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The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) on the Europa Clipper spacecraft will investigate the temperature and physical properties of Europa using thermal infrared (TIR) images in three wavelength bands centered from 7-14 μm, 14-28 μm and 28-80 μm. E-THEMIS will map >80% of the surface Europa at multiple times of day at a resolution of 8-km per pixel, ∼32% percent of the surface at ≤1 km/pixel resolution, and ∼6% percent at ≤100 m/pixel resolution. The specific objectives of the investigation are to 1) understand the formation of surface features, including sites of recent or current geologic activity, in order to understand regional and global processes and evolution and 2) to identify safe sites for future landed missions. E-THEMIS uses an uncooled microbolometer detector array for the IR focal plane. The E-THEMIS focal plane has 920 cross-track pixels (896 active) and 140 along-track pixels in each of the three spectral bands. The image data are collected at 14-bits per pixel at a frame rate of 60 Hz. The instrument can operate in framing mode, where full frame images are collected, and optionally co-added in time, in each band, or in time-delay-integration (TDI) mode where consecutive rows from each band are offset spatially to remove the spacecraft motion and then summed. In addition, the data in each band can be spatially aggregated from 2 × 2 to 5 × 5 pixels. These modes will be varied throughout each Europa flyby to optimize the data precision while fitting within the E-THEMIS data allocation. The expected temperature precision, measured as the noise equivalent spectral radiance, is 1.2 K at scene temperatures ≥90 K for a TDI of 16 with 4 × 4 pixel coaggregation in Band 2. The absolute accuracy at 90 K is 2−3 K in Band 2. E-THEMIS is an all-reflective, three-mirror anastigmat telescope with a 6.45-cm effective aperture and a speed of f/1.34 cross-track and 1.92 along-track. The mass of instrument Sensor Assembly, mounted on the spacecraft nadir deck, is 11.4 kg, the vault electronics are 1.8 kg, and the two are connected through a 3.1 kg harness. The Sensor volume is 23.7 cm x 31.8 cm x 29.8 cm. E-THEMIS consumes an average operation power of 34.8 W at 28 V. E-THEMIS was developed by Arizona State University with Raytheon Vision Systems developing the microbolometer focal plane assembly and Ball Aerospace developing the electronics. E-THEMIS was integrated, tested, and radiometrically calibrated on the Arizona State University campus in Tempe, AZ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lucy spacecraft successfully performed the first of two Earth Gravity Assist maneuvers on October 16th 2022, flying 360 km above the Earth's surface at 11:04 UT. The flyby was essential for the Lucy mission design, but also provided a wealth of data for scientific, calibration, and public engagement purposes. The Earth and Moon provided excellent calibration targets, being large, bright, and well-characterized, though instrument saturation was sometimes an issue, as the instruments are designed for operation 5 AU from the sun. Calibration data of the Earth and/or Moon were taken with all Lucy instruments, improving knowledge of instrument alignment, stray light characteristics, and sensitivity to resolved targets. In addition, Lucy obtained scientifically valuable thermal emission spectra of the Moon, and extensive images of the DART mission impact into the Didymos system, from a unique geometry, 20 days before the Earth flyby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor air quality has been linked to cognitive deficits in children, but this relationship has not been examined in the first year of life when brain growth is at its peak. Methods: We measured in-home air quality focusing on particulate matter with diameter of <2.5 µm (PM2.5) and infants' cognition longitudinally in a sample of families from rural India. Results: Air quality was poorer in homes that used solid cooking materials. Infants from homes with poorer air quality showed lower visual working memory scores at 6 and 9 months of age and slower visual processing speed from 6 to 21 months when controlling for family socio-economic status. Conclusions: Thus, poor air quality is associated with impaired visual cognition in the first two years of life, consistent with animal studies of early brain development. We demonstrate for the first time an association between air quality and cognition in the first year of life using direct measures of in-home air quality and looking-based measures of cognition. Because indoor air quality was linked to cooking materials in the home, our findings suggest that efforts to reduce cooking emissions should be a key target for intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infants, children, and adults have been shown to track co-occurrence across ambiguous naming situations to infer the referents of new words. The extensive literature on this cross-situational word learning (CSWL) ability has produced support for two theoretical accounts--associative learning (AL) and hypothesis testing (HT)--but no comprehensive model of the behavior. We propose Word-Object Learning via Visual Exploration in Space (WOLVES), an implementation-level account of CSWL grounded in real-time psychological processes of memory and attention that explicitly models the dynamics of looking at a moment-to-moment scale and learning across trials. We use WOLVES to capture data from 12 studies of CSWL with adults and children, thereby providing a comprehensive account of data purported to support both AL and HT accounts. Direct model comparison shows that WOLVES performs well relative to two competitor models. In particular, WOLVES captures more data than the competitor models (132 vs. 69 data values) and fits the data better than the competitor models (e.g., lower percent error scores for 12 of 17 conditions). Moreover, WOLVES generalizes more accurately to three "held-out" experiments, although a model by Kachergis et al. (2012) fares better on another metric of generalization (Akaike Information Criterion [AIC]/Bayesian Information Criterion [BIC]). Critically, we offer the first developmental account of CSWL, providing insights into how memory processes change from infancy through adulthood. WOLVES shows that visual exploration and selective attention in CSWL are both dependent on and indicative of learning within a task-specific context. Furthermore, learning is driven by real-time synchrony of words and gaze and constrained by memory processes over multiple timescales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key question in early development is how changes in neural systems give rise to changes in infants' behavior. We examine this question by testing predictions of a dynamic field (DF) model of infant spatial attention. We tested 5‐, 7‐, and 10‐month‐old infants in the Infant Orienting With Attention (IOWA) task containing the original non‐competitive cue conditions (when a central stimulus disappeared before a cue onset) and new competitive cue conditions (when a central stimulus remained visible throughout the trial). This allowed testing of five model predictions: (1) that orienting accuracy would be higher and (2) reaction times would be slower for all competitive conditions; (3) that all