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The objective of this article is to support student and faculty researchers who endeavor to commercialize their technology. We share our experiences as evidence-based lean start-up instructors who coach fledgling start-ups as they attempt to spin out intellectual property from within research institutions. Our instruction is deeprooted in customer discovery-the act of talking with and observing customers to ensure that the solution provided best fits their needs and, as a result, will more likely bear the fruit of a successful commercialization effort.

The desire of many engineers is to see their work end up as a final product offering a real benefit to society—for a lecturer/professor at a university, this is a dream often out of reach of the majority. However, the university academic is a changed species from the early days of the binary line between Universities and Polytechnics and when a lecturer meant just that—teaching to future engineers. This article describes the process and experience gained by a university engineer to spin out their research from the university sector and achieve the goal of a product reaching a global audience.

The decline of oil’s dominance will start with a peak in demand. Reaching that peak quickly is an essential goal, even if things will likely spin out of control from there. If humanity is to avoid ...

BACKGROUND: High-flex posterior stabilised rotating platform (PSRP) implant was introduced to provide for deep knee flexion. Few short-term results have been reported, but there are no long-term outcomes reported. METHODS: We prospectively followed 48 patients (53 knees) implanted with one such design. Inclusion criteria for implantation were patients with good pre-operative flexion and wishing to perform activities requiring deep knee flexion post-operatively, with femorotibial varus angle

Public order policing sits at the intersection between crime fighting and order maintenance. The right to protest is enshrined in many jurisdictions, and the police have an important role in ensuring that peaceful protests do not spin out into public criminality (such as vandalism, and assaults against counter-protestors). It is therefore understandable that much criticism about public order policing has been directed at the tactics used against people not engaged in criminal acts. Since the inception of modern policing, the police have been on the frontline in public order strategies, often with unintended consequences. Importantly, most research and practical guidelines on public order policing have little to say about vulnerable people. While many protests and demonstrations are conducted on behalf of vulnerable people and/or vulnerable people are participants in protests, they are largely absent from any discussion of public order policing. The tactics and weaponry used by police during public order events assume the invulnerability of participants, and make few provisions for vulnerable people. The critical importance of accounting for vulnerability in public order policing is no more obvious than in the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests, where indiscriminate use of weaponry and tactics have deepened the vulnerability of some, and created the conditions for enduring vulnerability for others.

PurposeThis paper describes and discusses company spin-ins and spin-outs as a means to understand company growth in a dynamic context. The following question is asked: How can growth be understood in spin-ins and spin-outs of innovative firms? The paper suggests return on capabilities as a measure to understand growth in an open innovation context.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical part of the paper consists of a single case study. Data was captured through interviews and secondary data sources.FindingsThe paper points to that resources alone do not explain strategic decisions by a company and how spin-ins and spin-outs result from the need for capabilities, changes in business foci and temporary solutions to deal with overcapacities or lack of alternatives.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to research by discussing contemporary issues in strategy and innovation and relating them to the resource-based view and the growth of the firm. Spin-outs, and acquisitions and divestitures as interlinked events have rarely been focused on in the literature, while they remain frequent phenomena in practice.

Launching a spin-out is becoming increasingly attractive for students, academics and researchers worldwide. Once established as a company, the directors are automatically accountable and responsible for complying with local health and safety regulations. Currently, the advice available to them appears highly variable and the advantages of having a well-defined health and safety management system from the onset are not always obvious. This chapter explores potential pitfalls and provides guidance on the basic steps a new spin-out needs to take to establish a safe foundation for future growth. In the chapter we have provided a checklist aimed to help you to develop and implement a safety management system.

As interest in university science commercialization has expanded, researchers have increasingly acknowledged the elemental role of individual academic scientists in associated activities—from scientific discovery and invention to licensing and new venture development. In this article, we review recent literature focused on psychological aspects of academic scientists’ involvement in such activities, which has concentrated primarily on topics that we have categorized as human capital, social capital, heterogeneous objectives, and demographic characteristics. In addition, we offer suggestions for potential theoretical and methodological advances to this literature. Finally, we discuss emerging trends in university science commercialization and the important role that individual academic scientists will likely need to play to ensure the future viability of universities’ efforts to both generate and appropriate value from such activities.

