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Joint absence in people with upper-limb-difference leads to compensatory motions. Such compensation has long been a topic of study, but typically only for a single object/user layout, which is unlikely to spatially generalize. We seek to understand how motion varies over a planar workspace for different target orientations and wrist mobility conditions. We therefore present a study that records arm and torso pose during grasping of 49 equally spaced cylindrical targets. Furthermore, we seek to validate the research practice of using wrist-immobilizing bypass sockets on able-bodied participants to simulate prostheses without wrists. Participants were 2 transradial amputees and 7 able-bodied individuals who conducted the study with and without wrist braces, generating 2450 trajectories. Heat-maps illustrate variation over the workspace in Mean Joint Angle, Range of Joint Motion and Distance Travelled by Body Segment. Results indicate that greater wrist restriction primarily exacerbated shoulder internal rotation and elbow flexion, not the trunk. We observed that bypass sockets do not fully simulate amputee behavior. Furthermore, amputee reaching with their intact limb is different to the reaching motion of normative participants, implying that transradial limb-difference affects both sides of the body. Differences in participant behavior were also observed between horizontal and vertical target orientations.

This article is drawn from a 2022 National Art Education Association Convention panel sponsored by the Professional Learning Through Research working group, showcasing various collaborative research projects across multiple divisions in art education (Bain & Vanderlip Taylor, 2022). Collaborative research practices are evolving, moving away from traditional academic scholarly hierarchical structures. This article highlights how three research groups enacted collaborative research: one representing a higher education collaboration, one situated across museums, and one that features a group of graduate art education students. Borim Song and Kyungeun Lim, two higher education professors, describe how their online studio instruction informs and intersects with their collaborative research practice. Next, museum educators Hannah D. Heller, Michelle Antonisse, and Amanda Tobin Ripley explore questions about how Whiteness played out in teaching experiences within their museums. The final group consists of five graduate students who examined the equity, diversity, and inclusion (ED&I) needs of Texas K-12 art teachers, which influenced their development of various ED&I curricular resources.

Abstract Ice penetrating radar sounding is the primary geophysical technique for imaging the subsurface of planetary ice shells and has the potential to directly detect the ice–ocean interface. However, many sounding measurements may lack laterally extensive features that would aid their physical interpretation. In this scenario, the detection of sparse echoes can also provide rich information on ice shell properties. To explore and demonstrate this possibility, we consider three cases of isolated radar signatures: pore‐curing, eutectic melt, and unattributed echoes. We show that through detection of unattributed sparse echoes, the thickness of the conductive portion of Europa's ice shell can be constrained. These constraints can be improved by attributing sparse echoes to thermally diagnostic signatures such as pore‐curing and eutectic melt. Notably, this approach to radar sounding echo analysis is particularly compatible with joint inversions with other planetary geophysical observations such as tidal deformation, magnetic induction, and rotation state.

Abstract Background Unpaid carers of older people, and older unpaid carers, experience a range of adverse outcomes. Supporting carers should therefore be a public health priority. Our understanding of what works to support carers could be enhanced if future evaluations prioritise under-researched interventions and outcomes. To support this, we aimed to: map evidence about interventions to support carers, and the outcomes evaluated; and identify key gaps in current evidence. Methods Evidence gap map review methods were used. Searches were carried out in three bibliographic databases for quantitative evaluations of carer interventions published in OECD high-income countries between 2013 and 2023. Interventions were eligible if they supported older carers (50 + years) of any aged recipient, or any aged carers of older people (50 + years). Findings 205 studies reported across 208 publications were included in the evidence map. The majority evaluated the impact of therapeutic and educational interventions on carer burden and carers’ mental health. Some studies reported evidence about physical exercise interventions and befriending and peer support for carers, but these considered a limited range of outcomes. Few studies evaluated interventions that focused on delivering financial information and advice, pain management, and physical skills training for carers. Evaluations rarely considered the impact of interventions on carers’ physical health, quality of life, and social and financial wellbeing. Very few studies considered whether interventions delivered equitable outcomes. Conclusion Evidence on what works best to support carers is extensive but limited in scope. A disproportionate focus on mental health and burden outcomes neglects other important areas where carers may need support. Given the impact of caring on carers’ physical health, financial and social wellbeing, future research could evaluate interventions that aim to support these outcomes. Appraisal of whether interventions deliver equitable outcomes across diverse carer populations is critical.

