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Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842). Bullseye Puffer; Tamboril Anillado, Botete Diana. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from southern California to northern Peru, including the Galapagos Islands; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: Ba and Tr (Pacific), 0��� 5 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 1010; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Allen (2015: 2433; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842). Bullseye Puffer. To 48 cm (18.9 in) TL (Amezcua Linares 1996). Redondo Beach, southern California (Grove and Lavenberg 1997) to Pisco, Peru (Chirichigno 1974), including Gulf of California (Bussing in Fischer et al. 1995), and Islas Gal��pagos (Watson in Moser 1996). Mostly marine, juveniles in estuaries (Velasco and Thiel 2002); benthic; depth: surface (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), intertidal to 105 m (344 ft) (min.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California; max.: Amezcua Linares 1996)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Amezcua Linares, F. (1996) Peces Demersales de la Platforma Continental del Pacifico Central de Mexico. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.","Grove, J. S. & Lavenberg, R. J. (1997) The Fishes of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford.","Chirichigno, F. N. (1974) Clave para identificar los peces marinos del Peru. Instituto del Mar del Peru Informe, No. 44.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Velasco, A. & Thiel, R. (2002) A bilingual field manual for the identification of juvenile fish over soft bottom off the Pacific Coast of Colombia a review from literature. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research, 50, 55 - 118."]}

Osteological development of the vertebral column, caudal complex and median fins in larvae of the bullseye puffer fish, Sphoeroides annulatus, were studied using specimens cleared and double stained for bone and cartilage. The first cartilaginous structures appeared 10 days (4.2 mm NL) after hatching and by day 28 (14.9 mm TL) most of the bone elements had already formed. Sphoeroides annulatus exhibited fusion of bone elements, the same as other Tetradontiformes, one of the most evolved teleosts.

El botete diana Sphoeroides annulatus es un pez marino con alto valor en el mercado mexicano con potencial para su cultivo. Las investigaciones sobre los aspectos reproductivos y cultivo de larvas de esta especie, iniciaron en México a partir de 1997 en el Centro de Investigación y Alimentación (CIAD), Unidad Mazatlán. El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de la biotecnología para la producción masiva de juveniles; la cual incluye los protocolos para la inducción hormonal, desove, fertilización e incubación de huevos, cultivo de alimento vivo y cultivo de larvas.

An inverse and unusual relationship was found between preferred temperature and acclimation temperature in the bullseye puffer, Sphoeroides annulatus . The final preferendum temperature (PT) was 26.8 °C. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) were 37.7, 38.8, 40.0, 40.8 and 41.3 °C where the temperatures of acclimation were 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 °C±1 °C, respectively, and the endpoint of CTMax was loss of the righting response. The acclimation response ratio presented an interval of 0.22–0.38; these values are in agreement with results for other subtropical and tropical fishes. The temperature significantly affected the oxygen consumption of bullseye puffer juveniles. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased significantly with an increment in the temperature from 19 to 31 °C. The range of the temperature coefficient Q 10 in bullseye puffer individuals was lowest between 25 and 28 °C, at 1.37. The optimal temperature for growth was 26 °C. The results of this study will be useful for optimizing the culture of bullseye puffer juveniles in controlled conditions.

