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The significance of the study is determined by the fact that education receives a new round in its development. It is specified by modern trends in the digital world economy, which makes special demands on the human capital development, where higher education institutions play a leading role. The education models using individual educational trajectories are considered one of the most promising at the present stage of society formation, as evidenced by the message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin and the introduction of a number of amendments to the law on education of the Russian Federation.The purpose of the study presented by the authors is to describe, analyze and summarize pedagogical experience of IET implementation in higher educational institutions. The authors chose general and scientific methods as a methodological basis: phenomenological, sociometric methods included pedagogical observation, retrospective and statistical analysis and synthesis. Empirical data are based on the survey result of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd years students (n=117). In spite of the fact that individual educational trajectories are a pedagogical phenomenon, the study can be classified as interdisciplinary, it involves such sciences as psychology, philosophy, and sociology. The IET realization has a number of advantages, at the same time IET is not free from some disadvantages. The problems identified in the course of the study in the implementation of IOT can be minimized, taking into account the recommendations proposed by the authors of the article, which will rationalize and humanize the education-al process. The scientific novelty and practical significance lies in the theoretical and practical significance of the conducted research, which helps understand the IET content and essence in pedagogical practice. The generalized empirical experience can serve a basis for the development of special courses, textbooks, teaching materials and recommendations on the organization of IET in higher education.

IntroductionBats are considered the natural reservoirs of several viruses including coronaviruses (CoVs), two genera of which, alpha- and betacoronaviruses, infect humans. Despite widespread screening of bat samples for novel viruses, information on the diversity of coronaviruses in bats inhabiting Russian territory remains scarce. Here, we analyzed the presence and diversity of alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoVs) in bats from European Russia.MethodsFourty three fecal samples from bats of 8 species: P. nathusii, P. kuhlii, M. brandtii, M. daubentonii, N. noctula, V. murinus, M. dasycneme, and P. auritus were taken to study.Results and discussionWe detected Alpha-CoV RdRp gene fragments in 30% (13/43) of samples examined in 75% (6/8) of species sampled. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that most of the identified Alpha-CoV sequences fall into clades within the Pedacovirus subgenus, with minor clusters of nyctacoviruses or myotacoviruses. We assert that closely related pedacoviruses have been circulating for a long time (from 2015 to 2021) in a large region from European Russia to Northern Europe. We propose that closely related pedacoviruses collected from common areas represent a separate species, which we name NE-Alpha coronavirus, with its host being bats of the genus Pipistrellus that inhabit a region from the European part of Russia to Northern Europe. Among the animals sampled, 4.6% (2/43) carried two Alpha-CoVs related to different subgenera (pedacovirus/myotacovirus or pedacovirus/nyctacovirus) simultaneously. We confirmed the presence of two different Alpha-CoV subgenera related to pedacovirus and nyctacovirus in P. kuhlii captured in 2021 and kept in captivity using whole genome sequencing of these viruses. The presence of two or more coronaviruses in one individual animal host is an essential prerequisite for recombination to occur. We also obtained two Alpha-CoV whole genomes from two specimens of P. nathusii captured in 2015. The genomic organization of BatCoV/MOW15-21 and BatCoV/MOW15-23 was similar to other Alpha-CoVs, but the assembled genomes contained a long insertion in the ORF1ab gene which has not been described in other Alpha-CoVs, except for a single sequence from P. nathusii captured in the Netherlands. We propose that the insertion encodes a previously undescribed domain of unknown function, probably related to the SEA domain superfamily.