Organizational collaboration has played an important role in the field of strategic management in the last couple of decades. Though the importance of collaboration to entrepreneurship might seem apparent, research on it is distributed across multiple contexts, theoretical perspectives, and units of analysis. The aim of this volume is to highlight this diversity and emphasize the important roles that collaboration plays in value creation, resource acquisition, and the development of entrepreneurial ventures. Interorganizational collaboration involves two or more independent organizations working together under an incomplete contract to accomplish certain objectives. These collaborations might take many forms, ranging from relatively informal or narrow-scope exchanges to equity partnerships. Exciting prospects exist to more explicitly link collaboration to other topics in entrepreneurship, including the creation and discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities, technology entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial decision making, and cooperative commercialization strategies. This handbook is categorized into sections that address some of the most important topics related to collaboration and connect them to unique challenges and opportunities related to entrepreneurship. In this collection of work, leading scholars take stock of the current literature and aim to advance this body of research by highlighting the role that collaboration plays in value creation, resource acquisition, and the development of entrepreneurial ventures.

BoxLab, a start-up with an app for rapidly replacing damaged chemical packages and labels, has become the first spinout from BASF’s Chemovator business incubator. Set up in January 2019 in Mannheim...

Over the past few decades the policy environment in the UK has gradually sought to encourage public sector workers to ‘spin-out’ the services that they deliver into social enterprises. The research reported in this paper draws on semi-structured interviews with eleven representatives across four local authorities in the UK that are spinning out a public service into a social enterprise. The services being spun out operate across four different sectors, which allowed the research to identify the common experiences and barriers to spinning-out. The analysis is underpinned by a theoretical model of partnerships/collaborations by Takahashi and Smutny (2002). We present an alternative version of this framework based on public sector spin-outs. In doing so, the research identified the complex partnership arrangements used in a spin-out involving multi-stakeholder collaborations with staff, services users, and public, private and third sector organisations. We also identify and discuss the challenges that this brings to local authorities in relation to managing the process.

This paper conceptualizes and empirically examines organizational and institutional antecedents of spinouts (i.e., new businesses created by employees). We deploy multi-level logistic regression modeling methods on a sub-sample of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor's 2011 survey covering 29 countries. The results reveal that employees who have experience with activities unrelated to the core technology of their organizations are more likely to spin out entrepreneurial ventures, whereas those with experiences related to the core technology are less likely to do so. In support of recent theory, we find that the strength of intellectual property rights and the availability of venture capital have negative and positive effects, respectively, on the likelihood that employees become entrepreneurs. These institutional factors also moderate the effect of technology relatedness such that spinouts by employees with experiences related to core technology are curbed more severely by stronger intellectual property rights protection regimes and lacking of venture capital.

Our study examines the mediating effect of spin-out team characteristics on the relationship between founder quality and parent and spin-out performance. Since the ability to transfer or recreate complementary assets is a critical determinant of performance, we theorize and show that founders with greater ability impact both parent firm and spin-out performance by assembling teams that represent strong complementary human capital. Using linked employee-employer US Census data from the legal services industry, we find founding team size and tenure mediate the founder quality effect. Our findings have practical implications for both managers of existing firms and aspiring founders as it relates to their human resource strategies: the factor most salient to performance is not the individual quality per se, but the manner in which it impacts the transfer and spillover of complementary human capital.