ABSTRACTTwo-thirds of small-bowel transplantation (SBT) recipients develop bacteremia, with the majority of infections occurring within 3 months post-transplant. Sepsis-related mortality occurs in 31% of patients and is commonly caused by bacteria of gut origin, which are thought to translocate across the implanted organ. Serial post-transplant surveillance endoscopies provide an opportunity to study whether the composition of the ileal and colonic microbiota can predict the emergence as well as the pathogen of subsequent clinical infections in the SBT patient population. Five participants serially underwent aspiration of ileal and colonic bowel effluents at transplantation and during follow-up endoscopy either until death or for up to 3 months post-SBT. We performed whole-metagenome sequencing (WMS) of 40 bowel effluent samples and compared the results with clinical infection episodes. Microbiome composition was concordant between participants and timepoint-matched ileal and colonic samples. Four out of five (4/5) participants had clinically significant infections thought to be of gut origin. Bacterial translocation from the gut was observed in 3/5 patients with bacterial infectious etiologies. In all three cases, the pathogens had demonstrably colonized the gut between 1–10 days prior to invasive clinical infection. Recipients with better outcomes received donor grafts with higher alpha diversity. There was an increase in the number of antimicrobial resistance genes associated with longer hospital stay for all participants. This metagenomic study provides preliminary evidence to support the pathogen translocation hypothesis of gut-origin sepsis in the SBT cohort. Ileal and colonic microbiome compositions were concordant; therefore, fecal metagenomic analysis could be a useful surveillance tool for impeding infection with specific gut-residing pathogens.

BACKGROUND: Coral diseases are one of the leading causes of declines in coral populations. In the Caribbean, white band disease (WBD) has led to a substantial loss of Acropora corals. Although the etiologies of this disease have not been well described, characterizing the coral microbiome during the transition from a healthy to diseased state is critical for understanding disease progression. Coral nurseries provide unique opportunities to further understand the microbial changes associated with diseased and healthy corals, because corals are monitored over time. We characterized the microbiomes before and during an outbreak of WBD in Acropora cervicornis reared in an ocean nursery in Little Cayman, CI. We asked (1) do healthy corals show the same microbiome over time (before and during a disease outbreak) and (2) are there disease signatures on both lesioned and apparently healthy tissues on diseased coral colonies? METHODS: Microbial mucus-tissue slurries were collected from healthy coral colonies in 2017 (before the disease) and 2019 (during the disease onset). Diseased colonies were sampled at two separate locations on an individual coral colony: at the interface of Disease and ∼10 cm away on Apparently Healthy coral tissue. We sequenced the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize bacterial and archaeal community composition in nursery-reared A. cervicornis. We assessed alpha diversity, beta diversity, and compositional differences to determine differences in microbial assemblages across health states (2019) and healthy corals between years (2017 and 2019). RESULTS: Microbial communities from healthy A. cervicornis from 2017 (before disease) and 2019 (after disease) did not differ significantly. Additionally, microbial communities from Apparently Healthy samples on an otherwise diseased coral colony were more similar to Healthy colonies than to the diseased portion on the same colony for both alpha diversity and community composition. Microbial communities from Diseased tissues had significantly higher alpha diversity than both Healthy and Apparently Healthy tissues but showed no significant difference in beta-diversity dispersion. Our results show that at the population scale, Healthy and Apparently Healthy coral tissues are distinct from microbial communities associated with Diseased tissues. Furthermore, our results suggest stability in Little Cayman nursery coral microbiomes over time. We show healthy Caymanian nursery corals had a stable microbiome over a two-year period, an important benchmark for evaluating coral health via their microbiome.

