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Summary: This pilot and feasibility study evaluated wrist‐worn accelerometers to measure recovery from day‐case surgery in comparison with daily quality of recovery‐15 scores. The protocol was designed with extensive patient and public involvement and engagement, and delivered by a research network of anaesthesia trainees. Forty‐eight patients recruited through pre‐operative assessment clinics wore wrist accelerometers for 7 days before (pre‐operative) and immediately after elective surgery (early postoperative), and again at 3 months (late postoperative). Validated activity and quality of recovery questionnaires were administered. Raw accelerometry data were archived and analysed using open source software. The mean (SD) number of valid days of accelerometer wear per participant in the pre‐operative, early and late postoperative periods were 5.4 (1.7), 6.6 (1.1) and 6.6 (1.0) days, respectively. On the day after surgery, Euclidian norm minus one (a summary measure of raw accelerations), step count, light physical activity and moderate/vigorous physical activity decreased to 57%, 47%, 59% and 35% of baseline values, respectively. Activity increased progressively on a daily basis but had not returned to baseline values by 7 days. Patient questionnaires suggested subjective recovery by postoperative day 3 to 4; however, accelerometry data showed that activity levels had not returned to baseline at this point. All activity measures had returned to baseline by 3 months. Wrist‐worn accelerometery is acceptable to patients and feasible as a surrogate measure for monitoring postoperative recovery from day‐case surgery. Our results suggest that patients may overestimate their rate of recovery from day‐case surgery, which has important implications for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) remain significantly above national targets for health promotion and disease prevention in Canada and the United States. This study investigated the 5-year SUD outcomes following a selective drug and alcohol prevention program targeting personality risk factors for adolescent substance misuse., Methods: The Co-Venture trial is a cluster randomized trial involving 31 high schools in the greater Montreal area that agreed to conduct annual health behavior surveys for 5 years on the entire 7th grade cohort of assenting students enrolled at the school in 2012 or 2013. Half of all schools were randomly assigned to be trained and assisted in the delivery of the personality-targeted PreVenture Program to all eligible 7th grade participants. The intervention consisted of a brief (two-session) group cognitive-behavioral intervention that is delivered in a personality-matched fashion to students who have elevated scores on one of four personality traits linked to early-onset substance misuse: impulsivity, sensation seeking, anxiety sensitivity, or hopelessness., Results: Mixed-effects multilevel Bayesian models were used to estimate the effect of the intervention on the year-by-year change in probability of SUD. When baseline differences were controlled for, a time-by-intervention interaction revealed positive growth in SUD rate for the control group (b=1.380, SE=0.143, odds ratio=3.97) and reduced growth for the intervention group (b=-0.423, SE=0.173, 95% CI=-0.771, -0.084, odds ratio=0.655), indicating a 35% reduction in the annual increase in SUD rate in the intervention condition relative to the control condition. Group differences in SUD rates were reliably nonzero (95% confidence) at the fourth and fifth year of assessment. Secondary analyses revealed no significant intervention effects on growth of anxiety, depression, or total mental health difficulties over the four follow-up periods., Conclusions: This study showed for the first time that personality-targeted interventions might protect against longer-term development of SUD., Competing Interests: Drs. Conrod and Stewart coauthored and hold the copyright of the intervention manuals that were used in this study to train school-based facilitators and provide interventions to students. They obtain no personal financial gain from these copyrights, and make them available through cost recovery service agreements (e.g., printing, content development, and human resources) to facilitate dissemination of the program outside of a research context. The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Background: Peer victimization (PV) is associated with alterations in neural responses in regions subserving emotional regulatory processes and with increased risk of psychopathology during adolescence. The present study examined the longitudinal mediating effects of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between adolescent PV and subsequent internalizing (depression and anxiety), and externalizing (conduct and hyperactivity/inattention) symptoms., Methods: 151 adolescents (baseline mean age 12-14; 54% males) were assessed and imaged three times during a five-year period. We focused on rsFC of a priori determined Regions-of-Interest (ROIs) guided by the literature (i.e., amygdala, anterior and posterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex). Multilevel mediation (MLM) analyses simultaneously examined the between-person, concurrent within-person, and lagged within-person associations between PV and internalizing/externalizing symptoms through changes in couplings of the amygdala with the other four ROIs. All models controlled for the effects of self-reported childhood maltreatment and sex differences., Results: An increased rsFC of the amygdala-posterior insula significantly mediated the lagged within-person association of PV and internalizing symptoms (β = 0.144; 95% CI [0.018, 0.332]). This effect was significant regardless of childhood maltreatment, concurrent externalizing symptoms, and sex differences. The rsFC did not mediate the relationship between PV and externalizing symptoms., Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that adolescent PV may lead to long-lasting maladaptive neural communication between emotional response and sensory perception of pain (i.e., bottom-up emotion regulation) and that these neural responses may serve as unique markers for increased internalizing symptoms that appear in later adolescence in peer-victimized youth. These findings have implications for interventions targeting internalizing symptoms in victimized adolescents., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Edalati, Afzali, Spinney, Bourque, Dagher and Conrod.)