By reviewing previous research, this chapter aims to clarify the positioning of this study and the academic contributions of this study. This chapter is roughly divided into three parts. First, it outlines previous studies on innovation of highly versatile technology. Then, it looks at studies on patterns of innovation. Next, it analyzes discussions on the relationship between spin-outs, labor mobility, and innovation. Lastly, it positions this study’s own the academic contributions in the context of this previous literature.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and obesity are associated with frequent exacerbations and poor quality of life in asthmatics. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of obesity, including modification of inflammation affecting epithelial cell proliferation and wound repair, while the role of GORD is poorly understood and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) are of variable efficacy. GORD might exert a deleterious effect by inducing vagal reflex, neuroinflammation and directly ( via microaspiration) triggering airway inflammation. Studies of reflux in animal models and human bronchial epithelial cell culture show varying impact on inflammation and airway remodelling. Footnotes This manuscript has recently been accepted for publication in the European Respiratory Journal . It is published here in its accepted form prior to copyediting and typesetting by our production team. After these production processes are complete and the authors have approved the resulting proofs, the article will move to the latest issue of the ERJ online. Please open or download the PDF to view this article. Conflict of interest: Dr PEROTIN has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Schofield has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Wilson has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Ward has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Brandsma has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Strazzeri has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Bansal has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Yang has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Rowe reports and a full time employee and shareholder of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson. Conflict of interest: Miss Corfield has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Lutter has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Prof. Shaw reports personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Teva, personal fees from Circassia, and a grant from GSK, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Bakke reports personal fees from GSK, AZ, Novartis andTeva, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: MC have no conflict of interest to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Dahlen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Fowler reports personal fees and non-financial support from AstraZeneca, grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Teva, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Horvath reports personal fees from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, CSL, Chiesi, Roche, GSK, Berlin-Chemie and Sandoz, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Howarth reports personal fees from GSK, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Krug has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Montuschi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Sanak has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Sandstrom reports other monetary support from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: Dr Sun has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Pandis has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Auffray reports grants from Innovative Medicine Initiative, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: Dr De Meulder reports grants from Innovative Medicine Initiative, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: Ms. Lefaudeux reports grants from Innovative Medicine Initiative, grants from Innovative Medicine Initiative, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: Dr Riley reports and I have shares in and I am employed by GSK. Conflict of interest: Dr Sousa has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Dahlen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Adcock reports grants from EU-IMI, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: KFC has received honoraria for participating in Advisory Board meetings of GSK, AZ, BI, Teva, Novartis and Merck regarding treatments for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has also been renumerated for speaking engagements. Conflict of interest: Dr Sterk reports grants from Innovative Medicines Initiative, during the conduct of the study. Conflict of interest: Dr Skipp has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Collins reports a patent application for use of a genetically modified Drosophila line carrying one or more mammalian genes associated with a chronic respiratory disease and uses to screen the impact of such genes. Conflict of interest: Dr Davies has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Dr Djukanovic reports receiving fees for lectures at symposia organised by Novartis, AstraZeneca and TEVA, consultation for TEVA and Novartis as member of advisory boards, and participation in a scientific discussion about asthma organised by GlaxoSmithKline. He is a co-founder and current consultant, and has shares in Synairgen, a University of Southampton spin out company.

Just as the Cold War ended leaving too many loose ends, a neo-liberal trading order opened windows that a globally oriented China and a locally immersed India were set to fully utilize. What looked like a predestined rendezvous of two previous world leaders, China and India, found China’s Belt Road Initiative (BRI) and India’s Look/Act East strategic policy frameworks set on a collision course across South (and Southeast) Asia. This chapter takes stock of China’s external compacts in this region, and finds India, encircled by those agreements, desperately girdling globally to break that isolation. Among other findings: local, state, and non-state actors locked horns across a fettered and unstable South Asia whose ramifications also spin out globally, as if beckoning China and India deeper into their power rivalry.

Stuart Russell’s latest book examines how artificial intelligence could spin out of control. David Leslie critiques it. Stuart Russell’s latest book examines how artificial intelligence could spin out of control. David Leslie critiques it.

Interviewed by Ellen Clarke, Commissioning Editor, Future Science Group. Robert Coffin is co-founder and CEO of Replimune. Previously he was Founder and CTO of BioVex Inc, a spin out from his research group at University College London in 1999. He was the inventor of all BioVex products including OncoVEXGM-CSF (talimogene laherparepvec; T-VEC; Imlygic) and oversaw all research and clinical development including bringing T-VEC through to two pivotal Phase 3 studies in melanoma and head and neck cancer. BioVex was acquired by Amgen in 2011 where he was VP Global Development until 2013. T-VEC was approved by the FDA for use in advanced melanoma in October 2015, the first oncolytic therapy or gene therapy to be approved in USA. He was awarded a PhD in virology from Imperial College London prior to his move to University College London in 1991.

