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The ancient city of Tyana is positioned on a route that extends from the Cappadocia Region to the Cilician Gates. Today, this city is located in the Kemerhisar Town, Bor district of Niğde Province, Turkey. This article focuses on the unguentaria of the Hellenistic Period recovered from the surveys and excavations of Tyana. Two types of unguentaria were identified during these excavations: unguentaria with dome-like rims and spindleshaped unguentaria. The only example of the unguentarium with dome-like rims dates back to the second half of the 3rd century BC. Most of the unguentaria are spindle-shaped (fusiform). The only example of the spindleshaped unguentaria goes back to the 3rd-2nd century BC. Apart from these, other unguentaria found in Tyana are broadly dated to the 1st and 2nd century BC. The 1st and 2nd century BC, when the unguentariums were very commonly available, the ancient city of Tyana emerged as a Greek polis. In the 1st century BC, the Cappadocia region gained the support of Rome. Based on various archaeological and epigraphic data, Tyana had its golden age around these centuries. Also, the unguentaria examined in this study support this argument. A mold found among the ceramics belonging to the Hellenistic period of the city indicates that there used to be a pottery production in or around Tyana. Further, the uncovering of imported ceramics dated to the Late Hellenistic Period and their imitations supplements the existence of a local production. In this regard, it is thought that unguentaria may also be among the types of local production. No unguentarium of Tyana was recovered from the necropolis area of the ancient city. These were found during the archaeological surveys of the ancient city and excavations in the bath and church. . Accordingly, it can be thought that Tyana unguentaria were used for various purposes in daily life.

When circulating degassing or emergency blowout is required during oil and natural gas drilling, it is necessary to use separation equipment to separate waste gas, waste liquid, natural gas, or other impurities to avoid environmental pollution caused by the combustion of mixed fluids. In this paper, a structural scheme of spindle-shaped axial gas–liquid cyclone separator is proposed, and the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and DPM model are used to numerically simulate the gas–liquid two-phase flow, the flow field distribution law of the separator is obtained, the influence of structural parameters on the flow field is analyzed, and the multiobjective and multiparameter structure optimization research of the separator is carried out by orthogonal test method. Through the extreme difference analysis and ANOVA, the optimal level of separation performance of the separator was obtained by the combination of parameters B3A3C2, i.e., the combination of parameters with the outlet angle of 60°, the number of blades of 6, and the ratio of the length of the separation chamber to the depth of the overflow pipe M of 0.4, and the design and optimized structure were verified by the field experiments. The results show that the velocity in the cyclone separator is approximately "M" type distribution, and the velocity decays gradually along the axial direction due to energy loss. With the increase of the inlet gas velocity, the tangential velocity in the separator increases, and the separation efficiency and pressure drop increase. At the same time, with the increase of particle diameter, the centrifugal force of particles increases, the number of particle "escapes" decreases, and the separation efficiency increases, but the particle diameter has little effect on pressure drop. After the optimization of the structure, the separation efficiency is improved, the pressure drop is also reduced, and the comprehensive working performance of the separator is significantly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To enhance the utilization efficiency of visible light and reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, spindle-shaped TiO2 photocatalysts with different Ti3+ concentrations were fabricated by a simple solvothermal strategy using low-cost, environmentally friendly TiH2 and H2O2 as raw materials and triethanolamine-aqueous as the medium. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained photocatalysts were investigated in the presence of visible light. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were applied to characterize the structure, morphologies, and chemical compositions of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2. The concentration of triethanolamine in the mixed solvent plays a significant role on the crystallinity, morphologies, and photocatalytic activities. The electron–hole separation efficiency was found to increase with the increase in the aspect ratio of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2, which was proved by transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the utilization efficiency of visible light and reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, spindle-shaped TiO2 photocatalysts with different Ti3+ concentrations were fabricated by a simple solvothermal strategy using low-cost, environmentally friendly TiH2 and H2O2 as raw materials and triethanolamine-aqueous as the medium. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained photocatalysts were investigated in the presence of visible light. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were applied to characterize the structure, morphologies, and chemical compositions of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2. The concentration of triethanolamine in the mixed solvent plays a significant role on the crystallinity, morphologies, and photocatalytic activities. The electron–hole separation efficiency was found to increase with the increase in the aspect ratio of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2, which was proved by transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

High ionic conductivity and excellent alkaline stability are very important for solid electrolyte. Therefore, spindle-shaped anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly (arylene ether ketone) and 1-Bromo-N,N,N-trimethylhexane-6-aminium bromide (Br-QA) have been prepared. The obtained Br-QA can be grafted with poly (arylene ether ketone) main chains to form micro-phase separation structure enhancing the ionic conductivity. Especially, the grafting quaternary ammonium (QA) cation groups are separated by alkyl bromine endows the AEMs with alkaline stability features. Simultaneously, the OH− conductivity of the QA-PAEK-0.6 obtained membranes is 0.046 S/cm under fully hydrated conditions at 60 °C. After immersing into 1 M NaOH alkaline solution for 15 days at 60 °C, the anionic conductivity still high to 0.03 S/cm. Meanwhile, the poly (arylene ether ketone) backbones provide excellent mechanical properties and the Br-QA cation groups also possess good thermal stability, which satisfy the requirement of wide applications. • The spindle-shaped membranes are synthesized. • Exhibit micro-phase separation structure to improve conductivity. • The alkaline stability of QA was improved by using a six carbon (–CH 2 –) spacers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Esophageal Schwannoma is a rare tumor with only few cases reported in the literature. • In general, Schwanommas are rarely found in the gastrointestinal tract. • Esophagic schwanommas is the least common gastrointestinal form of presentation. • The knowledge about a new case of esophagic schwanomma, impacts in obtaining more information about the clinical course and surgical treatment of this tumor. Esophageal Schwannoma is a rare tumor that represents the least frequent mesenchymal tumor of the esophagus and represents a condition with only a few cases reported in the literature We report a 40-year-old female with a 5 years history of gastroesophageal reflux, repeated history of pharyngitis, odynophagia that culminated in progressive oropharyngeal dysphagia to solids. A barium esophagogram revealed a filling defect in the superior and middle thirds of the esophagus. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a smooth elevated lesion in the upper third of the esophagus, impossible to resect by this mean. An open left cervical approach revealed an 80 × 45 × 20 mm large tumor, which was resected. In general, Schwanommas are rarely found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), while the great majority occur in the stomach, esophagic is the least common GI form of presentation. The knowledge about a new case, impacts in obtaining more information about the clinical course and surgical treatment of this tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare indolent cutaneous tumor which has been considered as a low-grade dermal and subcutaneous fibrohistiocytic neoplasm. DFSP expands slowly but recurs frequently leading to the general assumption that DFSP is a locally aggressive neoplasm. This low-grade/borderline tumor which is generally found on trunk and proximal extremities of adults has limited potential for metastasis. Clinical presentation is usually typical with a red-brown or skin coloured indurated plaque with multiple nodules or protuberances. Histopathology of DFSP is also characteristical which demonstrates storiform pattern of uniform spindle cells infiltrating deep into the subcutaneous fat tissue constituting honeycomb appearence. Here, we report a case of DFSP in a 50-year-old woman who presents with a twenty year history of slowly growing mass on her left femoral area.