Peatlands store disproportionally large amounts of carbon per unit area, a function that is dependent on maintaining high and stable water tables. Climate change is likely to negatively impact carbon storage in peatlands, in part due to increases in vapour pressure deficit (VPD) driving higher evaporation (E) rates. However, the response of E to increasing VPD depends on the dominant vegetation type within peatlands. In this study, we used multiple years of eddy covariance (EC) measurements to compare E regimes at two peatlands with contrasting vegetation types – Kopuatai bog in Aotearoa / New Zealand, dominated by the vascular wire rush Empodisma robustum, and Mer Bleue bog in Canada, a “typical” shrub- and moss-dominated Northern Hemisphere peatland. We examined seasonal variability in E and equilibrium E (Eeq), energy balance partitioning, and the response of E, evaporative fraction (EF), and canopy conductance (gc) to VPD. Mean annual E was 45 % lower than mean annual Eeq at Kopuatai but only 16 % lower at Mer Bleue, demonstrating much greater limitations on E at Kopuatai. In addition, the mean midday (10:00–14:30 local standard time) dry-canopy Bowen ratio (β) at Kopuatai was 2.0 compared to 0.8 at Mer Bleue; therefore, the sensible heat flux (H) dominated over the latent heat flux (LE) at Kopuatai and vice versa at Mer Bleue. The responses of E, EF, and gc to increasing VPD at Kopuatai demonstrated stronger limitations on evaporative water loss for VPD > 0.7 kPa compared to Mer Bleue. The observed limitations at Kopuatai were attributed to strong stomatal control by E. robustum due to the rapid decrease in gc with increasing VPD; however, surface E could also be limited by its dense standing litter. At Mer Bleue, however, E was only weakly limited at VPD > 2 kPa, likely due to weak stomatal control over transpiration by the sparse shrub canopy and relatively large surface E from Sphagnum carpets. As such, the results of this study suggest that E. robustum drives a greater “hydrological resistance” to increasing VPD than the vegetation at Mer Bleue, leading to greater water retention at Kopuatai. This may enable greater resilience of the carbon sink function at Kopuatai to climatic warming and drying than at Mer Bleue.

Bats are natural hosts of a wide variety of viruses, including adenoviruses. European bats are known to carry mastadenoviruses categorized as species B (widespread in European Vespertilionidae bats) and whose taxonomy has not been clarified. We examined fecal samples from Vespertilionidae bats (five species) captured in central Russia and found that 2/12 (16%) were positive for mastadenoviruses. The partial genome of the mastadenovirus was assembled from Pipistrellus nathusii, representing the bat adenovirus species B. The complete genome (37,915 nt) of a novel mastadenovirus was assembled from Nyctalus noctula and named BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19/Quixote. Comparative studies showed significant divergence of the Quixote genome sequence from European bat mastadenoviruses, while the only known virus showing low similarity was the isolate WA3301 from an Australian bat, and together they formed a subclade that separated from other BatAdVs. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of the protein-coding genes provided evidence that Quixote is related to a novel species within the genus Mastadenovirus, provisionally named “K” (as the next available letter for the species). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that some earlier viruses from Western European bats, for which only partial DNA polymerase genes are known, are most likely members of the tentatively named species “K”. Thus, at least two species of mastadenovirus are circulating in bats throughout Europe, from western to eastern areas.

The authors of the article prove the need to include a new name for the disease "Progressive Fibrosing Lung Disease" into clinical practice. Recognition of the fact that some lung diseases end in a fibrosing process, which does not have any significant differences depending on the initial disease that led to fibrosis, will expand the indications for earlier prescription of antifibrotic drugs, which will undoubtedly improve the prognosis in this extremely severe category of patients.

Morphometric parameters of phytoliths are effectively applied in identifying fossil remains of cultivated grass species. The research of intraspecific trait variation it phytolith size and shape will expand the possibilities of applying morphometric studies. The aim of the study is to assess the degree of intraspecific variability of D. glomerata crenate phytoliths in response to coenotic and climatic factors. 6 habitats have been studied in the south of Western Siberia (Kulunda lowland and Altai mountains). A high amplitude of intraspecific and intrapopulation variability of morphometric characteristics of crenate phytoliths D. glomerata has been revealed. Most of the parameters correlate with the amount of annual precipitation. According to the totality of all 17 morphometric parameters, phytoliths of forest and herbaceous ecosystems differ from each other. Thus, crenate phytolith size and shape are influenced by climatic and coenotic factors.