Se evaluo el impacto de la pesca artesanal de camaron sobre la fauna de peces en el sistema lagunar de Santa Maria la Reforma. Para ello, se muestrearon diariamente, durante cinco dias, 29 estaciones a lo largo del sistema lagunar, con los artes de pesca utilizados en el area de estudio para capturar camaron, que fueron la red de arrastre, la red agallera y la red suripera. Los muestreos fueron mensuales de diciembre de 2001 a mayo de 2002. Se recolectaron un total de 11,368 organismos correspondientes a 173 especies. Las especies mas importantes en cuanto a abundancia y biomasa incluyeron organismos de interes comercial tales como Eucinostomus entomelas, Sphoeroides annulatus, Urotrygon chilensis y Diapterus peruvianus. La mayor abundancia y biomasa de organismos, de acuerdo con el bootstrapping del estimador log normal, fue capturada con la red de arrastre. El promedio de la longitud de los peces capturados fue de 17.4 cm para la red agallera, 15.8 cm para la red de arrastre y 13.4 cm para la suripera. Los artes de pesca que presentaron un mayor impacto sobre la comunidad de peces fueron la red de arrastre y la red agallera, ya que estas dos artes capturaron la mayor abundancia, biomasa y diversidad de peces, entre los que se incluyen una gran cantidad de organismos de tallas pequenas. Estos dos artes capturaron peces del fondo asi como de la columna de agua, ademas fueron las que presentaron la menor proporcion en kg pez:camaron; la red de arrastre capturo una proporcion de 6:1, la red agallera capturo una proporcion de 15:1, mientras que la red suripera capturo una proporcion de 1:1. The effect of the artisanal shrimp fishery on the fish fauna in the coastal lagoon of Santa Maria la Reforma, Mexico, was assessed. Twenty-nine stations were sampled monthly for shrimp and fin fish during six months, from December 2001 to May 2002, using small boats fitted with outboard engines and the three fishing gears employed by shrimp fishermen in the area: small shrimp trawl net, gillnet, and suripera net. Each sampling period lasted five days. In total, 11,368 individuals were caught, comprising 173 fish species. The species best represented in terms of number and biomass included the commercially important species Eucinostomus entomelas, Sphoeroides annulatus, Urotrygon chilensis, and Diapterus peruvianus. The highest abundance and biomass, as determined by boostrapping of the lognormal-based estimator, were caught with the shrimp trawl net. The mean total length of the fish captured was 17.4 cm for the gillnet, 15.8 cm for the shrimp trawl net, and 13.4 cm for the suripera net. The fishing gear that had a greater impact on the fish fauna were the shrimp trawl net and the gillnet, because they caught the greatest number of fish, biomass and diversity, and a large quantity of small individuals. These two fishing gears caught fish fauna from both the bottom and the water column, and showed the lowest fish/shrimp ratio in kilograms. The shrimp trawl net caught a 6:1 ratio, the gillnet a 15:1 ratio, and the suripera net a 1:1 ratio.

The bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) is a species with potential for aquaculture. However, preliminary studies on the biology and reproduction of the species in captivity have failed to produce consistent success at hatching. In this study, the effect of aeration and water treatment (filtration and ultraviolet (UV) sterilisation) on percentage hatch was assessed in a replicated experiment repeated on two occasions. Four treatments were used, filtered water (5 μm) treated with UV, in an aerated system (AT) and a static system (ST); water that had been coarse-filtered (20 μm) and not exposed to UV kept in aerated system (ANT) and a static system (SNT). The percentage hatch was ranked 87.5±5.0>80.6±9.4>77.2±12.8>62.8±10.4 (mean of all replicates from both experiments±S.D.) for the respective treatments AT>ST>ANT>SNT. However, percentage hatch for AT was only significantly (P

Mature bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) fish were caught and taken into captivity. Fish with a mean oocyte diameter greater than 0.45 mm were divided equally into three experimental groups (n=11) that were treated with a saline injection (control), multiple injections of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) (day 0—20 A gk g � 1 , day 2—40 A gk g � 1 , day 4— 80 A gk g � 1 , day 6—160 A gk g � 1 ) and a single administration of slow-release ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAc) co-polymer implants containing the identical LHRHa (day 0—75 Ag per fish 800 g). A total of 82% of the fish spawned in each of the two LHRHa groups (injection and implant) compared to just 18% in the control group. The majority of the fish treated with LHRHa, eight in the injection group and nine in the implant group, spawned during the first week after administration. There were no significant differences in mean egg size (group means 0.64–0.71 mm) and percentage fertilization (group means 90.2–97.3%) among the LHRHa-treated groups and when compared with the control fish that received saline injection and fish that ovulated naturally without any treatment. The successful spawning using LHRHa-based spawning protocols is an important step in the development of the culture of the bullseye puffer. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Two experiments were carried out to test microparticulate diets forweaning hatchery-produced larvae and juveniles of bullseye pufferSphoeroides annulatus. The diets were formulated with differentprotein sources: diet 1 with a combination of decapsulated cysts ofArtemia and fishmeal, and diet 2 with a combination offishmeal, squid, tuna gonad and shrimp meal. In the first experiment60-days-old fish were weaned with the microdiets over five days. Fishsurvival after 11 weeks of feeding was 92% for diet 1, 85%for diet 2, and 95% for the control fish fed Artemianauplii. Once it was determined that bullseye puffer can be adequatelyreared with artificial dry diets, diet 1 was used to test earlier timesfor weaning to reduce the period of Artemia feeding. In thesecond experiment, three different times were tested for initiation ofweaning in sibling fish larvae, i.e., at 29, 34, and 39 days post-hatch.Small differences in weight, length and survival were found amongweaning treatments after 23 days of feeding. When weaned at day 29post-hatch, fish larvae grew from an initial weight of 38.4 mg andlength of 11.1 mm to a final weight and length of 405.7 mg and 25.1 mmrespectively. Final survival in this treatment was 49.3%. Thereduced period of Artemia feeding would provide an economicalalternative for the species to take into consideration for its cultureat commercial scale.