The spindle-shaped virion morphology is common among archaeal viruses, where it is a defining characteristic of many viral families. However, structural heterogeneity intrinsic to spindle-shaped viruses has seriously hindered efforts to elucidate the molecular architecture of these lemon-shaped capsids. We have utilized a combination of cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography to study Acidianus tailed spindle virus (ATSV). These studies reveal the architectural principles that underlie assembly of a spindleshaped virus. Cryo-electron tomography shows a smooth transition from the spindle-shaped capsid into the tubular-shaped tail and allows low-resolution structural modeling of individual virions. Remarkably, higher-dose 2D micrographs reveal a helical surface lattice in the spindle-shaped capsid. Consistent with this, crystallographic studies of themajor capsid protein reveal a decorated four-helix bundle that packs within the crystal to form a four-start helical assembly with structural similarity to the tube-shaped tail structure of ATSV and other tailed, spindle-shaped viruses. Combined, this suggests that the spindle-shaped morphology of the ATSV capsid is formed by a multistart helical assembly with a smoothly varying radius and allows construction of a pseudoatomic model for the lemon-shaped capsid that extends into a tubular tail. The potential advantages that this novel architecture conveys to the life cycle of spindle-shaped viruses, including a role in DNA ejection, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of dwarfing inter stock on the structure of pear trees, investigations were made to the tree and group structure of the 4-year-old spindle-shaped 'Huangguan' pear grafted with vigorous stock (Pyrus betulaefolia stock) and that grafted with the dwarfing inter stock 'Zhong ai 1 hao' (P. betulaefolia rootstock). The results showed that the 4-year-old 'Huangguan' pear trees grafted with the dwarfing inter stock 'Zhong a 1 hao' were 2.87 m high on average, with 70.70% of short braches, converted into 21 016.0 branches per 667 m², 840.64 m² of leaf area per 667 m² with the leaf area coefficient of 1.75. On the other hand, for the 'Huangguan' trees grafted with vigorous stocks, the average tree height was 3.17 m, and the short branch proportion was 63.20%, converted into 15 806.4 branches per 667 m², 719.28 m² of leaf area per 667 m² with the leaf area coefficient of 1.55. Therefore, the use of dwarfing inter stock 'Zhong a 1 hao' had significant dwarfing effect on 'Huangguan' pear trees, which a so showed significant yield increasing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synthetic route has been developed to prepare silver iodide (AgI) loaded spindle-shaped TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs). The morphology and crystallinity characterization revealed that small AgI NPs, with an average diameter of 15 nm were dispersed on the surface and interior of nanoporous anatase TiO 2 support. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the nanoporous structure of TiO 2 and the existence of AgI NPs. Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) showed that AgI/TiO 2 composite exhibited a remarkable enhancement of visible light absorption, which is ascribed to the addition of AgI. For illustrating the superior property of this hybrid as photocatalyst, the degradation experiments were carried out for processing rhodamine B (RhB) solution under visible light irradiation and it was found that the photocatalytic activity was dramatically improved for AgI/TiO 2 compared with nanoporous TiO 2 and commercial P25 TiO 2 . The enhanced photocatalytic properties could be attributed to the large surface area of porous TiO 2 , good stability of AgI particles, and the effective charge separation due to the synergetic effect between AgI and TiO 2 that can facilitate the separation of electron-hole pairs. Our novel composite based on nanoporous spindle-shaped TiO 2 represents a promising new pathway for the design of high-performance photocatalysts for environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach was developed to synthesize smart shape-controlled PNIPAM/CS/Fe 3 O 4 microgels with uniform size. Interestingly, the microgels in spindle-shaped, cuboid and spherical morphologies were successfully prepared using the micro-emulsion polymerization at a low temperature from 28 to 40 °C based on the theory of “coil-to-globule”. The morphology and properties of the as-prepared products were investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Results revealed that the PNIPAM/CS/Fe 3 O 4 microgels exhibited good thermo- and pH-sensitivities, and the size of the microgels decreased sharply upon increasing the temperature around 32 °C. The microgels with various shapes show a great promise in bioseparation and many other fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare indolent cutaneous tumor which has been considered as a low-grade dermal and subcutaneous fibrohistiocytic neoplasm. DFSP expands slowly but recurs frequently leading to the general assumption that DFSP is a locally aggressive neoplasm. This low-grade/borderline tumor which is generally found on trunk and proximal extremities of adults has limited potential for metastasis. Clinical presentation is usually