIONS OF THE WARTS COULD VARY AMONG INDIVIDUALS FROM A FEW MILLIMETRES TO A CONSIDERABLE SIZE BEING CALLED GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (GCA). THIS GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM WAS FIRST DESCRIBED BY BUSCHKE AND LÖWENSTEIN IN 1925 ON PENILE FORESKIN, NOWADAYS KNOWN AS BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN TUMOUR (BLT). MATERIAL AND METHODS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER IS TO REVIEW THE AVAILABLE DATA REGARDING THE ETIOPATHOGENY OF BLT DIAGNOSIS AND NEW LINES OF TREATMENT. WE USED PUBMED AND SCOPUS DATABASES FOR REVIEWS AND FULL ARTICLES. CONCLUSIONS. BUSCHKE -- LOWENSTEIN IS A RARE DISEASE CAUSED BY INFECTION WITH HPV, ESPECIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH "SEMI -- MALIGNANT " VERRUCOUS CARCINOMA OR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. COINFECTION WITH HIV ENHANCE THE ONCOGENIC ABILITY OF HPV, BUT THE ONCOGENIC PROCESS IS SLOW, SO AN EARLY REMOVAL OF THE LESION WHEN NOTICED BY THE PATIENT IS USEFUL TO PREVENT A GCA. PRE-EXPOSURE AND POST-EXPOSURE VACCINES ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING BLT AND REDUCING THE VIRAL LOAD IN THE INFECTED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malpractice is a relatively new term in terms of litigation. Prior to the early 18th century, medical malpractice lawsuits were mainly limited to cases that resulted in severe injury and death. At the beginning of the 19th century, things started to change for the medical practitioners, unfortunately not in a good way. What seemed to have started in the USA, spread like fire throughout the Western Europe. This state of affair prompted physicians to practice the socalled "defensive medicine". It is well known that surgery in general and urologic surgery in particular is associated with iatrogenic injury and high-risk procedures that do not always have a positive outcome. Moreover, office urology seems to also imply a high degree of litigation risk. The aim of this paper was to determine the fields in Urology that are most prone to litigation and malpractice lawsuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several studies which link the ubiquitously Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) to several malignancies. Some of them like cervix cancer had already been proven but others are still opened to discussions. One of them which we refer in this topic is the bladder cancer. We shall try to discuss it in a general and particularized manner given the fact that bladder cancer includes several types of neoplasia. The general term bladder cancer include urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, inverted urothelial neoplasia and last but not the least a mix between urothelial neoplasia with squamous cell carcinoma differentiation. Another concern seems to be related to a possible marker that can be used for this type of neoplasia and if it can be linked to HPV or not. There are studies which try to link p16 or p53 to HPV with conflictual results. There are also manny papers which try to find out if there is or not any role for HPV in bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several studies which link the ubiquitously Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) to several malignancies. Some of them like cervix cancer had already been proven but others are still opened to discussions. One of them which we refer in this topic is the bladder cancer. We shall try to discuss it in a general and particularized manner given the fact that bladder cancer includes several types of neoplasia. The general term bladder cancer include urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, inverted urothelial neoplasia and last but not the least a mix between urothelial neoplasia with squamous cell carcinoma differentiation. Another concern seems to be related to a possible marker that can be used for this type of neoplasia and if it can be linked to HPV or not. There are studies which try to link p16 or p53 to HPV with conflictual results. There are also manny papers which try to fi nd out if there is or not any role for HPV in bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iatrogenic ureteral injuries account for over 75% of all ureteral injuries and according to literature the incidence of iatrogenic ureteral lesions during abdomino-pelvic surgery ranges from 0.5% to 10%. Undiagnosed and untreated on time, this pathology could lead to severe complications, possible fatal. Gynecological surgeries are responsible for more than 50% of all ureteral iatrogenic injuries, followed by colo-rectal surgery, vascular surgery and urological procedures. The risk of ureteral injury is enhanced by previous surgery, radiotherapy, abdomino-pelvic neoplasia that infiltrates and deforms the pelvic structures, disrupting the normal pelvic anatomy, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and endometriosis. Imaging investigations such as ultrasonography, intravenous urography, contrast CT and ureteropyeloghraphy are essential in the diagnostic process of ureteral injuries and as well as in establishing a proper therapeutic management. We present the management applied in the case of a female patient with an iatrogenic ureteral injury after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer, for whom we have performed ureteroneocystostomy using the Politano-Leadbetter approach, after failing inserting a ureteral double J catheter. The gold-standard treatment for this type of pathology is represented by minimally invasive endoscopic procedures due to excellent results, fewer complications and lower morbidity and mortality rates when compared to open surgery. When endoscopic approach fails, classic surgery or the laparoscopic approach remain the viable solution. Several studies have presented good results in the cases where ureteral catheters were inserted before surgery, suggesting that the identification, isolation and dissection of the ureters is easier and that risk of iatrogenic ureteral injury is significantly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iatrogenic ureteral injuries account for over 75% of all ureteral injuries and according to literature the incidence of iatrogenic ureteral lesions during abdomino-pelvic surgery ranges from 0.5% to 10%. Undiagnosed and untreated on time, this pathology could lead to severe complications, possible fatal. Gynecological surgeries are responsible for more than 50% of all ureteral iatrogenic injuries, followed by colo-rectal surgery, vascular surgery and urological procedures. The risk of ureteral injury is enhanced by previous surgery, radiotherapy, abdomino-pelvic neoplasia that infi ltrates and deforms the pelvic structures, disrupting the normal pelvic anatomy, retroperitoneal fi brosis, and endometriosis. Imaging investigations such as ultrasonography, intravenous urography, contrast CT and ureteropyeloghraphy are essential in the diagnostic process of ureteral injuries and as well as in establishing a proper therapeutic management. We present the management applied in the case of a female patient with an iatrogenic ureteral injury after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer, for whom we have performed ureteroneocystostomy using the Politano-Leadbetter approach, after failing inserting a ureteral double J catheter. The gold-standard treatment for this type of pathology is represented by minimally invasive endoscopic procedures due to excellent results, fewer complications and lower morbidity and mortality rates when compared to open surgery. When endoscopic approach fails, classic surgery or the laparoscopic approach remain the viable solution. Several studies have presented good results in the cases where ureteral catheters were inserted before surgery, suggesting that the identifi cation, isolation and dissection of the ureters is easier and that risk of iatrogenic ureteral injury is signifi cantly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcoholism is a common condition and frequently clinicians are forced to confront its complications in general hospital settings. There are an estimated 3 million alcohol-dependent people in Romania alone, from which a significant number suffers episodes of withdrawal severe enough to require pharmacologic treatment. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a clinical diagnosis, with symptoms that range from minor (anxiety/palpitations) to severe (delirium tremens/hallucinations). Benzodiazepines have the best evidence in treating this disease. A symptom-triggered therapy approach is favored using a validated tool, such as CIWA-Ar (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Scale, Revised), for shorter periods of hospitalization and for using lower doses of sedatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]