Osteolymphoma, also known as primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the bone, is an unusual disease which can be difficult to diagnose. This case study concerns a 51-year-old patient who presented with right leg pain initially diagnosed as osteomyelitis. Failure of treatment and further investigation revealed an unusual primary tumour. We review the sequence of events leading to the diagnosis of osteolymphoma and the literature relating to the diagnosis.

Abstract Fault normal stress (σn) changes dynamically during earthquakes. However, the impact of these changes on fault strength is poorly understood. We explore the effects of rapidly varying σn by conducting rotary‐shear experiments on simulated fault gouges at 1 μm/s, under well‐drained, hydrothermal conditions. Our results show both elastic and anelastic (time‐dependent but recoverable) changes in gouge layer thickness in response to step changes and sinusoidal oscillations in σn. In particular, we observe dilation associated with marked weakening during ongoing σn‐oscillations at frequencies >0.1 Hz. Moreover, recovery of shear stress after such oscillations is accompanied by transient (anelastic) compaction. We propose a microphysically based friction model that explains most of the observations made, including the effects of temperature and step versus sinusoidal perturbation modes. Our results highlight that σn‐oscillations above a specific frequency threshold, controlled by the loading regime and frictional properties of the fault, may enhance seismic hazards.

Abstract Background/Objectives Transitions to and from Emergency Departments (EDs) can be detrimental to long‐term care (LTC) residents and burden the healthcare system. While reducing avoidable transfers is imperative, various terms are used interchangeably including inappropriate, preventable, or unnecessary transitions. Our study objectives were to develop a conceptual definition of avoidable LTC‐ED transitions and to verify the level of stakeholder agreement with this definition. Methods The EXamining Aged Care Transitions study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed‐method design. The study was conducted in 2015–2016 in 16 LTC facilities, 1 ED, and 1 Emergency Medical Service (EMS) in a major urban center in western Canada. Phase 1 included 80 participants, (healthcare aides, licensed practical nurses, registered nurses, LTC managers, family members of residents, and EMS staff). We conducted semistructured interviews (n = 25) and focus groups (n = 19). In Phase 2, 327 ED staff, EMS staff, LTC staff, and medical directors responded to a survey based on the qualitative findings. Results Avoidable transitions were attributed to limited resources in LTC, insufficient preventive care, and resident or family wishes. The definition generated was: A transition of an LTC resident to the ED is considered avoidable if: (a) Diagnostic testing, medical assessment, and treatment can be accessed in a timely manner by other means; (b) the reasons for a transfer are unclear and the transition would increase the disorientation, pain, or discomfort of a resident, outweighing a clear benefit of a transfer; and (c) the transition is against the wishes expressed by the resident over time, including through informal and undocumented conversations. There was a high level of agreement with the definition across the four participant groups. Conclusions and Implications To effectively reduce LTC resident avoidable transitions, stakeholders must share a common definition. Our conceptual definition may significantly contribute to improved care for LTC residents.

Abstract Neuroinflammation is initiated through microglial activation and cytokine release which can be induced through lipopolysaccharide treatment (LPS) leading to a transcriptional cascade culminating in the differential expression of target proteins. These differentially expressed proteins can then be packaged into extracellular vesicles (EVs), a form of cellular communication, further propagating the neuroinflammatory response over long distances. Despite this, the EV proteome in the brain, following LPS treatment, has not been investigated. Brain tissue and brain derived EVs (BDEVs) isolated from the cortex of LPS‐treated mice underwent thorough characterisation to meet the minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles guidelines before undergoing mass spectrometry analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Fourteen differentially expressed proteins were identified in the LPS brain tissue samples compared to the controls and 57 were identified in the BDEVs isolated from the LPS treated mice compared to the controls. This included proteins associated with the initiation of the inflammatory response, epigenetic regulation, and metabolism. These results allude to a potential link between small EV cargo and early inflammatory signalling.

