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4. A review of Musca sorbens(Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca domesticabehavior and responses to chemical and visual cues

Author

Jones, Robert T, Fagbohun, Ifeoluwa K, Spencer, Freya I, Chen-Hussey, Vanessa, Paris, Laura A, Logan, James G, and Hiscox, Alexandra

Abstract

Muscaflies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and helminths, particularly in low-income settings in tropical regions. In large numbers, these flies can negatively impact the health of communities and their livestock through the transmission of pathogens. In some parts of the world, Musca sorbensis of particular importance because it has been linked with the transmission of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable and irreversible blindness or visual impairment caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, but the contribution these flies make to trachoma transmission has not been quantified and even less is known for other pathogens. Current tools for control and monitoring of house flies remain fairly rudimentary and have focused on the use of environmental management, insecticides, traps, and sticky papers. Given that the behaviors of flies are triggered by chemical cues from their environment, monitoring approaches may be improved by focusing on those activities that are associated with nuisance behaviors or with potential pathogen transmission, and there are opportunities to improve fly control by exploiting behaviors toward semiochemicals that act as attractants or repellents. We review current knowledge on the odor and visual cues that affect the behavior of M. sorbensand Musca domestica, with the aim of better understanding how these can be exploited to support disease monitoring and guide the development of more effective control strategies.

Published
2024
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5. Using trained dogs and organic semi-conducting sensors to identify asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infections: an observational study

Author

Guest, Claire, Dewhirst, Sarah Y, Lindsay, Steve W, Allen, David J, Aziz, Sophie, Baerenbold, Oliver, Bradley, John, Chabildas, Unnati, Chen-Hussey, Vanessa, Clifford, Samuel, Cottis, Luke, Dennehy, Jessica, Foley, Erin, Gezan, Salvador A, Gibson, Tim, Greaves, Courtenay K, Kleinschmidt, Immo, Lambert, Sébastien, Last, Anna, Morant, Steve, Parker, Josephine E A, Pickett, John, Quilty, Billy J, Rooney, Ann, Shah, Manil, Somerville, Mark, Squires, Chelci, Walker, Martin, Logan, James G, Jones, Robert, Assis, Ana, Borthwick, Ewan, Caton, Laura, Edwards, Rachel, Heal, Janette, Hill, David, Jahan, Nazifa, Johnson, Cecelia, Kaye, Angela, Kirkpatrick, Emily, Kisha, Sarah, Ledeatte Williams, Zaena, Moar, Robert, Owonibi, Tolulope, Purcell, Benjamin, Rixson, Christopher, Spencer, Freya, Stefanidis, Anastasios, Stewart, Sophie, Tytheridge, Scott, Wakley, Sian, Wildman, Shanice, Aziz, Catherine, Care, Helen, Curtis, Emily, Dowse, Claire, Makepeace, Alan, Oultram, Sally-Anne, Smith, Jayde, Shenton, Fiona, Hutchins, Harry, Mart, Robert, Cartwright, Jo-anne, Forsey, Miranda, Goodsell, Kerry, Kittridge, Lauren, Nicholson, Anne, Ramos, Angelo, Ritches, Joanne, Setty, Niranjan, Vertue, Mark, Bergstrom, Malin, Chaudhary, Zain, De Wilton, Angus, Gaskell, Kate, Houlihan, Catherine, Jones, Imogen, Margaritis, Marios, Miralhes, Patricia, Owens, Leah, Rampling, Tommy, Rickman, Hannah, Boffito, Marta, Fernandez, Candida, Cotterell, Bryony, Guerdette, Anne-Marie, Tsaknis, George, Turns, Margaret, Walsh, Joanne, Frankland, Lisa, West, Raha, Holland, Maureen, Keenan, Natalie, Wassall, Helen, Young, Megan, Rangeley, Jade, Saalmink, Gwendolyn, Adlakha, Sanjay, Buckley, Philip, Allsop, Lynne, Smith, Susan, Sowter, Donna, Campbell, Alison, Jones, Julie, Laird, Steve, O’Toole, Sarah, Ryan, Courteney, Evans, Jessica, Rand, James, Schumacher, Natasha, Hazelton, Tracey, Dodgson, Andrew, Glasgow, Susannah, Kadiu, Denise, Lopuszansky, Orianne, Oommen, Anu, Prabhu, Joshi, Pursell, Molly, Turner, Jane, Walton, Hollie, Andrews, Robert, Cruickshank, Irena, Thompson, Catherine, Wainwright, Tania, Roebuck, Alun, Lawrence, Tara, Netherton, Kimberley, Hewitt, Claire, Shephardson, Sarah, Crasto, Winston Andrew, Lake, Judith, Musanhu, Rosemary, Walker, Rebecca, Burns, Karen, Higham, Andrew, Le Bas, Julie, Mackenzie, Nicola, Thatcher, Hilary, Beadle, Shannen, Buckley, Sarah, Castle, Gail, Fletcher, Aimee, Holbrook, Sara, Kane, Patricia, Lindley, Kate, Lowry, Tracey, Lupton, Stephanie, Oddy, Sharon, Slater, Lynda, Sylvester, Martin, Agwuh, Kenneth, Maxwell, Veronica, Ryder, Stephen, Topham, Kirsty, Egbuniwe, Obi, Matthews, Rebecca, Arenas-Pinto, Alejandro, Prymas, Paulina, Severn, Abigail, Shaw, Amber, Begum, Safia, Lenton, Daniel, Scriven, James, Leeman, Lucy, Rudge, Karen, Storr, Emma, Alvarez, Ana, Forster, Kate, Hind, Daniel, Cook, Natalie, Peeling, Rosanna, Carey, Peter, Wilson, Anne, and Davis, Jane