typical with a red-brown or skin coloured indurated plaque with multiple nodules or protuberances. Histopathology of DFSP is also characteristical which demonstrates storiform pattern of uniform spindle cells infiltrating deep into the subcutaneous fat tissue constituting honeycomb appearence. Here, we report a case of DFSP in a 50-year-old woman who presents with a twenty year history of slowly growing mass on her left femoral area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spindle-shaped α-FeOOH nanocrystals were facilely synthesized using a poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP)-assisted route under hydrothermal conditions. The chemical compositions and morphol-ogies of the as-prepared samples were characterized in detail by X-ray power diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The experimental results reveal that these spindle-shaped α-FeOOH nanocrystals have self-organized into assemblies with hierarchical nanostructures. The crucial roles of PVP in the hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical α-FeOOH nanostructures were discussed. The possible formation mechanism was also suggested. Moreover, the spindle-shaped α-FeO nanocrystals could be easily obtained after calcining the α-FeOOH prepared by the PVP-assisted hydrothermal process. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spindle-shaped β-FeOOH/polyacrylonitrile-amidoxime (PAN-amidhydrazone)/silver composite particles with a stable core-shell structure were successfully fabricated in the mixed solvent of dimethylformamide (DMF) and methanol using a seed-mediated growth technique, where metal silver nanoparticles tethered on β-FeOOH served as the nucleation sites for the growth of the silver nanoshell overlayer. The closed silver shell was finally formed after the seed catalyzed growing process repeated several cycles. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the composite nanoparticles were spindleshape. The resulting nanoparticles showed good stability under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Air-assisted spray characteristics were investigated experimentally. • "Spindle-shaped" and "anchor-shaped" spray characteristics were compared. • Vortex-ring suppresses fuel wall-impingement and promotes spray spread. • Vortex-ring formation can be achieved by adjusting spray control parameters. Air-assisted spray characteristic in a constant-volume vessel has been investigated experimentally. Influences of injection control parameters such as fuel injection duration Δ T f , fuel-air injection interval Δ T f - a and air injection duration Δ T a on the spray characteristics were studied. Results show that two distinct spray shapes were observed under appropriate control parameters, namely, "spindle-shaped" spray and "anchor-shaped" spray. The "anchor-shaped" spray which promotes spray spread possesses relatively smaller spray tip penetration, but better spray spread which is beneficial to fuel/air mixing. The enhancement on spray spread for "anchor-shaped" spray is attributed to the formation of vortex-ring near spray tip under relatively low spray velocity. Non-monotonic spray dispersion area ratio R d can be observed with increasing Δ T f , Δ T f - a and Δ T a. Droplet velocity decreases with Δ T f increasing, which suppresses droplet breakup therefore results in the increasing of droplet size. However, the formation of the vortex-ring weakens this increasing trend of droplet size. Increasing of Δ T f - a tends to generate stable vortex ring hence stable droplet velocity and SMD. In terms of air injection duration Δ T a , droplet velocity was observed to change non-monotonically with Δ T a increasing, due to the "spindle-shaped — anchor-shaped — spindle-shaped" spray shape transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor predominantly arising in the second part of the duodenum with rare local recurrence or metastasis to regional lymph nodes. A 92-year-old female presented with obstructive jaundice. On exam she had pale conjunctiva and icteric sclera. Abdominal examination revealed tenderness in the upper abdomen. Laboratory data was consistent with obstructive jaundice. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed a dilated gall bladder and a common bile duct (CBD) with no evidence of liver lesions or pancreatic head mass. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a 1 cm isoechoic submucosal nodule at the periampullary area, dilated CBD (9 mm), a prominent pancreatic duct (4.1 mm) and a hydropic gall bladder with no stones. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography was performed to relieve obstruction and showed a 1 cm periampullary mass which underwent an en-bloc snare resection. Histopathology analyses with immunohistochemical stains were positive for cytokeratin, synaptophysin, S-100 protein, neuron specific enolase and negative for actin and desmin consistent with periampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma. Periampullary gangliocytic paraganglioma is a rare benign tumor of the small bowel. Common presentation includes abdominal pain and obstructive jaundice which should be included in differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. Endoscopic resection is a curative therapy in the absence of local invasion or distant metastasis.