Infrastructures have conventionally been viewed as material substrates underlying social action. On this basis, cultural anthropology has engaged infrastructure as vehicles through which political values and symbols are made manifest. In contrast, this introduction, and the contributions that follow, specifies an orientation to infrastructures as ontological experiments. At issue is a view of infrastructures as experimental systems that integrate a multiplicity of disjunctive elements and spin out new relations between them. The result is the creation and transformation of different forms of practical, materialized ontologies, which give shape to culture, society, and politics. Given that these transformations are often slow and incremental, they often unfold under the radar of anthropological analysis. However, we argue that it is important for the anthropology of infrastructure to find ways of bringing their world-changing capacities into view. The paper ends with a brief introduction to the con...

Uniwersytet Otago jest jednym z waznych liderow promujących komercyjne wykorzystanie IP wlasnych pracownikow naukowych. Buduje sie w nim rowniez inspirujące powiązania badawcze z sektorem prywatnym. Realizują je trzy wyspecjalizowane podmioty: Centrum Badan i Rozwoju, Otago Innovation Ltd., Centrum Innowacji Uniwersytetu Otago. Centrum Innowacji Uniwersytetu Otago (CIUO) jest ośrodkiem dzialającym na styku badan i biznesu, lącząc spin out Uniwersytetu Otago oraz firmy start-up z innymi podmiotami gospodarczymi, rowniez czesto nalezącymi do MSP. W rezultacie CIUO od wielu lat skutecznie ulatwia implementacje rezultatow kreatywnych technologii dostosowując je do zasad rynkowej komercjalizacji, dziś juz zazwyczaj globalnej.

The main training grounds for entrepreneurial, technical, and business capacities are existing businesses. There are two ways that this training can lead to new growth—just as there are two ways that existing biological DNA can lead to the growth of bio-mass, namely, (1) existing organisms getting bigger or (2) by spinning out offspring who in turn can spin out more offspring. Where growth has been vibrant, e.g., Silicon Valley, it has followed the second route, growth by offspring. This is also the biological principle of plenitude. Conventional ownership structures lessen the incentives for spin-offs since managers do not want to reduce the "empire" under their control. The biological principle of plenitude is best implemented with employee-owned or cooperative firms (e.g., as in the Mondragon cooperative group). Inspired by ideas first proposed by Henry George and Jane Jacobs, this article explores the social benefits of applying the biological principle of plenitude by encouraging the proliferation of enterprises. This poses a conundrum for societies organized around the private business model: How can the social benefits of spin-offs be realized when managers do not have an incentive to foster new businesses? We conclude with ways to address this problem. Introduction: The Social Roots of Business Innovation Nature abhors a vacuum, and economic development is no exception. Nothing comes from nothing. New businesses build on old businesses, and new ideas derive from old ones. The central question of economic development should therefore be: How can we create the conditions under which a city and a region form a vast learning network, in which

A driving force in the creation of new firms resides in the developments of novel technology by members of current companies. When this happens, an employee gains the incentive to quit the parent company and start a new business venture (i.e. spin-out). Research on entrepreneurial employees and their spin-outs is fragmented and misleading. This chapter finds theoretical gaps and enlarges the understanding of the conditions that allow technological knowledge to give rise to entrepreneurial employees. The analysis of 23 entrepreneurs and 10 spin-out companies in the internet and bio-tech industries shows the pattern of creation of new technological enterprises. It recognizes the role of employees’ entrepreneurship in the formation of innovative ventures. Eventually, the new technology moves again when an existing company acquires the spin-out along with the entrepreneur. This research solves conflicting views in the literature and gives insights into how entrepreneurs actively transfer technologies from one company to another. Entrepreneurial employees create new ventures in a different industry, combine multiple experiences in mature businesses, and pursue acquisition. These conclusions push scholars and practitioners to look at employees’ accumulation of knowledge and business experience as a source of innovation.