“Word of the Year” as a linguistic and sociological research is carried out in many countries of the world and has been very popular for many years, moreover, it attracts more and more attention every year. This partly explains the relevance of this study. The “Word of the Year” campaign is usually attended by professional philologists, who can involve the general public in the discussion, but the final choice is made by experts. Yet, the average native speaker gets a chance to evaluate the result. The aim of the article is to describe the reflexive possibilities of “Words of the Year” as seen by a Russian-speaking observer, who carries out linguistic reflection. The material for analysis includes lists of “Words of the Year” for different years in different countries; sources of material are Internet publications, designed for a wide range of Russian-speaking readers; the main methods encompass observation, description, component and conceptual analysis. The article formulates the definition of “Word of the Year” as a linguistic unit that due to its significance and frequency of use, has become a nominal linguistic marker of one calendar year. “Word of the Year” helps to trace current social sentiments, problematic topics and topical issues of concern to the social majority. “Word of the Year” allows us to summarize a brief verbal summary of the period and consolidate these generalisations for the next generations. The analysis of the material led to conclusions that the reflexive possibilities of the “Word of the Year” can comprise frequency as an indicator of a surge of attention to the word; selection of a language unit from a number of words that are to some extent related to the current and significant “key situation”; and competition between several lists of “Words of the Year” compiled by different expert groups, whose existence allows a native speaker, first, to compare different approaches to the choice made and to juxtapose them to their own linguistic instinct.

Background: Children and consumers are exposed to increasingly complex mixtures of known and as-yet-unknown toxic chemicals from toys and products. However traditional chemical analysis methods only evaluate a small number of chemicals at a time thereby restricting consumer awareness of the full range of potentially harmful chemicals in products. Methods: We used high-throughput effect-based non-animal methods to investigate exposures to complex chemical mixtures of several kinds of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) for their dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities in various kinds of consumer products and toys from 26 different countries, on four continents (Africa, America, Asia and Europe) in combination with chemical analysis of various polybrominated flame retardants (BFRs) and their impurities (such as polyhalogenated PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs). Results: We found high levels of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in toys and now, for the first time, also in consumer products that are manufactured from black plastics containing certain brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The presence of PBDD/PBDFs as well as other BFRs in various black plastic materials from additional countries as well as additional kinds of consumer products as confirmed by effect-based in vitro reporter gene DR CALUX and TTR-TRβ CALUX assays as well as congener-specific chemical analysis. We compared total Toxicity Equivalent (TEQ) levels of PBDD/F-TEQs analysed by chemical analysis to by CALUX bioassay measured Biological equivalence (BEQ) concentrations (for further info see at ISO 23196, ISO, 2022). In the case of TBBPA, both chemical and TTR-TRβ CALUX analysis measure direct the amount of TBBPA. Finally, the daily ingestion of 2,3,7,8-TCDD equivalents from PBDD/Fs-contaminated plastic toys by child mouthing habits have been related to our earlier study (Budin et al., 2020). Conclusions: Interaction of children with such contaminated plastics may significantly contribute to the daily uptake of dioxin- and thyroid hormone transport disrupting-like compounds. Effect-based bioassays for dioxin- and thyroid hormone-like activities are relevant to pick-out such complex mixtures of known and yet unknown (and therefore not regulated) substances for safer and more sustainable plastics. Low POPs Content Levels and other mechanisms set under the Basel and Stockholm Conventions are set far too high to prevent a significant flow of BFRs and PBDD/Fs into consumer products.

Background. The ongoing pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) draws attention to the significance of molecular and genetic monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 spread among the population of the Russian Federation. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia. Materials and methods. The analysis of the circulation dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia was carried out, covering the period from 28/12/2020 to 26/6/2022. The analysis included the data from Rospotrebnadzor Report No. 970 "Information about Infectious Diseases in Individuals with Suspected Novel Coronavirus Infection" and the Virus Genome Aggregator of Russia (VGARus). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was confirmed by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The primer panels developed at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology were used for amplification of genomic fragments and the subsequent sequencing. Results and discussion. Using the Russian VGARus platform developed by the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, we received the data on mutational variability of SARS-CoV-2. By monitoring the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Russia from 28/12/2020 to 26/6/2022, we found that Delta and Omicron genetic variants prevailed at different stages of the epidemic. Conclusion. The data of molecular and genetic studies are an essential component of epidemiological surveillance, being critically important for making executive decisions aimed at prevention of further spread of SARS-CoV-2 and laying the groundwork for creating new vaccines.