Objectives: Increasing evidence implicates cannabis consumption as a key risk factor in the development of psychosis, but the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain understudied. This study proposes to determine whether sleep disruption acts as a mediator of the cannabis-to-psychosis relationship., Study Design: This longitudinal study assessed measures of cannabis use frequency, sleep quality (SQ), and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were collected using self-reported questionnaires. Data were collected from September 2012 to September 2018. Data were collected from a general population sample of adolescents who entered the seventh grade in 31 schools in the Greater Montreal area. The study uses data collected on an annual basis from 3801 high school students from grades 7 to 11. The aforementioned measures were measured using the Detection of Alcohol and Drug Problems in Adolescents questionnaire, a SQ Likert scale, and measures the Psychotic-Like Experiences Questionnaire for Children., Study Results: Results show a reciprocal 1-year cross-lagged effect of cannabis use and sleep (β = -0.076, 95% CI = -0.037 to -0.018, P  = .000), of sleep on cannabis use (β = -.016, 95% CI = -0.025 to -0.006, P  = .007), of sleep on PLEs (β = -0.077, 95%CI = -0.014 to -0.051, P  = .000), and of PLEs on sleep (β = -0.027, 95% CI = -0.037 to -0.018, P  = .000). We additionally found a 2 years indirect lagged-effect of cannabis use on PLEs (β = 0.068, 95% CI = 0.024 to 0.113, P  = .011) mediated by 1-year sleep (β = 0.006, 95% CI = 0.003 to 0.009, P  = .001)., Conclusions: Our results suggest sleep disruptions simultaneously aggravate, and are aggravated by, cannabis addiction and PLEs. The longitudinal sleep-mediated effect of cannabis use on PLEs encourages further research into the role of sleep as a potential therapeutic target in the prevention of cannabis-related psychosis., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the University of Maryland's school of medicine, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center.)

Background: Although the peak onset of depressive symptoms occurs during adolescence, very few studies have directly examined depression-related changes in resting-state (RS) default mode network activity during adolescence, controlling for potential neural markers of risk., Methods: This study used data from a longitudinal adolescent cohort to investigate age-specific, persistent (i.e., lagged), and dynamic associations between RS functional connectivity within the default mode network and depressive symptoms during adolescence using a random intercept cross-lagged panel framework. The Neuroventure sample consisted of 151 adolescents ages 12-14 at study entry without any neurological illness who were assessed three times during a 5-year follow-up with 97% follow-up across the three assessments. Depressive symptoms were measured using the depression subscale of the Brief Symptoms Inventory. RS functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected using a 3T Siemens Magnetom Trio scanner in a single 6-minute sequence., Results: After controlling for relationships between random intercepts, future depression risk was predicted by RS couplings in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex and anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (β = -0.69, p = .014) and in the left inferior parietal lobule and anterior superior frontal gyrus (β = -0.43, p = .035). Increases in depressive symptoms at previous time points significantly predicted changes in functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus and posterior middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.37, p = .039) and between the dorsal precuneus and posterior middle temporal gyrus (β = 0.47, p = .036)., Conclusions: This study was able to disassociate the RS brain markers of depression from those that appear to follow early-onset depression., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Genetic markers of the endocannabinoid system have been linked to a variety of addiction-related behaviors that extend beyond cannabis use. In the current study we investigate the relationship between endocannabinoid (eCB) genetic markers and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in