Social enterprises have been actively encouraged to spin out of the National Health Service (NHS) on the grounds that they can deliver more innovative, cost-efficient and responsive services. This is arguably achieved through a combination of the best of the public, third and private sectors. This article explores this idea by bringing together empirical data from interviews with NHS spin-outs and a framework of ‘publicness’. By focusing on NHS spin-outs, we look at what happens to an organization’s publicness when it leaves the public sector yet continues to deliver publicly funded services.

Steady Raw Materials (RM) supply is essential for the EU economy and increasingly under pressure to sustain the businesses and industries demand. The supply of RM is not only a matter of availability of primary but also of secondary raw materials (SRM). In fact a great amount of waste can be regained as practical and valuable SRM by enhancing the recovery processes from industrial, mining and municipal landfill sites, especially if we consider that Europe is highly dependent on the imports of several RM. Nevertheless, there is to date no inventory of SRM at EU level. Smart Ground project aims to facilitate the availability and accessibility of data and information on SRM in the EU, as well as creating synergy and collaboration between the different stakeholders involved in the SRM value chain. In order to do so, the Smart Ground consortium is carrying out a set of activities to integrate in a single EU database all the data from existing sources and new information retrieving pilot landfills as progress is made. Such database will enable the exchange of contacts and information among the relevant stakeholders, interested in providing or obtaining SRM. Finally, Smart Ground project will also spin out the SRM economy and employment thanks to targeted training activities, organized during congresses and dedicated meeting with stakeholders and end users interested in calculating the potentiality for SRM recovery from selected landfills, contemporary constituting a dedicated network of stakeholders committed to cost-effective research, technology transfer and training.

Little has been discussed about the unilateral restraint exercised by China and Japan over the East China Sea dispute. While the resort to gunboat diplomacy remains a widely used form of political expression, Collin Koh Swee Lean argues in this chapter that such recourse can still be calibrated by Beijing and Tokyo to ensure that ongoing tensions do not escalate and spin out of control. This chapter also highlights the incremental series of official and semi-official bilateral exchanges that have potentially played a role in facilitating Sino-Japanese rapprochement since late 2014. Given persistent Sino-Japanese differences, Koh argues that with negotiated confidence and security-building measures (CSBMs), such as the proposed crisis management mechanism, not forthcoming, this unilateral restraint looks set to continue as the way forward.

Mobile-bearing Oxford medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has been widely used and has produced good results in the treatment of medial compartmental osteoarthritis. But it is associated with the potential risk of meniscal bearing dislocation. Symptoms caused by most meniscal bearing dislocations include acute pain, knee swelling, and locking. We report two unusual cases of meniscal bearing spinning of 180° without remarkable symptoms, which would have been easily missed if we had not watched carefully. Therefore, if there is sudden locking, pain, swelling, or a slight locking history, the possibility of meniscal bearing spin out as well as meniscal bearing dislocation should be considered and the direction of meniscal bearing markers should be confirmed, especially on lateral radiographs.

A “paradox of authoritarian elections” prevails: While some researchers emphasize the stabilizing effect of authoritarian multi-party elections, others point to their potential for regime subversion. I argue that the effect of elections will likely depend on the capacities of the authoritarian regime in which they take place. In particular, state capacity may influence the relationship between authoritarian elections and regime stability. Autocrats presiding over a highly capable state may abuse the bureaucracy to subtly manipulate voters and the electoral framework. And a strong coercive apparatus serves to prevent opposition mobilization and post-electoral protests. Thus, elections are more likely to stabilize authoritarian regimes endowed with high levels of state capacity. Where state capacity is low, elections are more likely to spin out of control, or the regime may be forced to turn to more blatant forms of fraud or large-scale violence, which tend to cause regime destabilization. The proposed rela...