Recent findings show that eliminating the gelatinous egg capsule surrounding the fertilized eggs of the puffer fish Sphoeroides annulatus improves embryonic development and hatching rate. In this work, the following 3 different desticking procedures were used to evaluate larval growth and survival: 5 ml L-1 proteolytic protease enzyme (EPP), 1% of pineapple juice (JP) and eggs with no sticky coating on the surface as a control (C). All treatments were carried out in triplicate and the experiment lasted for 33 days. The fertilization percentage obtained was 98.6 ± 1.8% in all treatments. The highest hatching percentage was achieved with EPP (93.03 ± 3.01%) and the lowest with JP (80.97 ± 3.97%). Both total length (LT) (14.4 ± 0.40 mm) and weight (P) (0.118 ± 0.004 g) were significantly higher in the JP treatment. The highest survival rate was obtained with EPP (19.34 ± 1.98%) and differences were found to be statistically significant. The desticking of eggs treated with JP gave a low hatching percentage due to the fruits pH reading of 4 and since fewer organisms were produced, higher growth rate was obtained. Thus, we conclude that removing the adhesive layer of the egg does not affect larval growth and survival.

The effects of different water temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31oC) and salinities between 0 and 60 psu (with intervals of 5 psu) on egg incubation of the bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) were evaluated in this study. The embryos could not develop at 22oC and the highest hatching rate for normal larvae was observed at 28oC. At 0, 50, 55 and 60 psu larvae were unable to develop. Highest hatching rates were obtained at 25, 30 and 35 psu. It was concluded that water temperature and salinity affects the incubation period, embryo development stage and larval survival of the bullseye puffer.

El copepodo condracantido Pseudochondracanthus diceraus es un parasito frecuente en las branquias del botete diana silvestre, Sphoeroides annulatus en Sinaloa, Mexico. El presente estudio constituye la primera descripcion de algunos parametros sanguineos y la histologia branquial de S. annulatus infestados por hembras adultas de P. diceraus. Se aclimataron sesenta y dos peces silvestres en tanques experimentales por 15 dias y a los 16 y 21 dias se tomaron muestras para la realizacion de los analisis. Se observo un 100% de prevalencia y una intensidad media de 7,16 (1-17) parasitos por pez. P. diceraus prefirio los sectores anteriores y posteriores de cada arco branquial. Los porcentajes de leucocitos fueron significativamente menores en peces con las mas altas intensidades de infestacion. La respuesta branquial del hospedero fue mas pronunciada cerca del sitio de fijacion del parasito y estuvo caracterizada por hiperplasia y fusion de las lamelas secundarias, hiperplasia condrocitica de las lamelas primarias, atrofia del epitelio lamelar e incremento del numero de celulas mucosas. Los danos en el tejido branquial del botete diana son causados por las antenas grandes y robustas modificadas en forma de grapa que emplea el parasito para fijarse al pez. Esto indica que altas prevalencia e intensidades de infestacion por P. diceraus representan un riesgo de salud potencial para el cultivo de esta especie de pez.

Six different hatching treatments and one control were used to eliminate egg stickiness of fertilized bullseye puffer fish Sphoeroides annulatus eggs in this experiment. Each treatment was carried out in triplicate and the eggs were incubated in fiberglass tanks. A fertilization rate of 96.2% ± 2.4% was obtained and significant differences were observed between treatments. The highest hatching rate occurred at 96.4 ± 2% with the protease enzyme solution whilst the lowest rate was observed in the control (18.8 ± 5.3%). The hatching success of the bullseye puffer fish is significantly improved by eliminating egg adhesion.