infants would be slower to orient in the competitive conditions, though (4) older infants would show the strongest competition costs; and (5) that reaction times would be particularly slow for un‐cued competitive conditions. Four of these five predictions were supported, and the remaining prediction was supported in part. We next examined fits of the model to the expanded task. New simulation results reveal close fits to the present findings after parameter modification. Critically, developmental parameters of the model were not altered, providing support for the DF model's account of neuro‐developmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2001 and 2023, we obtained high spectral resolution mid-infrared observations of Io using the TEXES instrument at NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility. These observations were centered at 529.8 cm-1 (18.88 μ m) and include several SO 2 absorption lines. By modeling the shapes and strengths of these absorption lines, we are able to determine how Io's SO 2 atmospheric density varies over the 22-year time period, covering nearly two Jovian years. Previous analysis has shown that the density of Io's atmosphere on the anti-Jovian hemisphere exhibits clear seasonal temporal variability, which can be modeled as the sum of a seasonally-varying frost sublimation component and a constant component, assumed to be volcanic. The new data show that the seasonal pattern repeats during the second Jovian year, confirming the importance of sublimation support. The considerable longitudinal variability in Io's atmospheric density found in previous work is also stable over the second Jovian year with the SO 2 column density on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere being 5–8 times lower than the anti-Jovian hemisphere. For the first time, we detect seasonal variability on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere as well. This can also be modeled as a combination of sublimation and a small constant source. The lower atmospheric density on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere can plausibly be explained by the daily Jupiter eclipses, which decrease the surface temperature and therefore reduce the sublimation-driven component of the atmosphere, combined with a lower level of volcanic activity directly emitting SO 2 into the atmosphere. • Io's SO 2 atmospheric density varies seasonally according to heliocentric distance. • The atmosphere is supported by sublimation of surface SO 2 frost on both hemispheres. • The atmospheric density is consistently much lower on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere. • Eclipses and inhomogeneous volcanic emissions may drive the longitudinal variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) is necessary to minimize its symptoms and limit sequelae. The current UTI screening by urine test strip analysis and microscopic examination has suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. A definitive diagnosis of UTI by urine culture takes two to three days for the results. These limitations necessitate a need for better biomarkers for the diagnosis and subsequent management of UTI in children. Here, we review the value of currently available UTI biomarkers and highlight the potential of emerging biomarkers that can facilitate a more rapid and accurate UTI diagnosis. Of the newer UTI biomarkers, the most promising are blood procalcitonin (PCT) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). PCT can provide diagnostic benefits and should be considered in patients who have a blood test for other reasons. NGAL, which is on the threshold of clinical care, needs more research to address its scope and utilization, including point-of-care application. Employment of these and other biomarkers may ultimately improve UTI diagnosis, guide UTI therapy, reduce antibiotic use, and mitigate UTI complications.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary informationA higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary informationGraphical abstract: A prompt diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) is necessary to minimize its symptoms and limit sequelae. The current UTI screening by urine test strip analysis and microscopic examination has suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. A definitive diagnosis of UTI by urine culture takes two to three days for the results. These limitations necessitate a need for better biomarkers for the diagnosis and subsequent management of UTI in children. Here, we review the value of currently available UTI biomarkers and highlight the potential of emerging biomarkers that can facilitate a more rapid and accurate UTI diagnosis. Of the newer UTI biomarkers, the most promising are blood procalcitonin (PCT) and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). PCT can provide diagnostic benefits and should be considered in patients who have a blood test for other reasons. NGAL, which is on the threshold of clinical care, needs more research to address its scope and utilization, including point-of-care application. Employment of these and other biomarkers may ultimately improve UTI diagnosis, guide UTI therapy, reduce antibiotic use, and mitigate UTI complications.A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary informationA higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We disclose a synthetic route that providess an unprecedented library of C1 salan ligands endowed with (N–H) backbones, previously limited to N-methylated backbones. Efforts to identify a generic complexation protocol to yield the corresponding Cu(II)–salan complexes demonstrate the scope and limitations of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working memory is a central cognitive system that plays a key role in development, with working memory capacity and speed of processing increasing as children move from infancy through adolescence. Here, I focus on two questions: What neural processes underlie working memory, and how do these processes change over development? Answers to these questions lie in computer simulations of neural-network models that shed light on how development happens. These models open up new avenues for optimizing clinical interventions aimed at boosting the working memory abilities of at-risk infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gay traveler, a segment of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) travel market, is perceived to be a homogeneous market segment as a result of the assumption that gay men have a unique "homosexual lifestyle." This assumption is problematic as it conceals many other important variables, and it may hinder effective destination marketing. A Web-based electronic survey was completed by 469 gay male travelers, and attribute-based benefit segmentation was carried out by applying a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's procedure with Euclidean distances. The typology is based on the push and pull framework; the motivations of travelers were assessed both in terms of their socio-psychological motivations and destination attributes of Cape Town. The typology empirically suggests that gay travelers are not homogeneous, and that sexuality influences the travel behavior of a minority of gay men. Consequently, not all gay travelers or activities by these travelers can be labeled as "gay" tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolph (this issue) does engage in this discussion, making a distinction between learning I and i development, learning I versus i development, or - her preference - learning I in i development. According to Adolph's analysis, development entails changes in the animal's body, brain, and nervous system, as well as changes in skills. The tension comes when we think about the brain and nervous system - on this front, it is harder to separate learning and development because the brain shapes itself in complex ways over multiple timescales. Ultimately, we hope to incorporate these different aspects of brain development into our theory to create an integrated theory of I brain and behavioral i development. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Charon displays extensive plains that cover the equatorial area and south to the terminator on the sub-Pluto hemisphere observed by New Horizons. We hypothesize that these plains are a result of Charon's global extension and early subsurface ocean yielding a large cryoflow that completely resurfaced this area leaving the plains and other features that we observe today. The cryoflow consisted of ammonia-rich material, and could have resurfaced this area either by cryovolcanic effusion similar to lunar maria emplacement or a mechanism similar to magmatic stoping where lithospheric blocks foundered. Geological observations, modeling of possible flow rheology, and an analysis of rille orientations support these hypotheses. Highlights • The extensive plains on Charon are a result of global expansion and an early subsurface ocean that flowed as a cryoflow and resurfaced a large area. • The cryoflow most likely was composed of ammonia-rich water ice. • The cryoflow was similar to Lunar maria emplacement or via a mechanism where lithospheric blocks were severely disrupted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the time spent on reference questions by users at an urban university library. Patterns of time spent on reference questions; Differences between affiliated and non-affiliated library users; Seasons changes in the amount of reference questions asked.

The interaction of visual exploration and auditory processing is central to early cognitive development, supporting object discrimination, categorization, and word learning. Research has shown visual–auditory interactions to be complex, created from multiple processes and changing over multiple timescales. To better understand these interactions, we generalize a formal neural process model of early word learning to two studies examining how words impact 9‐ to 22‐month‐olds' attention to novelty. These simulations clarify the origin and nature of previously demonstrated effects of labels on visual exploration and the basis of mutual exclusivity effects in word learning. We use our findings to discuss key questions for this special section: what makes a good theory and how should formal theories interface with empirical paradigms and findings? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Executive function (EF) is a key cognitive process that emerges in early childhood and facilitates children's ability to control their own behavior. Individual differences in EF skills early in life are predictive of quality‐of‐life outcomes 30 years later (Moffitt et al., 2011). What changes in the brain give rise to this critical cognitive ability? Traditionally, frontal cortex growth is thought to underlie changes in cognitive control (Bunge & Zelazo, 2006; Moriguchi & Hiraki, 2009). However, more recent data highlight the importance of long‐range cortical interactions between frontal and posterior brain regions. Here, we test the hypothesis that developmental changes in EF skills reflect changes in how posterior and frontal brain regions work together. Results show that children who fail a “hard” version of an EF task and who are thought to have an immature frontal cortex, show robust frontal activity in an “easy” version of the task. We show how this effect can arise via posterior brain regions that provide on‐the‐job training for the frontal cortex, effectively teaching the frontal cortex adaptive patterns of brain activity on “easy” EF tasks. In this case, frontal cortex activation can be seen as both the cause and the consequence of rule switching. Results also show that older children have differential posterior cortical activation on “easy” and “hard” tasks that reflects continued refinement of brain networks even in skilled children. These data set the stage for new training programs to foster the development of EF skills in at‐risk children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We use nighttime Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) data to look for discrete regions of elevated nighttime temperatures indicative of endogenic activity on Dione's surface. This is achieved by producing low latitude and midlatitude (less than 60°) maps of Dione's nighttime surface temperature, derived from 10 to 1,100‐cm−1 CIRS data. The surface temperatures observed do not show evidence of any small discrete regions of elevated nighttime temperatures and are comparable to temperatures predicted by a passive thermophysical model of Dione's surface. Thus, we conclude that no evidence for activity exists on Dione at midlatitude to low latitude. Using the derived surface temperature maps, we set upper limits for the temperature at which a 50‐, 100‐, or 200‐km2 hot spot would remain undetected by this study. We find the mean temperature of such a hot spot would be 117.1 ± 47.2 K (−249 F), 104.8 ± 27.7 K (−272 F), and 95.4 ± 19.5 K (−288 F) for a 50‐, 100‐, and 200‐km2 hot spot, respectively, corresponding to endogenic emission of 1.07, 0.68, and 0.47 GW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing multidrug resistance (MDR) in Acinetobacter baumannii warrants therapeutic alternatives, and the bactericidal nature of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offers a possible approach. In this study, we examined the interaction of cathelicidin AMPs WAM-1, a marsupial AMP, and LL-37, a human AMP, with A. baumannii clinical isolates. We characterized the antibiotic resistance of the isolates, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of these AMPs, synergistic activity with antibiotics, and their effects on biofilm formation and dispersal. All clinical isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics, with four of seven isolates showing MDR. WAM-1 and LL-37 showed variable activity in clinical isolates, with WAM-1 having a stronger bacteriostatic effect than LL-37 and showing rapid bactericidal activity against clinical isolates. Furthermore, synergistic bactericidal activity was observed with WAM-1 and commonly prescribed antibiotics. Both peptides were able to inhibit biofilm formation in all clinical isolates at some concentrations, and WAM-1 dispersed mature biofilm in most isolates. LL-37 was unable to disperse mature biofilms in any strains. Further studies must be done to elucidate the true value of these alternative treatments, but these results suggest that MDR A. baumannii's susceptibility to AMPs may result in innovative therapeutics to prevent or treat these infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous neuroimaging studies have reported a posterior to anterior shift of activation in ageing (PASA). Here, we explore the nature of this shift by modulating load (1,2 or 3 items) and perceptual complexity in two variants of a visual working memory task (VWM): a ‘simple’ color and a ‘complex’ shape change detection task. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record changes in activation in younger ( N =24) and older adults ( N =24). Older adults exhibited PASA by showing lesser activation in the posterior cortex and greater activation in the anterior cortex when compared to younger adults. Further, they showed reduced accuracy at loads 2 and 3 for the simple task and across all loads for the complex task. Activation in the posterior and anterior cortices was modulated differently for younger and older adults. In older adults, increasing load in the simple task was accompanied by decreasing activation in the posterior cortex and lack of modulation in the anterior cortex, suggesting the inability to encode and/or maintain representations without much aid from higher-order centres. In the complex task, older adults recruited verbal working memory areas in the posterior cortex, suggesting that they used adaptive strategies such as labelling the shape stimuli. This was accompanied by reduced activation in the anterior cortex reflecting the inability to exert top-down modulation to typical VWM areas in the posterior cortex to improve behavioral performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Rainwash erosion is a significant process within large, open form gullies. • Mean downwearing erosion rate in gully subsurface materials was 24.5 mm y−1. • This erosion component alone represents 162 ± 29–495 ± 62 t ha−1 y−1 of sediment. • Downwearing accounts for 50–80% of the erosion component in alluvial gullies. • Internal gully downwearing exacerbates continued growth in long-term yields. Rainfall and runoff are significant contributors to gully erosion, usually in the form of concentrated flow at the gully head. Yet differences in the erosion processes driving the development of alluvial gullies have yet to be adequately addressed. In considering the role of rainfall on gully development, downwearing of partly-eroded, internal surfaces by direct splash and wash erosion were investigated at 11 alluvial gullies in northeastern Australia. Rainwash processes are well described in the soil and agricultural erosion literature but are rarely considered important gully erosion processes. 293 erosion pins/plates were installed on internal buttress crests between 2019 and 2021. Over 70% of pins recorded erosion depths of 5–55 mm y−1 despite below-average rainfall in that period. Gully subsurface sediments had a rate of 24.5 mm y−1 (SD = 18.1), accounting for toppled pins, while adjacent surface materials had a rate of 1 mm y−1 (SD = 2). Downwearing volumes represent 50 – 80% of the sediment losses from measured gullies, with specific yields from downwearing alone of 162 ± 29–495 ± 62 ha−1 y−1. Soil chemistry results provide limited ability to understand the specific factors driving intra-site variability in erosion rates, but rates are related to strongly sodic and magnesic subsurface sediments that had strong dispersion and slaking properties. Total rainfall is a significant factor at the site scale, but no relationship was found with seasonal erosivity. From these results, we suggest that rainwash erosion on internal gully surfaces is an important and significant erosion process of large, alluvial gullies, with relevance to all open form gullies. Downwearing of internal surfaces and ongoing adjustment in gully depth results in a sustained growth phase over the medium-term compared with most hillslope gullies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from infectious disease worldwide. The low sensitivity, extended processing time, and high expense of current diagnostics are major challenges to the detection and treatment of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ornithine transcarbamylase ( Mtb OTC, Rv1656) has been identified in the urine of patients with active TB infection and is a promising target for point-of-care diagnostics. Specific binding proteins with low nanomolar affinities for Mtb OTC were selected from a phage display library built upon a hyperthermostable Sso7d scaffold. Phage particles displaying Sso7d variants were utilized to generate a sandwich ELISA-based assay for Mtb OTC. The assay response is linear between 2 ng/mL and 125 ng/mL recombinant Mtb OTC and has a limit of detection of 400 pg/mL recombinant Mtb OTC. The assay employing a phage-based detection reagent is comparable to commercially-available antibody-based biosensors. Importantly, the assay maintains functionality at both neutral and basic pH in presence of salt and urea over the range of concentrations typical for human urine. Phage-based diagnostic systems may feature improved physical stability and cost of production relative to traditional antibody-based reagents, without sacrificing specificity and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and coordination behaviour of the pyridylphosphine ligand o-C6H4(CH2PPy2)2 (Py = 2-pyridyl) are reported. The phosphine selenide was synthesised and the 1JPSe value of 738 Hz indicates the phosphorus atoms have a similar basicity to PPh3. The ligand reacts with platinum(ii) and palladium(ii) complexes to give simple diphosphine complexes of the type [MX2(PP)] (M = Pt, X = Cl, I, Me, Et; M = Pd, X = Cl, Me). When the ligand is reacted with chloromethyl(hexa-1,5-diene)platinum the [PtClMe(PP)] complex results, from which a series of unsymmetrical platinum complexes of the type [PtMeL(PP)]+ (L = PPh3, PTA, SEt2 and pyridine) can be made. This enabled the comparison of the cis and trans influences of a range of ligands. The following cis influence series was compiled based on 31P NMR data of these complexes: Py ≈ Cl ＞ SEt2 ＞ PTA ＞ PPh3. Reaction of [PtClMe(PP)] with NaCH(SO2CF3)2 and carbon monoxide slowly formed an acyl complex, where the CO had inserted in the Pt–Me bond. Attempts to achieve P,P,N chelation, through abstracting the chloride ligand in [PtClMe(PP)], were unsuccessful. When the ligand reacted with platinum(0), palladium(0) and silver(i) complexes the bis-chelated complexes [M(PP)2] (M = Pt, Pd) and [Ag(PP)2]+ were formed respectively. Reaction of the ligand with [Ir(COD)(μ-Cl)]2 formed [IrCl(PP)(COD)]. When the chloride ligand was abstracted, the pyridyl nitrogens were able to interact with the iridium centre facilitating the isomerisation of the 1,2,5,6-η4-COD ligand to a 1-κ-4,5,6-η3-C8H12 ligand. The X-ray crystal structure of [Ir(1-κ-4,5,6-η3-C8H12)(PPN)]BPh4 confirmed the P,P,N chelation mode of the ligand. In solution, this complex displayed hemilabile behaviour, with the pyridyl nitrogens exchanging at a rate faster than the NMR time scale at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) combined with the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1/2 inhibitor (3Z)-5-hydroxy-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-2-one on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (triple-negative) in the form of both a cocktail of the separate compounds and a chemically synthesized hybrid (N-hydroxy-N'-[(3Z)-2-oxo-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl]octanediamide). Comparative