Universities are widely recognized as a critical source of technological innovation and are heralded for the entrepreneurial ventures cultivated within their walls. To date, most research has focused on academic entrepreneurship—new ventures that spin out of academic laboratories. However, universities also give rise to startups that do not directly exploit knowledge generated within academic laboratories. Such firms—and the societal and economic benefits they create—are an important contribution of modern universities. We propose a framework for understanding the full scope of university entrepreneurship and its driving factors, with the goal of providing scholars, university administrators, and policymakers with insights regarding the resources required to foster entrepreneurship from within the ivory tower.

Prior research has focused on the performance implications of positive or neutral parent-child relationships, but neglected negative, conflict-laden relationships. This study explores from an embeddedness perspective whether parent hostility (degree to which an incumbent firm disapproves of the spawning of a spin-out from within its ranks) affects spin-out performance and how spin-outs can effectively react to it. Analyses of 144 technology spin-outs support our arguments that spin-outs suffer negative consequences from hostility. These are less severe, however, if the spin-out pursues effective network development.

The meeting “Commercialization of Your Regenerative Medicine Research: Lessons from Spin Out Successes” was hosted by the Oxbridge Biotech Roundtable (OBR) (Oxford, UK) at the University of Oxford in February, 2013, and attracted a multi-stakeholder audience spanning academia and industry. The event featured case studies from Gregg Sando, CEO, Cell Medica (London, UK), John Sinden, CSO, Reneuron (Guilford, UK), and Paul Kemp, CEO and CSO, Intercytex (Manchester, UK). OBR is a student-led initiative with over 7000 members across eight different UK and US locations with a mission to foster a conversation about the healthcare and life sciences industry. Here we review the main themes of the meeting and the major questions facing the regenerative medicine industry and its rapidly emerging subsets of cellular and gene therapies. Notably, we discuss the compatibility of regenerative therapies to the existing healthcare infrastructure, biomanufacturing challenges (including scalability and comparability...

Professor Sir David Neil Payne CBE FRS FREng is a leading Professor at the University of Southampton and Director of the Optoelectronics Research Centre. A world class pioneer of technology, his work has had a great impact on telecommunications and laser technology over the last forty years. The vast transmission capacity of today’s internet results directly from the erbium-doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) invented by David and his team in the 1980s. His pioneering work in fibre fabrication in the 70s resulted in almost all of the special fibres in use today including fibre lasers which are currently undergoing rapid growth for application in manufacturing and defence. David has made numerous leading contributions to many diverse fields of photonics and is widely acknowledged as an inventor of key components. Currently, his main research interest is high-power fibre lasers. With US funding, he led the team that broke the kilowatt barrier for fibre laser output to international acclaim and now holds many other fibre laser performance records. An original member of the Highly Cited Researchers (USA) he is honoured as one of the most referenced, influential researchers in the world. He has published over 650 Conference and Journal papers and is a frequent plenary and invited speaker at major international optics conferences. As an entrepreneur David’s activities have led to a cluster of 11 photonics spin out companies in and around Southampton - helping to boost the local economy. He founded SPI Lasers PLC, which has recently been purchased by the Trumpf Corporation of Germany for $40M. Recently elected Chairman of the Marconi Society and to the Russian Academy of Sciences, David is a fellow of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He became a Commander of the British Empire in the 2007 New Years Honours list. In addition he has been awarded the top American, European and Japanese prizes in photonics. Recent awards include the Marconi Prize in 2008 and the 2007 IEE Photonics Award the first to be awarded to a person outside the USA. Most recently, in 2010, David received the AILU (Association of Laser Users) Award for his pioneering work with fibre lasers.

Major news media and think tanks have written and broadcast repeatedly about efforts to prevent nuclear war in South Asia, but relatively little attention has been paid to containment should a conflict between India and Pakistan break out. Even a limited nuclear exchange in South Asia would kill millions and have adverse environmental effects far beyond the region. Because India and Pakistan have ties to the world’s major nuclear powers, such an exchange also has the potential to expand into worldwide nuclear war. A US-led effort to engage the major nuclear powers in bilateral or multilateral no-first-use pledges would decrease the likelihood that a conflict between India and Pakistan could spin out of control. Beyond South Asia, a no-first-use policy would help the United States implement its nonproliferation agenda, promote stability between nuclear weapons states, and deemphasize the role of nuclear weapons in defense policy, saving the United States money and increasing world security.