The Indochinese thick-thumbed bat, Glischropus bucephalus, was described in 2011, but its molecular genetics (and the genetics of the whole genus Glischropus) are still poorly studied. We defined and annotated the complete mitogenome of Glischropus bucephalus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Vietnam. The complete mitogenome is 17,023 bp in total length, which includes 13 complete protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA, and one non-coding region (the origin of replication). The nucleotide composition is 33.2% A, 29.7% T, 13.6% G, and 23.5% C. The mitochondrial protein-coding genes use the standard start codon (ATN), one complete stop codon (TAA), and two incomplete stop codons (TA- and T-). The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the genus Glischropus belongs to the Pipistrellini tribe and revealed that Glischropus bucephalus is clustered with the “eastern” clade of Pipistrellus, supporting the paraphyletic nature of the latter genus.

The biological diversity of our planet largely depends on human impact on the environment. Globally, there is a large variety of perennial plant species worldwide. One of the methods of genetic preservation of wild species is introducing them into the culture. In the conditions of Altai Krai, scientists have found approximately 28 species of wild-growing onion crops. Wild-growing onion species have important agronomic characteristics. The current research aims to examine, evaluate, and select clones, and create a variety of perennial onion crops. The research objects are samples of three types of perennial onions: Welsh onion, Altai onion, and Chinese chive. The trial establishment, observations, and selections were conducted using instructive methodological regulations. According to the Welsh onion culture, 27 samples were studied. Early growing forms and samples with a long regrowth–bolting period were selected, which determines the duration of economic use in the culture. The least volatile variables were identified. There were 18 samples of Altai onion in the research. A sample of this type with the maximum duration of the regrowth–bolting period was identified. Further research on the selection of clones allowed the identification of promising forms. The selection of clonal material on Chinese chives was carried out using 21 samples. Phenological and morphological evaluation of the samples was performed in this culture, and interesting breeding forms were identified. As a research result, one sample of each type was transferred to the state crop variety testing. According to the results, three new varieties of perennial types of onion crops were zoned: Welsh onion Premiera, Altai onion Viktor, and Chinese chive Zelyeny dol.