flow cytometric and Western blot analyses were performed on cocktail- and hybrid-treated cells to evaluate cell cycle distribution, autophagy/apoptosis modulation, and mitochondrial metabolic state in order to understand the cellular basis of the cytotoxic effect. Cell cycle analysis showed a perturbation of the rate of progression through the cycle, with aspects of redistribution of cells over different cycle phases for the two treatments. In addition, the results suggest that the two distinct classes of compounds under investigation could induce cell death by different preferential pathways, i.e., autophagy inhibition (the cocktail) or apoptosis promotion (the hybrid), thus confirming the enhanced potential of the hybrid approach vs. the combination approach in finely tuning the biological activities of target cells and also showing the hybrid compound as an additional promising drug-like molecule for the prevention or therapy of "aggressive" breast carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the technology-enhanced learning (TEL) approach in medical education. Topics mention including several Web 2.0 resources such as social media, wikis and podcasts, popularity of several videos in the Vine platform and efforts of various students and educators in developing an online .

The article responds to the common perception that the English system of criminal procedure is ‘accusatorial’ whilst those in continental Europe are ‘inquisitorial’ and that these categories are distinct. On closer inspection, what were different traditions have been modified on both sides, so that pure systems no longer exist. The position on the United Kingdom is further confused in public discussion by equating the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union, with the latter especially being seen in some circles as an unwelcome force for harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Studies examining the relationship between spatial attention and spatial working memory (SWM) have shown that discrimination responses are faster for targets appearing at locations that are being maintained in SWM, and that location memory is impaired when attention is withdrawn during the delay. These observations support the proposal that sustained attention is required for successful retention in SWM: If attention is withdrawn, memory representations are likely to fail, increasing errors. In the present study, this proposal was reexamined in light of a neural-process model of SWM. On the basis of the model's functioning, we propose an alternative explanation for the observed decline in SWM performance when a secondary task is performed during retention: SWM representations drift systematically toward the location of targets appearing during the delay. To test this explanation, participants completed a color discrimination task during the delay interval of a spatial-recall task. In the critical shifting-attention condition, the color stimulus could appear either toward or away from the midline reference axis, relative to the memorized location. We hypothesized that if shifting attention during the delay leads to the failure of SWM representations, there should be an increase in the variance of recall errors, but no change in directional errors, regardless of the direction of the shift. Conversely, if shifting attention induces drift of SWM representations-as predicted by the model-systematic changes in the patterns of spatial-recall errors should occur that would depend on the direction of the shift. The results were consistent with the latter possibility-recall errors were biased toward the locations of discrimination targets appearing during the delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, properties and coordination behaviour of the bis(dipyridylphosphinomethyl)phenyl pincer ligand 1,3-C 6 H 4 (CH 2 PPy 2 ) 2 (Py = 2-pyridyl) are reported. The basicity of the phosphorus atoms in the ligand is explored through the synthesis of the phosphine selenide and a protonation study. The 1 J PSe value of 742 Hz indicates that this ligand is less basic than PPh 3 and the protonation study confirms the nitrogen atoms are more basic than the phosphorus atoms. Protonation of the ligand also renders it water-soluble. The ligand reacts with [PtXY(hex)] (X = Y = Me; X = Cl Y = Me, hex = hexa-1,5-diene) at 50 °C to give pincer [PtX(PCP)] complexes (X = Me, Cl). In contrast, when reaction with [PtXY(hex)] (X = Y = Me, Cl; X = Cl Y = Me) occurs at ambient temperature, dimeric complexes of the type [PtXY( μ -PP)] 2 are observed in the NMR spectra. The presence of a methyl ligand appears to facilitate metalation: when there is no methyl ligand present formation of the platinum pincer complex does not occur even after prolonged thermolysis. However, reaction with [PdCl 2 (MeCN) 2 ] proceeds readily at 50 °C from the dimer to the [PdCl(PCP)] complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence indicates that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve key roles in defending the urinary tract against invading uropathogens. To date, the individual contribution of AMPs to urinary tract host defense is not well defined. In this study, we identified Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (RegIIIγ) as the most transcriptionally up-regulated AMP in murine bladder transcriptomes following uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection. We confirmed induction of RegIIIγ mRNA during cystitis and pyelonephritis by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunoblotting demonstrates increased bladder and urinary RegIIIγ protein levels following UPEC infection. Immunostaining localizes RegIIIγ protein to urothelial cells of infected bladders and kidneys. Human patients with UTI have increased urine concentrations of the orthologous Hepatocarcinoma-Intestine-Pancreas / Pancreatitis Associated Protein (HIP/PAP) compared to healthy controls. Recombinant RegIIIγ protein does not demonstrate bactericidal activity toward UPEC in vitro, but does kill Staphylococcus saprophyticus in a dose-dependent manner. Kidney and bladder tissue from RegIIIγ knockout mice and wild-type mice contain comparable bacterial burden following UPEC and Gram-positive UTI. Our results demonstrate that RegIIIγ and HIP/PAP expression is induced during human and murine UTI. However, their specific function in the urinary tract remains uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal ordering of events is biased, or influenced, by perceptual organization--figure-ground organization--and by spatial attention. For example, within a region assigned figural status or at an attended location, onset events are processed earlier (Lester, Hecht, & Vecera, 2009; Shore, Spence, & Klein, 2001), and offset events are processed for longer durations (Hecht & Vecera, 2011; Rolke, Ulrich, & Bausenhart, 2006). Here, we present an extension of a dynamic field model of change detection (Johnson, Spencer, Luck, & Schoner, 2009; Johnson, Spencer, & Schoner, 2009) that accounts for both the onset and offset performance for figural and attended regions. The model posits that neural populations processing the figure are more active, resulting in a peak of activation that quickly builds toward a detection threshold when the onset of a target is