La muestra de Sphoeroides annulatus capturada en la costa de Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico fue predominantemente de adultos, como resultado de una aparente distribucion diferencial por talla/edad de la especie. La proporcion sexual fue 1:1. Las hembras presentaron un crecimiento alometrico y los machos, isometrico. De acuerdo con el analisis morfocromatico de las gonadas, la epoca de reproduccion es en abril-mayo y octubre-noviembre, aunque los machos presentan madurez durante periodos mas amplios. El IGS si es un buen indicador de la epoca de reproduccion de S. annulatus, mientras que el Kn muestra una tendencia a disminuir durante el periodo de reproduccion.

Se recolectaron trece ejemplares juveniles de Sphoeroides rosenblatti Bussing, 1996 en un bosque pequeño y fuertemente impactado de mangle situado en Palmar, provincia de Guayas, Ecuador. Esta especie era conocida previamente solo de aguas costeras de Costa Rica y Panamá. Se contrastó la ocurrencia y morfología de S. rosenblatti con ejemplares de Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns, 1842) recolectados en la misma área. La presencia de S. rosenblatti no estuvo significativamente asociada con la temperatura del agua, salinidad, o morfología del río, mas hubo evidencia de segregación espacial entre S. rosenblatti y S. annulatus. También encontramos pequeñas pero significativas diferencias entre las características morfométricas de estas especies, que estuvieron en acuerdo con la descripción original basada en especimenes centroamericanos. Utilizando todas las características morfométricas, se realizó un análisis de función discriminante que produjo un vector capaz de clasificar correctamente a todos los ejemplares. Se reporta una ampliación importante de la distribución conocida de S. rosenblatti y se agrega una especie nueva a la ictiofauna de la costa continental del Ecuador

This study provides basic information on the occurrence of platyhelminths in the wild bullseye puffer (Sphoeroides annulatus) from Sinaloa, Mexico. Specimens of pufferfish were collected from 2 local- ities: Teacapan (n 5 161) and Mazatlan (n 5 66). Six species of platy- helminths were recorded: 2 monogeneans (Diclidophoridae: Hetero- bothrium ecuadori and Capsalidae: Neobenedenia melleni) and 4 di- geneans (Apocreadiidae: Homalometron longisinosum , Lepocreadiidae: Bianium plicitum, Gorgoridae: Phyllodistomum mirandai , and Fellod- istomidae: Lintonium vibex). This is the first record of the platyhelminth L. vibex in S. annulatus in the Mexican Pacific. Bianium plicitum was the most abundant species, and H. ecuadori was the most prevalent species. The fish from Teacapan had the higher prevalence of platyhel- minths. Teacapan had higher specific richness index, whereas Mazatlan had a higher dominance, 3.098 (Teacapan 5 2.38). A relative risk anal- ysis showed that B. plicitum was more likely to be present on fish in water within the temperature range of 21-25 C and from Teacapan compared with fish from the warmer water (26-30 C) or from Mazatlan. Heterobothrium ecuadoriwas more likely to be present at water tem- peratures of 23-24.5 C on fish from Teacapan and when other ectopar- asites were present. Neobenedenia melleni also was more likely to be present when other parasites were present.

A new species of caligid copepod, Lepeophtheirus simplex sp. n., parasitic on bullseye puffer, Sphoeroides annulatus (Jenyns) in Sinaloa, Mexico is described. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the possession of (1) a maxillule with simple dentiform process; (2) a sternal furca with sharply pointed, curved tines; (3) a 2-segmented exopod of leg 3 with simple, slender spine on proximal segment; (4) a 3-segmented exopod of leg 4 with a long proximal, outer spine; and (5) the terminal claw of male antenna with a large, tridentate, medial protuberance.

The quality of eggs from wild and captive bullseye puffer were compared. No significant differences were found between percentage hatch, percentage fertilization or egg size for eggs from wild and captive bullseye puffer.

Few mature female bullseye puffer have been observed to spawn in captivity. The ovary appears to develop to late vitellogenesis, but not to complete final oocyte maturation (FOM). Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa) treatment induced the spawning of good quality eggs in both wild and captive brood fish.