Bats are natural hosts of a wide variety of viruses, including adenoviruses. European bats are known to carry mastadenoviruses categorized as species B (widespread in European Vespertilionidae bats) and whose taxonomy has not been clarified. We examined fecal samples from Vespertilionidae bats (five species) captured in central Russia and found that 2/12 (16%) were positive for mastadenoviruses. The partial genome of the mastadenovirus was assembled from Pipistrellus nathusii, representing the bat adenovirus species B. The complete genome (37,915 nt) of a novel mastadenovirus was assembled from Nyctalus noctula and named BatAdV/MOW15-Nn19/Quixote. Comparative studies showed significant divergence of the Quixote genome sequence from European bat mastadenoviruses, while the only known virus showing low similarity was the isolate WA3301 from an Australian bat, and together they formed a subclade that separated from other BatAdVs. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of the protein-coding genes provided evidence that Quixote is related to a novel species within the genus Mastadenovirus, provisionally named "K" (as the next available letter for the species). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that some earlier viruses from Western European bats, for which only partial DNA polymerase genes are known, are most likely members of the tentatively named species "K". Thus, at least two species of mastadenovirus are circulating in bats throughout Europe, from western to eastern areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bats are considered the natural reservoirs of several viruses including coronaviruses (CoVs), two genera of which, alphaand betacoronaviruses, infect humans. Despite widespread screening of bat samples for novel viruses, information on the diversity of coronaviruses in bats inhabiting Russian territory remains scarce. Here, we analyzed the presence and diversity of alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoVs) in bats from European Russia. Methods: Fourty three fecal samples from bats of 8 species: P. nathusii, P. kuhlii, M. brandtii, M. daubentonii, N. noctula, V. murinus, M. dasycneme, and P. auritus were taken to study. Results and discussion: We detected Alpha-CoV RdRp gene fragments in 30% (13/43) of samples examined in 75% (6/8) of species sampled. Phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that most of the identified Alpha-CoV sequences fall into clades within the Pedacovirus subgenus, with minor clusters of nyctacoviruses or myotacoviruses. We assert that closely related pedacoviruses have been circulating for a long time (from 2015 to 2021) in a large region from European Russia to Northern Europe. We propose that closely related pedacoviruses collected from common areas represent a separate species, which we name NE-Alpha coronavirus, with its host being bats of the genus Pipistrellus that inhabit a region from the European part of Russia to Northern Europe. Among the animals sampled, 4.6% (2/43) carried two Alpha-CoVs related to different subgenera (pedacovirus/myotacovirus or pedacovirus/ nyctacovirus) simultaneously. We confirmed the presence of two different Alpha-CoV subgenera related to pedacovirus and nyctacovirus in P. kuhlii captured in 2021 and kept in captivity using whole genome sequencing of these viruses. The presence of two or more coronaviruses in one individual animal host is an essential prerequisite for recombination to occur. We also obtained two Alpha-CoV whole genomes from two specimens of P. nathusii captured in 2015. The genomic organization of BatCoV/MOW15-21 and BatCoV/ MOW15-23 was similar to other Alpha-CoVs, but the assembled genomes contained a long insertion in the ORF1ab gene which has not been described in other Alpha-CoVs, except for a single sequence from P. nathusii captured in the Netherlands. We propose that the insertion encodes a previously undescribed domain of unknown function, probably related to the SEA domain superfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary research goal is to identify differences and diagnostic features of the phytolith spectra of the steppe and forest phytocoenoses. The paper presents the research results of recent soils from various communities. The authors employ the phytolith analysis method. The isolation of phytoliths from recent soils has been carried out with the help of the maceration method and from plants – the dry ashing method. The authors counted the phytoliths using the Olympus BX-51 light microscope. Additionally, the authors have compiled the spectra using the 2C software. The paper compares the phytolith spectra of plain and mountain steppe phytocoenoses. The comparison reveals that the considered plain communities are more similar in phytolith composition than the mountain ones. The following morphotypes are common for all spectra: low conical rondel particles and psilate ribbed particles. These are the forms that characterize steppe communities. Analysis of phytolith spectra of the mountain forest communities demonstrates that the presence of ribbed particles of psilate is common for all spectra. The common feature of all forest spectra is the presence of psilate symmetrical particles, polylobate trapeziforms, lanceolates (trichomes) with a massive base, and trapeziform bilobate (“Stipa-type”) particles. In the spectra of all pine forests, there is a low content or complete absence of needle phytoliths. Diagnostic features of individual phytocoenoses have not been found. The most significant is the ratio of individual phytolith forms in the phytolith spectrum. The comparative analysis of phytolith spectra of the phytocoenoses in the south of western Siberia is carried out for the first time.

During the past several decades, the Earth system has changed significantly, especially across Northern Eurasia. Changes in the socio-economic conditions of the larger countries in the region have also resulted in a variety of regional environmental changes that can have global consequences. The Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) has been designed as an essential continuation of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), which was launched in 2004. NEESPI sought to elucidate all aspects of ongoing environmental change, to inform societies and, thus, to better prepare societies for future developments. A key principle of NEFI is that these developments must now be secured through science-based strategies co-designed with regional decision-makers to lead their societies to prosperity in the face of environmental and institutional challenges. NEESPI scientific research, data, and models have created a solid knowledge base to support the NEFI program. This paper presents the NEFI research vision consensus based on that knowledge. It provides the reader with samples of recent accomplishments in regional studies and formulates new NEFI science questions. To address these questions, nine research foci are identified and their selections are briefly justified. These foci include warming of the Arctic; changing frequency, pattern, and intensity of extreme and inclement environmental conditions; retreat of the cryosphere; changes in terrestrial water cycles; changes in the biosphere; pressures on land use; changes in infrastructure; societal actions in response to environmental change; and quantification of Northern Eurasia’s role in the global Earth system. Powerful feedbacks between the Earth and human systems in Northern Eurasia (e.g., mega-fires, droughts, depletion of the cryosphere essential for water supply, retreat of sea ice) result from past and current human activities (e.g., large-scale water withdrawals, land use, and governance change) and potentially restrict or provide new opportunities for future human activities. Therefore, we propose that integrated assessment models are needed as the final stage of global change assessment. The overarching goal of this NEFI modeling effort will enable evaluation of economic decisions in response to changing environmental conditions and justification of mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Introduction. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the international community has been concerned about the emergence of mutations altering some biological properties of the pathogen like increasing its infectivity or virulence. Particularly, since the end of 2020, several variants of concern have been identified around the world, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2). However, the existing mechanism of detecting important mutations are not always effective enough, since only a relatively small part of all pathogen samples can be examined by whole genome sequencing due to its high cost. Material and methods. In this study, we have designed special primer panel and used it for targeted highthroughput sequencing of several significant S-gene (spike) regions of SARS-CoV-2. The Illumina platform averaged approximately 50,000 paired-end reads with a length of ≥150 bp per sample. This method was used to examine 579 random samples obtained from COVID-19 patients in Moscow and the Moscow region from February to June 2021. Results. This study demonstrated the dynamics of distribution of several SARS-CoV-2 strains and its some single mutations. It was found that the Delta strain appeared in the region in May 2021, and became prevalent in June, partially displacing other strains. Discussion. The obtained results provide an opportunity to assign the viral samples to one of the strains, including the previously mentioned in time- and cost-effective manner. The approach can be used for standardization of the procedure of searching for mutations in individual regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. It allows to get a more detailed data about the epidemiological situation in a region.