presented. This same enhanced activation for some neural populations is maintained when a present target is removed, creating delays in the perception of the target's offset. We discuss the broader implications of this model, including insights regarding how neural activation can be generated in response to the disappearance of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legume nodules result from coordinated interactions between the plant and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. The phytohormone cytokinin promotes nodule formation, and recent findings suggest that the phytohormone auxin inhibits nodule formation. Here we show that micro RNA160 (miR160) is a key signaling element that determines the auxin/cytokinin balance during nodule development in soybean ( Glycine max). miR160 appears to promote auxin activity by suppressing the levels of the ARF10/16/17 family of repressor ARF transcription factors. Using quantitative PCR assays and a fluorescence mi RNA sensor, we show that miR160 levels are relatively low early during nodule formation and high in mature nodules. We had previously shown that ectopic expression of miR160 in soybean roots led to a severe reduction in nodule formation, coupled with enhanced sensitivity to auxin and reduced sensitivity to cytokinin. Here we show that exogenous cytokinin restores nodule formation in miR160 over-expressing roots. Therefore, low miR160 levels early during nodule development favor cytokinin activity required for nodule formation. Suppression of miR160 levels using a short tandem target mimic ( STTM160) resulted in reduced sensitivity to auxin and enhanced sensitivity to cytokinin. In contrast to miR160 over-expressing roots, STTM160 roots had increased nodule formation, but nodule maturation was significantly delayed. Exogenous auxin partially restored proper nodule formation and maturation in STTM160 roots, suggesting that high miR160 activity later during nodule development favors auxin activity and promotes nodule maturation. Therefore, miR160 dictates developmental stage-specific sensitivities to auxin and cytokinin to direct proper nodule formation and maturation in soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the result of a search for evidence of an O 2 -dominated atmosphere on Callisto, using the high far-ultraviolet sensitivity of the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). Observations of Callisto’s leading/Jupiter-facing hemisphere show, for the first time, variable-strength atomic oxygen (O I) emissions with brightness up to 4.7 ± 0.7 Rayleighs for the O I 1304 Å triplet and 1.9 ± 0.4 Rayleighs for the O I 1356 Å doublet, averaged over the 2.5 arcsec. diameter COS aperture. Because the observations were made in Earth’s shadow, and are brighter than expected emission from nighttime geocoronal airglow or other plausible sources, we are confident that they originate from Callisto or its immediate vicinity. In addition, COS’s limited (∼1 arcsec) spatial resolution implies a 2 σ detection of excess 1356 Å emission concentrated on the disk of Callisto itself, with brightness 3.2 ± 1.6 Rayleighs. The (O I 1356 Å)/(O I 1304 Å) emission ratio from Callisto’s disk favors dissociative excitation of O 2 , suggesting that O 2 is the dominant atmospheric component rather than other possible oxygen-bearing alternatives. Photoelectrons, rather than magnetospheric electrons, are the most likely source of the dissociative excitation. This detection yields an O 2 column density of ∼4 × 10 15 cm −2 on the leading/Jupiter facing hemisphere, which implies that Callisto’s atmosphere is collisional and is the fourth-densest satellite atmosphere in the Solar System, in addition to being the second-densest O 2 -rich collisional atmosphere in the Solar System, after Earth. Longitudinal variations in published densities of ionospheric electrons suggest that O 2 densities in Callisto’s trailing hemisphere, which we did not observe, may be an order of magnitude greater. The aperture-filling emissions imply that there is also an extended corona of predominantly O I 1304 Å emission around Callisto, with observed strength of 1–4 Rayleighs, likely due to solar resonance scattering from sputtered atomic O, with a density of up to 10 4 cm −3 at the exobase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate the number of diabetics that seek medical treatment in emergency departments or require hospitalization for infection management in the United States. This study also assesses the socioeconomic impact of inpatient infection management among diabetics. Methods: We accessed the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Emergency Department Sample database and the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to perform a retrospective analysis on diabetics presenting to the emergency department or hospitalized for infection management from 2006 to 2011. Results: Emergency Department: Since 2006, nearly 10 million diabetics were annually evaluated in the emergency department. Infection was the primary reason for presentation in 10% of these visits. Among those visits, urinary tract infection was the most common infection, accounting for over 30% of emergency department encounters for infections. Other common infections included sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, and pneumonia. Diabetics were more than twice as likely to be hospitalized for infection management than patients without diabetes. Hospitalization: Since 2006, nearly 6 million diabetics were annually hospitalized. 8-12% of these patients were hospitalized for infection management. In 2011, the inpatient care provided to patients with DM, and infection was responsible for over $48 billion dollars in aggregate hospital charges. Conclusions: Diabetics commonly present to the emergency department and require hospitalization for infection management. The care provided to diabetics for infection management has a large economic impact on the United States healthcare system. More efforts are needed to develop cost-effective strategies for the prevention of infection in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present observations of Io’s tenuous lower atmosphere on the Jupiter-facing hemisphere at ultraviolet wavelengths, from 2100 to 2250 Å, using the Hubble Space Telescope’s Cosmic Origins Spectrometer, during the period immediately after Io emerges from Jupiter eclipse. The density of an atmosphere dominantly controlled by frost sublimation is highly dependent on the thermal properties of the surface frost and frost temperature, and the changing solar illumination conditions as Io enters and exits eclipses allow us to study the atmospheric response due to frost sublimation and its relative role compared to volcanic output. These new eclipse emergence observations were obtained to better understand the relative roles that frost sublimation and volcanoes play in supporting the overall atmosphere on Io. The observations were obtained on two separate dates, and in both cases, we observe Io post Jupiter eclipse, from approximately 2 min after egress to approximately 2 h post-egress. On both of these occasions, the atmospheric density was observed to be constant with time to within 15%, implying that the atmosphere did not collapse while in Jupiter eclipse. We use a thermal model to explore