European adolescents (14-18 years old) followed in the IMAGEN study ( n = 2,051) and explore replication in a cohort of North American adolescents from Canadian Saguenay Youth Study (SYS) ( n = 772). Case-control status is represented by a score of more than 7 on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). First a set-based test method was used to examine if a relationship between the eCB system and AUDIT case/control status exists at the gene level. Using only SNPs that are both independent and significantly associated to case-control status, we perform Fisher's exact test to determine SNP level odds ratios in relation to case-control status and then perform logistic regressions as post-hoc analysis, while considering various covariates. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the most robust SNP×SNP interaction of the five eCB genes with positive AUDIT screen. While no gene-sets were significantly associated to AUDIT scores after correction for multiple tests, in the case/control analysis, 7 SNPs were significantly associated with AUDIT scores of > 7 ( p < 0.05; OR<1). Two SNPs remain significant after correction by false discovery rate (FDR): rs9343525 in CNR1 (p corrected =0.042, OR = 0.73) and rs507961 in MGLL (p corrected = 0.043, OR = 0.78). Logistic regression showed that both rs9353525 ( CNR1 ) and rs507961 ( MGLL ) remained significantly associated with positive AUDIT screens ( p < 0.01; OR < 1) after correction for multiple covariables and interaction of covariable × SNP. This result was not replicated in the SYS cohort. The GMDR model revealed a significant three-SNP interaction ( p = 0.006) involving rs484061 ( MGLL ), rs4963307 ( DAGLA ), and rs7766029 ( CNR1 ) predicted case-control status, after correcting for multiple covariables in the IMAGEN sample. A binomial logistic regression of the combination of these three SNPs by phenotype in the SYS cohort showed a result in the same direction as seen in the IMAGEN cohort (BETA = 0.501, p = 0.06). While preliminary, the present study suggests that the eCB system may play a role in the development of AUD in adolescents., Competing Interests: TB served in an advisory or consultancy role for Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Shire. TB received conference support or speaker's fee by Lilly, Medice, Novartis and Shire. TB has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Shire & Viforpharma. TB received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, CIP Medien, Oxford University Press. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. LP served in an advisory or consultancy role for Roche and Viforpharm and received speaker's fee by Shire. LP received royalties from Hogrefe, Kohlhammer and Schattauer. The present work is unrelated to the above grants and relationships. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Elkrief, Spinney, Vosberg, Banaschewski, Bokde, Quinlan, Desrivières, Flor, Garavan, Gowland, Heinz, Brühl, Martinot, Paillère Martinot, Nees, Papadopoulos Orfanos, Poustka, Hohmann, Millenet, Fröhner, Smolka, Walter, Whelan, Schumann, Pausova, Paus, Huguet, Conrod and the IMAGEN consortium.)

The externalizing psychopathological dimension is associated with alterations in adolescents' functional brain connectivity. The current study aims to identify the functional correlates of the unique variability in conduct problems within the context of the broad externalizing dimension. The broad externalizing dimension and unique variability in conduct problems were estimated using a bifactor model. Resting-state data were available for a sample of 125 adolescents. Based on multiresolution parcellation of functional brain networks atlas, major resting-state functional brain networks and the connectivity correlates of unique conduct problems and the broad externalizing dimension were established. The broad externalizing dimension was related to connectivity alterations in the ventral attention/salience network, while unique variability in conduct problems dimension was related to connectivity alterations in the cerebellum crusi as well as the mesolimbic network. The current study is a first step toward the identification of functional resting-state network correlates of broad and specific variability in the externalizing dimension.