Subjects
Volatile Organic Compounds, Dogs, SARS-CoV-2, fungi, Animals, COVID-19, Humans, Mass Screening, General Medicine, Asymptomatic Infections, Sensitivity and Specificity
Abstract

Background A rapid, accurate, non-invasive diagnostic screen is needed to identify people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated whether organic semi-conducting (OSC) sensors and trained dogs could distinguish between people infected with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, and uninfected individuals, and the impact of screening at ports-of-entry. Methods Odour samples were collected from adults, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status confirmed using RT-PCR. OSC sensors captured the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of odour samples. Trained dogs were tested in a double-blind trial to determine their ability to detect differences in VOCs between infected and uninfected individuals, with sensitivity and specificity as the primary outcome. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate the impact of bio-detection dogs for screening. Results About, 3921 adults were enrolled in the study and odour samples collected from 1097 SARS-CoV-2 infected and 2031 uninfected individuals. OSC sensors were able to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and uninfected, with sensitivity from 98% (95% CI 95–100) to 100% and specificity from 99% (95% CI 97–100) to 100%. Six dogs were able to distinguish between samples with sensitivity ranging from 82% (95% CI 76–87) to 94% (95% CI 89–98) and specificity ranging from 76% (95% CI 70–82) to 92% (95% CI 88–96). Mathematical modelling suggests that dog screening plus a confirmatory PCR test could detect up to 89% of SARS-CoV-2 infections, averting up to 2.2 times as much transmission compared to isolation of symptomatic individuals only. Conclusions People infected with SARS-CoV-2, with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, have a distinct odour that can be identified by sensors and trained dogs with a high degree of accuracy. Odour-based diagnostics using sensors and/or dogs may prove a rapid and effective tool for screening large numbers of people. Trial Registration NCT04509713 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Published
2022

6. In the loop.

Author

Smeaton, Natalie, Chambers, Claire, Dawson, Sam, G, Jean, Wilkes, Joyce, Taylor, Elaine, Gunzi, Maudie, Spencer, Freya, Evans, Susan, and Wood, Kate

Published
2017

7. A review of Musca sorbens (Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca domestica behavior and responses to chemical and visual cues.

Author

Jones RT, Fagbohun IK, Spencer FI, Chen-Hussey V, Paris LA, Logan JG, and Hiscox A

Subjects
Muscidae drug effects, Muscidae physiology, Insect Repellents pharmacology, Pheromones pharmacology, Insect Control instrumentation, Insect Control methods, Insect Vectors drug effects, Insect Vectors physiology, Visual Perception, Environment, Behavior, Animal drug effects, Behavior, Animal physiology, Houseflies drug effects, Houseflies physiology, Cues
Abstract

Musca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and helminths, particularly in low-income settings in tropical regions. In large numbers, these flies can negatively impact the health of communities and their livestock through the transmission of pathogens. In some parts of the world, Musca sorbens is of particular importance because it has been linked with the transmission of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable and irreversible blindness or visual impairment caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, but the contribution these flies make to trachoma transmission has not been quantified and even less is known for other pathogens. Current tools for control and monitoring of house flies remain fairly rudimentary and have focused on the use of environmental management, insecticides, traps, and sticky papers. Given that the behaviors of flies are triggered by chemical cues from their environment, monitoring approaches may be improved by focusing on those activities that are associated with nuisance behaviors or with potential pathogen transmission, and there are opportunities to improve fly control by exploiting behaviors toward semiochemicals that act as attractants or repellents. We review current knowledge on the odor and visual cues that affect the behavior of M. sorbens and Musca domestica, with the aim of better understanding how these can be exploited to support disease monitoring and guide the development of more effective control strategies., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Published
2024
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