combinations of volcanic support and sublimation support with a variety of SO 2 frost thermal inertias and bond albedos, which are consistent with these new observations. We find that a pure sublimation-supported atmosphere with a single surface component (100% frost coverage) is difficult to reconcile with the observed lack of post-eclipse atmospheric changes, unless the SO 2 frost thermal inertia is very high (⩾500 MKS) accompanied with moderate bond albedos (∼0.55). However, atmospheric support by high thermal inertia frost is difficult to reconcile with the dramatic cooling of much of Io’s surface in eclipse, which should lead to condensation of the atmosphere on the cold surface components. Alternatively, a Jupiter-facing atmosphere entirely dominated by volcanic emissions in which frost sublimation plays only a minor role fits the data well. The results are surprising given the previous observations of reduced FUV auroral emissions in eclipse that suggest that the atmosphere does collapse in eclipse. Future improvements to incorporate non-frost components into the thermal model will help improve our interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on an investigation of the spatial distribution of Io’s atmosphere, and its diurnal variability, using Hubble’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (HST/STIS). From December 2010 to January 2012, we obtained spatially resolved limb-to-limb 2100–3100 Å spectra at low latitudes (<30°), with the STIS 0.1″ slit. Spectra taken at two central meridian longitudes (CMLs), 200 and 250W, over regions that are both bright and dark at near-UV (3000–4000 Å) wavelengths, allowed investigation of the variation in atmospheric density with terrain type and local time. The combined longitudinal coverage of these observations extends from 120 to 320W longitude, and observations of the 200–250W longitude region are obtained at 2 distinct times of day, differing by 50° of rotation of Io. Using primarily SO 2 gas absorptions from 2100 to 2300 Å, we detect SO 2 gas densities ranging from 0.3 to 2.2 × 10 17 cm −2 , and 100–200 K gas temperatures. Because we avoided known persistent plume sites, and see little enhancement of SO 2 density near known active volcanic centers, we conclude that SO 2 gas densities ∼2 × 10 17 cm −2 can be obtained via sublimation alone. We correct column densities at each location to equatorial values by assuming vapor-pressure equilibrium with frost at temperatures that vary as cosine 1/4 (latitude), as inferred from earlier low latitude HST/STIS observations (Jessup, K.L., Spencer, J.R., Ballester, G.E., Howell, R.R., Roesler, F., Vigil, M., Yelle, R. [2004]. Icarus 169, 197–215). Inferred equatorial SO 2 gas densities in the 120–320W longitude range show the following behavior: (i) rapid decrease from longitude 170W to 310W, consistent with previous disk-integrated 19 μm and 2100 Å spectroscopy (Spencer, J.R., Lellouch, E., Richter, M.J., López-Valverde, M.A., Jessup, K.L., Greathouse, T.K., Flaud, J.M. [2005]. Icarus 176, 283–304; Tsang, C.C.C., Spencer, J.R., Jessup, K.L. [2013]. Icarus 226, 604–616) and Ly-α imaging (Feaga, L.M., McGrath, M., Feldman, P.D. [2009]. Icarus 201, 570–584); (ii) at a given longitude, negligible variation with local time despite the 50° rotation of Io, consistent with the dawn-to-dusk presence of the atmosphere as derived previously from Ly-α images (Feaga, L.M., McGrath, M., Feldman, P.D. [2009]. Icarus 201, 570–584); and (iii) negligible dependence on the near-UV brightness of the underlying terrain. At longitudes 140–170W, inferred equatorial SO 2 gas densities are a factor of 2 larger than those seen in 2001 (Jessup, K.L., Spencer, J.R., Ballester, G.E., Howell, R.R., Roesler, F., Vigil, M., Yelle, R. [2004]. Icarus 169, 197–215), consistent with the expected seasonal change due to variations in Io’s heliocentric distance (Tsang, C.C.C., Spencer, J.R., Lellouch, E., López-Valverde, M.A., Richter, M., Greathouse, T.K. [2012]. Icarus 217, 277–296). The inferred latitudinal and seasonal variations in atmospheric abundance, and the absolute SO 2 gas abundances, are consistent with a sublimation dominated atmosphere with SO 2 frost albedo ∼0.5 ± 0.09 and thermal inertia ⩾300 MKS (Tsang, C.C.C., Spencer, J.R., Lellouch, E., López-Valverde, M.A., Richter, M., Greathouse, T.K. [2012]. Icarus 217, 277–296; Walker, A.C., Moore, C.H., Goldstein, D.B., Varghese, P.L., Trafton, L.M. [2012]. Icarus 220, 225–253), and an inferred volcanic component that is ∼20–30% of the sublimated gas density. However, the lack of diurnal temperature variations is difficult to explain with vapor pressure equilibrium unless the frost thermal inertia is extremely high (∼2000 MKS), and the strong longitudinal atmospheric gradient cannot be explained by a vapor pressure equilibrium with frost that has uniform albedo and thermal inertia with longitude. We note, however, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an imaging technique that relies on the principle of shining near-infrared light through tissue to detect changes in hemodynamic activation. An important methodological issue encountered is the creation of optimized probe geometry for fNIRS recordings. Here, across three experiments, we describe and validate a processing pipeline designed to create an optimized, yet scalable probe geometry based on selected regions of interest (ROIs) from the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature. In experiment 1, we created a probe geometry optimized to record changes in activation from target ROIs important for visual working memory. Positions of the sources and detectors of the probe geometry on an adult head were digitized using a motion sensor and projected onto a generic adult atlas and a segmented head obtained from the subject's MRI scan. In experiment 2, the same probe geometry was scaled down to fit a child's head and later digitized and projected onto the generic adult atlas and a segmented volume obtained from the child's MRI scan. Using visualization tools and by quantifying the amount of intersection between target ROIs and channels, we show that out of 21 ROIs, 17 and 19 ROIs intersected with fNIRS channels from the adult and child probe geometries, respectively. Further, both the adult atlas and adult subject-specific MRI approaches yielded similar results and can be used interchangeably. However, results suggest that segmented heads obtained from MRI scans be used for registering children's data. Finally, in experiment 3, we further validated our processing pipeline by creating a different probe geometry designed to record from target ROIs involved in language and motor processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hillslope erosion rates have been estimated from models based on the widely used Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) over large areas of Australia as a basis for catchment and river management. In this paper we present data from erosion plots in the Normanby catchment, Cape York, Australia. Extremely high rates of hillslope erosion are predicted in areas of the Normanby, producing extremely high modeled suspended sediment loads in streams which drain into the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Lagoon. Using a novel, low budget sediment trap, total sediment yield is measured across the annual