Background Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) can cause hip pain and chondrolabral damage that may be managed non-operatively or surgically. Squatting motions require large degrees of hip flexion and underpin many daily and sporting tasks but may cause hip impingement and provoke pain. Differential effects of physiotherapist-led care and arthroscopy on biomechanics during squatting have not been examined previously. This study explored differences in 12-month changes in kinematics and moments during squatting between patients with FAIS treated with a physiotherapist-led intervention (Personalised Hip Therapy, PHT) and arthroscopy. Methods A subsample (n = 36) of participants with FAIS enrolled in a multi-centre, pragmatic, two-arm superiority randomised controlled trial underwent three-dimensional motion analysis during squatting at baseline and 12-months following random allocation to PHT (n = 17) or arthroscopy (n = 19). Changes in time-series and peak trunk, pelvis, and hip biomechanics, and squat velocity and maximum depth were explored between treatment groups. Results No significant differences in 12-month changes were detected between PHT and arthroscopy groups. Compared to baseline, the arthroscopy group squatted slower at follow-up (descent: mean difference −0.04 m∙s−1 (95%CI [−0.09 to 0.01]); ascent: −0.05 m∙s−1 [−0.11 to 0.01]%). No differences in squat depth were detected between or within groups. After adjusting for speed, trunk flexion was greater in both treatment groups at follow-up compared to baseline (descent: PHT 7.50° [−14.02 to −0.98]%; ascent: PHT 7.29° [−14.69 to 0.12]%, arthroscopy 16.32° [−32.95 to 0.30]%). Compared to baseline, both treatment groups exhibited reduced anterior pelvic tilt (descent: PHT 8.30° [0.21–16.39]%, arthroscopy −10.95° [−5.54 to 16.34]%; ascent: PHT −7.98° [−0.38 to 16.35]%, arthroscopy −10.82° [3.82–17.81]%), hip flexion (descent: PHT −11.86° [1.67–22.05]%, arthroscopy −16.78° [8.55–22.01]%; ascent: PHT −12.86° [1.30–24.42]%, arthroscopy −16.53° [6.72–26.35]%), and knee flexion (descent: PHT −6.62° [0.56– 12.67]%; ascent: PHT −8.24° [2.38–14.10]%, arthroscopy −8.00° [−0.02 to 16.03]%). Compared to baseline, the PHT group exhibited more plantarflexion during squat ascent at follow-up (−3.58° [−0.12 to 7.29]%). Compared to baseline, both groups exhibited lower external hip flexion moments at follow-up (descent: PHT −0.55 N∙m/BW∙HT[%] [0.05–1.05]%, arthroscopy −0.84 N∙m/BW∙HT[%] [0.06–1.61]%; ascent: PHT −0.464 N∙m/BW∙HT[%] [−0.002 to 0.93]%, arthroscopy −0.90 N∙m/BW∙HT[%] [0.13–1.67]%). Conclusion Exploratory data suggest at 12-months follow-up, neither PHT or hip arthroscopy are superior at eliciting changes in trunk, pelvis, or lower-limb biomechanics. Both treatments may induce changes in kinematics and moments, however the implications of these changes are unknown. Trial registration details Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry reference: ACTRN12615001177549. Trial registered 2/11/2015.

Abstract Neuroinflammation is an underlying feature of neurodegenerative conditions, often appearing early in the aetiology of a disease. Microglial activation, a prominent initiator of neuroinflammation, can be induced through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment resulting in expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO). NO post‐translationally modifies cysteine thiols through S‐nitrosylation, which can alter function of the target protein. Furthermore, packaging of these NO‐modified proteins into extracellular vesicles (EVs) allows for the exertion of NO signalling in distant locations, resulting in further propagation of the neuroinflammatory phenotype. Despite this, the NO‐modified proteome of activated microglial EVs has not been investigated. This study aimed to identify the protein post‐translational modifications NO signalling induces in neuroinflammation. EVs isolated from LPS‐treated microglia underwent mass spectral surface imaging using time of flight‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), in addition to iodolabelling and comparative proteomic analysis to identify post‐translation S‐nitrosylation modifications. ToF‐SIMS imaging successfully identified cysteine thiol side chains modified through NO signalling in the LPS treated microglial‐derived EV proteins. In addition, the iodolabelling proteomic analysis revealed that the EVs from LPS‐treated microglia carried S‐nitrosylated proteins indicative of neuroinflammation. These included known NO‐modified proteins and those associated with LPS‐induced microglial activation that may play an essential role in neuroinflammatory communication. Together, these results show activated microglia can exert broad NO signalling changes through the selective packaging of EVs during neuroinflammation.