Abstract Background The dual infection with SARS-CoV-2 is poorly described and is currently under discussion. We present a study of two strains of SARS-CoV-2 detected in the same patient during the same disease presentation. Case presentation A patient in their 90 s was hospitalised with fever. Oropharyngeal swab obtained on the next day (sample 1) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Five days later, the patient was transferred to the ICU (intensive care unit) of the hospital specialising in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, where the patient's condition progressively worsened and continuous oxygen insufflation was required. Repeated oropharyngeal swab (sample 2), which was taken eight days after the first one, also tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. After 5 days of ICU treatment, the patient died. The cause of death was a coronavirus infection, which progressed unfavourably due to premorbid status. We have performed sequencing of full SARS-CoV-2 genomes from oropharyngeal swabs obtained eight days apart. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of two genetically distant SARS-CoV-2 strains in both swabs. Detected strains belong to different phylogenetic clades (GH and GR) and differ in seven nucleotide positions. The relative abundance of strains was 70% (GH) and 30% (GR) in the first swab, and 3% (GH) and 97% (GR) in the second swab. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the patient was infected by two genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 strains at the same time. One of the possible explanations is that the second infection was hospital-acquired. Change of the dominant strain ratio during disease manifestation could be explained by the advantage or higher virulence of the GR clade strain.

The article provides data on the distribution of the invasive boxelder maple in the Altai Krai. The article specifically considers its coenotic role in pine forests by the example of the Barnaul ribbon pine forest. A GIS project was developed to assess the distribution of boxelder maple in Altai krai. Mapping was based on the species location data obtained from the herbarium material (more than 500 sheets of the herbarium) deposited to the Altai State University (ALTB), the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Plant Research Institute (WIR) and the V.L. Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LE). To map the boxelder maple distribution, an analysis of the forest stand maps of the Barnaul ribbon pine forest was also carried out (2010, 2018). For each maple location, the stratum, the stratum area, and the stand formula are taken into account. Over the ten-year observation period, the area of maple and mixed forests with the participation of Acer negundo has increased almost 6 times here. Monodominant maple forests and mixed forests with the participation of boxelder maple as well as with other invasive species are formed. This leads to a considerable anthropogenic transformation of pine forests and a decrease in their environment-forming, social-economic and ecological significance. The study reveals that generative plants were not found in every coenopopulation. If the plants reached the reproductive stage, then, on the whole, males prevailed fivefold in the coenopopulation. Most of the studied coenopopulations consisted of pre-generative individuals, with the exception of occasional young generative ones. Most of the trees in the studied populations reached the age of 10–15 years. For forest communities of the Barnaul forestry, two age periods of the ontogenetic state have been established – pre-generative and generative, which indicates a relatively early age of the phytoinvasion and its active stage.