A sustainable nanomaterial, cellulose nanofibril (CNF) was used to prepare aerogel sorbents to remove various contaminants in wastewater. A mussel-inspired coating strategy was used to introduce polydopamine onto the surface of CNFs, which were cross-linked with polyethylenimine (PEI) to form the aerogels. The synthetic procedure was optimized to achieve a minimal consumption of raw materials to produce a robust porous structure. The aerogels possessed a low density (25.0 mg/cm 3 ), high porosity (98.5%) and shape recovery in air and water. Adsorption studies were conducted on two representative contaminants, Cu (II) and methyl orange (MO). The kinetic data obeyed the pseudo 2 nd order kinetic model and the mechanism of adsorption could be described by the intra-particle diffusion model. The Langmuir model fitting yielded a maximum adsorption capacity of 103.5 mg/g and 265.9 mg/g for Cu (II) and MO, respectively. The effects of pH on the adsorption performance were evaluated, confirming that the aerogels can maintain a high adsorption capacity over a wide pH range., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with high surface charge density are inadequate for stabilizing oil-water emulsions, which limits their applications as interfacial stabilizers. We performed end-group modification by introducing hydrophobic chains (polystyrene) to CNC. Results showed that the modified CNC are more effective in emulsifying toluene and hexadecane than pristine CNC. Various parameters were investigated, such as concentration of particles, electrolytes, and polarity of solvents on the characteristics of the emulsions. This study provides strategies for the modification of cellulose nanocrystals to yield amphiphilic nanoparticles that enhance the stability of emulsions. Such systems, bearing biocompatible and environmentally friendly characteristics, are attractive for use in a wide range of industries spanning food, biomedicine, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and petrochemicals.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: There is an increase in antimicrobial resistance and complexities arising from verotoxic related bacterial infections as well as rise in demand for application of natural antioxidants to combat oxidative damage by free radicals in many oxidative stress-mediated disease conditions such as cancer. Thus the potential of Curtisia dentata as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiverotoxin against environmental isolates of Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter spp. as well as the presence of phytochemicals and some organic compounds, was determined., Materials and Methods: Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical scavenging activity. Effect of extracts on bacterial cell wall was also determined., Results: Extracts contained anthraquinones, alkaloids, essential oils, glycosides, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, quinones, anthocyanins, amines and carboxylic acids as phytochemicals. Extracts demonstrated high antimicrobial activity and low minimum inhibitory concentrations as well as inhibitory action against the expression of both Vtx1 and Vtx2 genes in Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter haemolyticus and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Ethanol root bark extracts consistently showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.43%), total phenol content (TPH) (57.62 26 mg GAE/g) and reducing power (RP) (41.32%), followed by those of the stem bark and leaf extracts with the respective values of 54.68%, 37.77 mg GAE/g and 21.83%. The extracts induced the leakage of Na(+) and K(+) ions from both test bacteria., Conclusion: Curtisia dentata is a very effective source of antioxidant and a possible alternative to sourcing antiverotoxic antibiotics with novel mechanism of action., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The association of verotoxic E. coli and Acinetobacter spp. with various antibiotic-resistant, diarrhogenic, and nosocomial infections has been a cause for concern worldwide. E. coli and A. haemolyticus isolated on a number of selective media were screened for virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and transformation of resistance genes. Out of 69 E. coli isolates obtained, 25 (35.23%), 14 (20.30%), and 28 (40.58%) were positive for Vtx1&2, Vtx1, and Vtx2, respectively, 49 (71.015%) for extendedspectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), 34 (49.28%) for serum resistance, 57 (82.61%) for cell surface hydrophobicity, 48 (69.57%) for gelatinase production, and 37 (53.62%) for hemolysin production. For the 14 A. haemolyticus isolates, only 2 (14.29%) in each case from all the samples investigated were positive for Vtx1, Vtx2 and Vtx1&2 respectively, 8 (57.14%) for ESBLs, 7 (50.00%) for serum resistance, 11 (78.57%) for cell surface hydrophobicity, 4 (28.57%) for gelatinase production, and 8 (57.14%) for hemolysin production. Although transformation occurred among the E. coli and Acinetobacter isolates (transformation frequency: 13.3 × 10(-7) -53.4(-7)), there was poor curing of the plasmid genes, a confirmation of the presence of stable antibiotic-resistant genes (DNA concentration between 42.7 and 123.8 microgram) and intragenetic transfer of multidrugresistant genes among the isolates. The isolates were potentially virulent and contained potentially transferable antibiotic resistance genes. Detection of virulence factors, antibiotic resistance genes, and transformation among these isolates is a very significant outcome that will influence approaches to proactive preventive and control measures and future investigations. However, continued surveillance for drug resistance among these bacteria and further investigation of the mechanism of action of their virulence factors are a necessity.

Acinetobacter are a major concern because of their rapid development of resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials, and rapid profundity in transformation, surviving desiccation and persisting in the environment for a very long time. The organisms are associated with bacteraemia, pulmonary infections, meningitis, diarrhea and notorious nosocomial infections with mortality rates of 20 to 60%. Transmission is via person-to-person contact, water and food contamination, and contaminated hospital equipment. The increasing virulence and rapid development of multidrug resistance by these organisms highlights the need to search for alternatives for chemotherapy. A poor understanding of the organisms and dearth of information about their occurrence especially in developing countries informed the need for this review paper.