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The internationally accepted goal of eliminating climate gas emissions implies substantial investments in renewable energy (RE) facilities. This will inevitably lead to major impacts on landscapes. Landscape concerns linked to RE facilities are already leading to controversies in many local communities. In this article, we focus on the question of landscape democracy related to the establishment of RE facilities. Based on recommendations from the European Landscape Convention, an analytical framework is presented identifying three main dimensions of landscape democracy, followed by an overview of arrangements, procedures, and methods that are or may be used to encourage democracy. The procedures and methods are analyzed based on examples from Denmark and Norway. This is followed by an analysis of decision levels with a special focus on the principle of subsidiarity. Finally, recommendations are presented to strengthen landscape democracy in relation to the installation of RE facilities.

I denne rapport analyseres, hvilken betydning mulige afgifts- og tarifmodeller har for driften af energifællesskaber. Analysen beskæftiger sig med to hovedspørgsmål:1. Hvordan vil forskellige afgifts- og tarifstrukturer påvirke driften af et energifællesskab afhængig af de tekniske løsninger, der bruges i disse?2. Hvordan passer disse drifter ind i fremtidens energisystem baseret på vedvarende energi?Rapporten er udarbejdet på basis af data og information fra det hidtil største danske energifællesskab, Avedøre Green City. Arbejdet i rapporten er blevet til med støtte fra EU’s Regionalfond (RFD-16-0024). This report analyses the significance of possible tax and tariff structures for the operation of energy communities. The analysis deals with two main questions:1. How will different fee and tariff structures affect the operation of an energy community depending on the technical solutions used in these?2. How do these operations fit into the future energy system based on renewable energy?The report has been prepared on the basis of data and information from the largest Danish energy community to date, Avedøre Green City.The work in the report has been created with support from the EU's Regional Fund (RFD-16-0024).

Denne rapport er udarbejdet i forbindelse med indsatsen ”Grøn infrastruktur” i regi af Business Region North Denmark (BRN). Rapporten indeholder en screening af påvirkningen af øget elproduktion og elforbrug på transmissionsnettet i Region Nordjylland.Analysen er baseret på en beregningsmodel, der inkluderer de 19 nordjyske knudepunkter i transmissionsnettet og de eksisterende elledninger mellem disse.I analysen er der opstillet tre scenarier for hhv. årene 2020, 2025 og 2030, hvor der udover en generel udvikling i elforbruget, er indlagt specifikke større nye forbrugere og producenter baseret på data indsamlet fra kommunerne i regionen.Resultaterne af analysen indikerer, at der vil være kapacitetsmæssige udfordringer med en del af transmissionsledningerne i Nordjylland, hvis kommunernes forventninger og den forventede elektrificering af samfundet realiseres

The Oil and Gas Transitions (OGT) is an evidence-based programme which aims accelerate just transitionsfrom oil and gas in Denmark, Norway and the UK.Our Approach:• Evidence-driven, with leading researchers providing credible, academically verified recommendations on scenarios for oil and gas just transitions.• A trusted neutral convener, able to effectively bring pluralistic positions to the table for effective exchange.• We catalyse action by empowering key players in the oil and gas ecosystem with the evidence they need to develop their own visions, priorities, and interventions (e.g., campaigning, advocacy, institutional planning, policy design).This report presents findings from research undertaken by the University of Edinburgh to gather evidence on the state of the oil and gas just transition in the Denmark, and to co-create transition scenarios alongside diverse stakeholders from academia, industry, civil society, the financial sector, government, and communityled organisations. The authors strove to engage a representative cross section of relevant stakeholders in the co-creation process. The conclusions herein are the result of the first stage of such process. Further ongoing and iterative engagement, particularly with groups that may have been underrepresented in thefirst stages of the co-creation process, is intended to continue developing and building upon the research findings presented in this report. OGT is co-led by Climate Strategies and the SEI, and made possible by the support from KR Foundation and Laudes Foundation. The statements herein do not represent the views of Climate Strategies, SEI, KR Foundation and Laudes Foundations or other members of the OGT consortium.

Denmark has gradually reconsidered its status as a major oil and gas producer and, through the 2020 North Sea Agreement, has set 2050 as the end date to produce fossil fuels. The Agreement is framed within a just transition perspective, but how just the transition will be for the oil and gas sector and beyond remains to be seen.This report attempts to answer the following questions:- What is the background, which are the processes and conditions behind the Danish ‘oil stop’, and is this compatible with a just transition for the oil and gas industry?- Which challenges, opportunities and further action points arise from the Danish oil phase out?- Which lessons can be learned from the Danish case?The questions are answered through a mixed approach which analyses relevant policy and legal documents, statistics, and previous research, and is supported by 9 semi-structured interviews with key Danish stakeholders.The economic significance of the Danish oil and gas sector has been decreasing for a long time. Partly because of this, the North Sea Agreement has received widespread support at political level and from the industry. Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS), offshore wind power, as well as power-to-X and green fuels are being explored and supported by the state and the market. New business ventures, especially related to offshore wind, are cushioning some of the negative effects on employment in the sector. Beyond that, the transition is affecting the number of jobs in two ways. On one hand, many offshore workers are close to retirement and are likely to need special attention. On the other smaller suppliers, unable to restructure, may be disproportionally impacted by the phase out.Economic rather than moral arguments have fuelled the phase out decision, but the process has also been mediated through a close dialogue with authorities in the main oil and gas region, around Esbjerg, and the oil and gas industry, which has committed to explore cleaner business avenues. The versatility of both the workforce and businesses, and a strong renewable energy base, are expected to soften the negative impacts of the oil and gas transition.This report focuses on the conditions of the phase out in Denmark, but to fully understand the extent to which the Danish example could be emulated by other oil-producing countries requires supplementary in-depth analysis.

Digital transformation is reshaping the public sector’s provision of the physical, information, and human infrastructures that make a society function. Therefore, we need to understand and help support the infrastructuring that different stakeholders do in a digital transformation to make digital infrastructure work. Against this backdrop, we report a two-year action case study of the digitalization of district-heating infrastructure in a Danish municipality. From our engagement in the development and diffusion of smart metering and a personal energy assistant for 39.830 households, we analyze three defining types of infrastructuring in this digital transformation: 1) Digitalizing heat supply metering, 2) Digitalizing consumers’ heating practices, and 3) Digitalizing through partnering. We explain how digital transformation has two-way relationships to the stakeholders’ infrastructuring work and breakdowns that make digital infrastructure visible. Finally, drawing upon the extant research, we discuss how our study contributes to the research on digital transformation in the public sector.