Национальные проекты разработаны органами власти в целях достижения нового качества жизни населения каждого субъекта и муниципального образования и носят долгосрочный характер, поэтому тема работы является актуальной не только для каждого города, но и регионов, а также России в целом. Особо выражен социально значимый характер мероприятий сферы малого и среднего бизнеса. В созданном национальном проекте «Малое и среднее предпринимательство» все федеральные проекты рассчитаны на долгосрочную перспективу и имеют высокие показатели по расходованию денежных средств. В статье рассматриваются индикаторы и мероприятия муниципальной программы крупнейшего города Сибири — Барнаула «Развитие предпринимательства в городе Барнауле на 2015–2024 годы», авторами проведен методологический анализ и эконометрическая оценка потенциала импорта и экспорта, выделены его компоненты, на которые следует обратить внимание (потенциал импортозамещения и детерминированный потенциал экспорта) по г. Барнаулу. В статье обозначены основные проблемы при реализации национального проекта и предложены пути их решения для оптимального развития перспектив малого и среднего бизнеса на территории муниципального образования. Данные предложения могут служить основой развития малого и среднего предпринимательства для повышения уровня жизни населения каждого региона России. В целях реализации достижения наилучших результатов путем выполнения индикаторов национального проекта «Малое и среднее предпринимательство» предложено в плановом порядке организовывать выставочно-ярмарочные мероприятия товаров местных производителей. Это особенно актуально в текущем периоде экономического развития страны.

Currently, a lot of attention is given to SARS-CoV-2 subpopulations and their coexistence with different genomic variants within the same patient. In this study, we performed next-generation whole-genome sequencing and assembly of viruses from samples representing swabs or autopsy specimens obtained from patients diagnosed with СOVID-19, which were initially confirmed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (Ct = 10.4–19.8). Samples were prepared for sequencing by using the SCV-2000bp protocol. The obtained data were checked for presence of more than one SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in a sample. Variants of nucleotide substitutions, coverage for each variant, and location of the variable position in the reference genome were detected with tools incorporated in the CLC Genomics Workbench program. In our search for variable nucleotide positions, we assumed that the sample had two genetic variants (not more); the threshold value ≥ 90% was set for probability of the identified variant. Variants represented by less than 20% of the reads in the total coverage were not taken into consideration. The obtained results showed that 5 samples had variability, i.e. they had several genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2. In 4 samples, both of the detected genomic variants differed only in one nucleotide position. The fifth sample demonstrated more substantial differences: a total of 3 variable positions and one three-nucleotide deletion. Our study shows that different genetic variants of SARS-CoV-2 can coexist within the same patient.

Unveiling origin of infectious diseases with unknown etiology is one of the major issues in contemporary medicine, since a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis may, unfortunately, be obtained solely in very few cases. Because the majority of the most common mid-latitude infections display a typical overt clinical picture, this problem has not been paid a proper attention until recently. Recent rise in incidence rate of infectious diseases lacking typical clinical signs observed lately makes it extremely important to consider the problem more closely. It is believed that such trend is due to a whole body of reasons, including impaired sanitary control, increased both internal and external migration flows, refusal of vaccination in case of long-lasting epidemic wellbeing, emergence of atypical bacterial strains of bacteria resulting from irrational antibiotic therapy etc. Viruses constitute the largest group of organisms on our planet accounting for them as the most common causative agent of infectious diseases of unknown etiology. Some estimates obtained by mathematical modeling propose that at least 320,000 types of viruses capable of infecting mammals may exist, most of which have not been described yet. Hence, monitoring circulation of the known viral pathogens, tracing down their spreading and changes in genome nucleotide sequence as well as revealing new types of viruses become important aspects of epidemiological surveillance necessary for timely response to emerging threats, prediction and early detection of outbreaks both in humans and animals. This review summarizes traditional molecular genetics methods for detection of viral pathogens, such as PCR, real-time PCR, Sanger sequencing with pre-cloning, and methods based on the second and third generation sequencing. Therefore, a more detailed overview was provided to diverse methods based on using such technologies because viral infectious agents investigated with high-throughput sequencing (or NGS — Next Generation Sequencing) has been increasingly appreciated as feasible for diagnostics, disease control, molecular epidemiology and infection control. Finally, a special attention was also paid to the approaches used to enrich the viral genetic material in samples containing low amount of pathogen nucleic acids.