This paper analyzes how different R&D strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. When examining entrepreneurial ventures of ex-employees of ...

Focusing on entrepreneurial ventures created by employees leaving a firm, our study examines the differential impact of knowledge transfer and knowledge spillovers on both parent and spin-out perfo...

DESPITE THE DETRACTORS, THE ENTHUSIASM FOR WAVE AND TIDAL POWER DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES UNABATED. WATTS 2010 (WIND AND TIDAL TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM) TOOK PLACE EARLIER THIS YEAR AND SHOWED THAT A NUMBER OF WAVE AND TIDAL TURBINE DEVELOPERS ARE MOVING FURTHER FROM THE CONCEPTUAL TO THE DEMONSTRATION SCALE. HOWEVER, SPEAKERS WERE CLEAR THAT SIGNIFICANT MARINE RESOURCES – FROM SPECIALIST INSTALLATION VESSELS TO FAST CREW BOATS – ARE NEEDED IF THIS RENEWABLE SECTOR IS TO HAVE ANY HOPE OF TAKING OFF IN THE WAY OFFSHORE WIND IS NOW DOING. GEORGE MARSH REPORTS.

Howard Barker's play The Bite of the Night has rarely been performed and is not often studied, but its technique offers a valuable model whereby to analyse his subsequent work. Scenes of violence starkly enacted become focal points for an action that at all other times seems to spin out of control. Through this bizarre method, the play demonstrates the value of an artwork that resembles Helen of Troy – beautiful, desirable, and productive of violence. Through Savage's interaction with Helen, Barker speculates that the purely aesthetic and therefore inviolable core of her person provides the foundation for ethical interaction with a society that threatens to segment humanity through its institutions and desires. Helen exposes Savage's need for what Jacques Lacan terms l'objet petit a, and through her beauty, teaches him to fulfil and thus destroy all of his yearnings, exposing what he lacks in order to discover who he is. The play itself serves a similar purpose for its audience, revealing the “miracle” that “happen[s] when desire's dead” (Bite of the Night 78).

The paper presents a product case study tracing the challenges of commercialization from research and product development to market launch. Envirox™ is a diesel fuel additive containing nanoparticles of cerium oxide, which enables fuel efficiency gains alongside reductions in harmful emissions such as black carbon (soot). The case traces developmental stages from lab experimentation and performance data sets, to raising finance, securing manufacturing capability and market testing in Hong Kong and the UK. The paper raises a number of generic and specific issues facing innovative small, university spin-out companies engaged in introducing nano-products to the market-place.

Se presenta la historia de los primeros veinte años de la empresaGIE, especializada en integridad de equipos industriales, en la visión de unode sus fundadores. Se discuten en particular las vicisitudes de losinvestigadores devenidos en emprendedores en los primeros años de formación yconsolidación de la empresa, lasdificultades más relevantes enfrentadas y las ventajas competitivas quepermitieron el éxito de la empresa. Fil: Otegui, Luis Jose. YPF - Tecnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Recent work has demonstrated the potential of gravitationally lensed quasars to extend measurements of black hole spin out to high-redshift with the current generation of X-ray observatories. Here we present an analysis of a large sample of 27 lensed quasars in the redshift range 1.0, Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

The complexities of developing a business based on a novel product may appear insurmountable. Stereotypical convention suggests that there are two major players: polarized inventors and ‘greedy’ investors. Surely there is a way of aligning the inventor–investor relationship into something positive for both parties? In this paper Francis Hobbs explores how both inventor and investor can be incentivized in a virtuous circle through the creation of a formal link between an ‘IP holding’ (inventor) company and an ‘exploitation’ (investor) company which is then free to commercialize the idea as it sees fit. With grant funding provided by the government and channelled through the exploitation company, the investor maintains cherished commercial freedom while the inventor benefits not only from paid contract employment to develop his or her own idea in the short term but royalties and, perhaps, exploitation company equity rewards in the longer term when product sales commence.