Summary: Classic findings of impaired allocentric spatial learning and memory following hippocampal lesions indicate that the hippocampus supports cognitive maps of one’s environment. Many studies assess navigation in vista space virtual reality environments and compare hippocampal-lesioned individuals’ performance to that of small control samples, potentially stifling detection of preserved and impaired performance. Using the mobile app Sea Hero Quest, we examined navigation in diverse complex environments in two individuals with hippocampal lesions relative to demographically matched controls (N = 17,734). We found surprisingly accurate navigation in several environments, particularly those containing a constrained set of sub-goals, paths, and/or turns. Areas of impaired performance may reflect a role for the hippocampus in anterograde memory and more flexible and/or precise spatial representations, even when the need for allocentric processing is minimal. The results emphasize the value of combining single cases with big data and illustrate navigation performance profiles in individuals with hippocampal compromise.

Abstract Sleep has been shown to impact navigation ability. However, it remains unclear how different sleep-related variables may be independently associated with spatial navigation performance, and as to whether gender may play a role in these associations. We used a mobile video game app, Sea Hero Quest (SHQ), to measure wayfinding ability in US-based participants. Wayfinding performance on SHQ has been shown to correlate with real-world wayfinding. Participants were asked to report their sleep duration, quality, daytime sleepiness and nap frequency and duration on a typical night (n = 766, 335 men, 431 women, mean age = 26.5 years, range = 18–59 years). A multiple linear regression was used to identify which self-reported sleep variables were independently associated with wayfinding performance. Shorter self-reported sleep durations were significantly associated with worse wayfinding performance in men only. Other self-reported sleep variables showed non-significant trends of association with wayfinding performance. When removing non-typical sleepers ( 9 h of sleep on a typical night), the significant association between sleep duration and spatial navigation performance in men was no longer present. These findings from U.S.-based participants suggest that a longer self-reported sleep duration may be an important contributor to successful navigation ability in men.

Abstract Background The associations between deprivation and illness trajectory after hospitalisation for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are uncertain. Methods A prospective, multicentre cohort study was conducted on post-COVID-19 patients, enrolled either in-hospital or shortly post-discharge. Two evaluations were carried out: an initial assessment and a follow-up at 28–60 days post-discharge. The study encompassed research blood tests, patient-reported outcome measures, and multisystem imaging (including chest computed tomography (CT) with pulmonary and coronary angiography, cardiovascular and renal magnetic resonance imaging). Primary and secondary outcomes were analysed in relation to socioeconomic status, using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD). The EQ-5D-5L, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for Anxiety and Depression, and the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) were used to assess health status. Results Of the 252 enrolled patients (mean age 55.0 ± 12.0 years; 40% female; 23% with diabetes), deprivation status was linked with increased BMI and diabetes prevalence. 186 (74%) returned for the follow-up. Within this group, findings indicated associations between deprivation and lung abnormalities (p = 0.0085), coronary artery disease (p = 0.0128), and renal inflammation (p = 0.0421). Furthermore, patients with higher deprivation exhibited worse scores in health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L, p = 0.0084), illness perception (BIPQ, p = 0.0004), anxiety and depression levels (PHQ-4, p = 0.0038), and diminished physical activity (DASI, p = 0.002). At the 3-month mark, those with greater deprivation showed a higher frequency of referrals to secondary care due to ongoing COVID-19 symptoms (p = 0.0438). However, clinical outcomes were not influenced by deprivation. Conclusions In a post-hospital COVID-19 population, socioeconomic deprivation was associated with impaired health status and secondary care episodes. Deprivation influences illness trajectory after COVID-19.