Scorzonera comprises 180–190 species and belongs to the subtribe Scorzonerinae. Its circumscription has long been the subject of debate and available molecular phylogenetic analyses affirmed the polyphyly of Scorzonera in its wide sense. We provide a re-evaluation of Scorzonera and other related genera, based on carpological (including anatomical) and extended molecular phylogenetic analyses. We present, for the first time, a comprehensive sampling, including Scorzonera in its widest sense and all other genera recognised in the Scorzonerinae. We conducted phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and of two plastid markers (partial rbcL and matK) and Maximum Parsimony for reconstructing the carpological character states at ancestral nodes. Achene characters, especially related to pericarp anatomy, such as general topography of the tissue types, disposition of the mechanical tissue and direction of its fibres, presence or absence of air cavities, provide, in certain cases, support for the phylogenetic lineages revealed. Confirming the polyphyly of Scorzonera, we propose a revised classification of the subtribe, accepting the genera Scorzonera (including four major clades: Scorzonera s. str., S. purpurea, S. albicaulis and Podospermum), Gelasia, Lipschitzia gen. nov. (for the Scorzonera divaricata clade), Pseudopodospermum, Pterachaenia (also including Scorzonera codringtonii), Ramaliella gen. nov. (for the S. polyclada clade) and Takhtajaniantha. A key to the revised genera and a characterisation of the genera and major clades are provided.

В статье приведены итоги многолетних исследований растительного покрова 10 особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ) Алтайского края. Выявлено 38 редких и исчезающих видов растений, занесенных в Красную книгу Алтайского края (2016), 11 из них занесены в Красную книгу РФ (2008). Описано 28 редких как для края, Сибири, так и России растительных сообществ. Это 11 степных сообществ (из 8 ООПТ), 11 лесных (из 2 ООПТ), 5 пойменных (из 1 ООПТ), 1 болотное (из 1 ООПТ). Эти сведения станут основой для мониторинга за состоянием редких и исчезающих видов растений, а также редких и уязвимых фитоценозов.

Amaryllidaceae is a large family with more than 1,600 species, belonging to 75 genera. The largest genus—Allium—is vast, comprising about a thousand species. Allium species (as well as other members of the Amaryllidaceae) are widespread and diversified, they are adapted to a wide range of habitats from shady forests to open habitats like meadows, steppes, and deserts. The genes present in chloroplast genomes (plastomes) play fundamental roles for the photosynthetic plants. Plastome traits could thus be associated with geophysical abiotic characteristics of habitats. Most chloroplast genes are highly conserved and are used as phylogenetic markers for many families of vascular plants. Nevertheless, some studies revealed signatures of positive selection in chloroplast genes of many plant families including Amaryllidaceae. We have sequenced plastomes of the following nine Allium (tribe Allieae of Allioideae) species: A. zebdanense, A. moly, A. victorialis, A. macleanii, A. nutans, A. obliquum, A. schoenoprasum, A. pskemense, A. platyspathum, A. fistulosum, A. semenovii, and Nothoscordum bivalve (tribe Leucocoryneae of Allioideae). We compared our data with previously published plastomes and provided our interpretation of Allium plastome genes’ annotations because we found some noteworthy inconsistencies with annotations previously reported. For Allium species we estimated the integral evolutionary rate, counted SNPs and indels per nucleotide position as well as compared pseudogenization events in species of three main phylogenetic lines of genus Allium to estimate whether they are potentially important for plant physiology or just follow the phylogenetic pattern. During examination of the 38 species of Allium and the 11 of other Amaryllidaceae species we found that rps16, rps2, infA, ccsA genes have lost their functionality multiple times in different species (regularly evolutionary events), while the pseudogenization of other genes was stochastic events. We found that the “normal” or “pseudo” state of rps16, rps2, infA, ccsA genes correlates well with the evolutionary line of genus the species belongs to. The positive selection in various NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) genes as well as in matK, accD, and some others were found. Taking into account known mechanisms of coping with excessive light by cyclic electron transport, we can hypothesize that adaptive evolution in genes, coding subunits of NADH-plastoquinone oxidoreductase could be driven by abiotic factors of alpine habitats, especially by intensive light and UV radiation.