wet season (November to April) in 11 plots ranging in size from 0.1 to 1.9 ha. Total hillslope erosion rates (i.e., suspended and bed material load) measured within the four main geologies in the catchment, range between 0.03-256 kg/ha/yr. across two distinctly different wet seasons. These data are compared with the RUSLE modeled sediment yields determined for the same sites, for the same periods of time, using five different model formulations; two existing catchment scale models along with three plot scale formulations based on measured plot scale parameters. Modeled sediment yields using the first catchment scale model ranged from 4290 to 57,040 kg/ha/yr.; while the second catchment scale model predicted values of 730-9680 kg/ha/yr. Modeled yields using plot scale metrics together provided values ranging from 1550 to 331,700 kg/ha/yr. Depending on which modeled data are used, this represents an average ratio of over prediction by the RUSLE model (cf the measured rates for the same period) of between 12 and 13,300 times. We suggest that the over-prediction is due to four key reasons: 1) K factors have been incorrectly extrapolated from empirical data collected elsewhere on agricultural soils that vary greatly from the typical savannah rangeland soils; 2) the high stone content of the soils typically found on many of the savannah hillslopes is not adequately represented in either the C or K factor, 3) the model assumes that sediment supply is a linear function with time, when in fact the K factor (and hence supply) is likely to be non-linear though time-i.e. exhibiting supply exhaustion over an individual wet season or over the longer term (e.g. 10³-104 years), and 4) the vegetative cover factors applied in previous modeling have used the late dry season C values, when the average cover factor across the wet season is significantly lower (where lower C factor = higher cover). We have derived new K factor values from our data for application in a new catchment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its proximity to the fecal flora, the urinary tract is considered sterile. The precise mechanisms by which the urinary tract maintains sterility are not well understood. Host immune responses are critically important in the antimicrobial defense of the urinary tract. During recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune homeostasis of the kidney and urinary tract. Dysfunctions in these immune mechanisms may result in acute disease, tissue destruction and overwhelming infection. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the innate immune response in the urinary tract in response to microbial assault. In doing so, we focus on the role of antimicrobial peptides-a ubiquitous component of the innate immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of electron-poor PCP pincer ligands 1,3-((C6F5)2PO)2C6H4, 1,3-((C6F5)2PCH2)2C6H4, and 1-((C6F5)2PO)-3-( tBu2PCH2)C6H4, and their coordination chemistry to platinum and palladium is described. The most electron-poor ligand 1,3-((C6F5)2PO)2C6H4 (POCOPH) reacts with Group 10 metal chloride precursors to form a range of unusual cis, trans-dimers of the type κ2-P,P-[(POCOPH)MCl(L)]2 (M=Pt, Pd; L=Cl, Me), which undergo metallation to form [(POCOP)MCl] pincer complexes only under prolonged thermolysis. The formation of such cis, trans-dimers during pincer complex formation can be mitigated through the use of starting materials with more strongly binding ancillary ligands, improving the overall rate of ligand metallation. Carbonyl complexes of the type [(PCP)M(CO)]+ were synthesised from the pincer chloride complexes by halide abstraction, and displayed large ν(CO) values, from 2170-2111 cm−1, confirming the electron-poor nature of the compounds. The [(PCP)Pd(CO)]+ complexes also demonstrated the ability to reversibly bind carbon monoxide both in solution and the solid state, with the rate of decarbonylation increasing with increasing wavenumber for the CO stretch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies stress the importance of antimicrobial peptides in protecting the urinary tract from infection. Previously, we have shown that ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) is a potent antimicrobial peptide that has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against uropathogenic bacteria. The urothelium of the lower urinary tract and intercalated cells of the kidney produce RNase 7, but regulation of its antimicrobial activity has not been well defined. Here, we characterize the expression of an endogenous inhibitor, ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), in the urinary tract and evaluate its effect on the antimicrobial activity of RNase 7. Using RNA isolated from non-infected human bladder and kidney tissue, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that RNH1, the gene encoding RI, is constitutively expressed throughout the urinary tract. With pyelonephritis, RNH1 expression and RI peptide production significantly decrease. Immunostaining localized RI production to the umbrella cells of the bladder and intercalated cells of the renal collecting tubule. In vitro assays showed that RI bound to RNase 7 and suppressed its antimicrobial activity by blocking its ability to bind the cell wall of uropathogenic bacteria. Thus, these results demonstrate a new immunomodulatory role for RI and identified a unique regulatory pathway that may affect how RNase 7 maintains urinary tract sterility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of looking dynamics and discrimination form the backbone of developmental science and are central processes in theories of infant cognition. Looking dynamics and discrimination change dramatically across the 1 st year of life. Surprisingly, developmental changes in looking and discrimination have not been studied together. Recent simulations of a dynamic neural field (DNF) model of infant looking and memory suggest that looking and discrimination do change together over development and arise from a single neurodevelopmental mechanism. We probed this claim by measuring looking dynamics and discrimination along continuous, metrically organized dimensions in 5-, 7-, and 10-month-old infants (N = 119). The results showed that looking dynamics and discrimination changed together over development and are linked within individuals. Quantitative simulations of a DNF model provide insights into the processes that underlie developmental change in looking dynamics and discrimination. Simulation results support the view that these changes might arise from a single neurodevelopmental mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: New 19μm spectroscopy of Io’s SO2 atmosphere in 2012 and 2013, when combined with our earlier observations starting in 2001, provides a near-yearly record of atmospheric density in the lowest scale height, spanning almost an entire jovian year. We find that the anti-Jupiter hemisphere atmospheric density is decreasing following Jupiter’s 2011 perihelion passage, confirming our model (Tsang, C.C.C., Spencer, J.R., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M.A., Richter, M.J., Greathouse, T.K., [2012]. Icarus 217, 277–296) that the anti-jovian atmosphere has a large sublimation-supported component that peaks near perihelion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]