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A systematic search for literature on the use of indicators to measure the sustainability of tourism at cultural heritage sites identified 22 relevant publications. A critical review of these publications revealed a definite need to: (1) test new data collection methods, including those capable of generating results quickly and economically; (2) assess the reliability and validity of indicators and indices; (3) evaluate alternative procedures for weighting indicators; and (4) conduct long-term monitoring, as opposed to cross-sectional assessments, of the sustainability of tourism at cultural heritage sites. Recommendations are advanced for evaluating and enhancing the reliability and validity of indicators and indices, such as increasing the face and content validity of indicators and indices by including in them measures of governance, and placing indicators of the sustainability of tourism at cultural heritage sites, and indicators of the sustainability of nearby communities, in separate indicator sets and indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has been conducted on the place-making agency of farm tourism. Yet farm tourism is an increasingly important tourism activity that yields many economic, sociocultural, and environmental benefits. To shed more light on this subject, participant observation of, and semi-structured interviews with, farmers and visitors at farms on the Hawaiian island of O'ahu were conducted. The results revealed that through farm tourism, the tangible and intangible assets of the farms became recreational and educational resources, infusing the farms with new meanings and values and transforming them from agricultural productionscapes into places that were also consumptionscapes. The physical environment surrounding the farm, farm visitors and their externalities, community involvement with the farm, and the farmers' entrepreneurialism and desire to educate the public about agriculture and perpetuate their traditions, emerged as place-making influences. These findings corroborated those of other inquiries on place-making in tourism, facilitating the theorization of this process. Conceptual models of the posited antecedents, processes, and outcomes of place-making related to farm tourism, and tourism in general, are presented, and recommendations are advanced for further research that will contribute to theorization in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hospitality/tourism career forums are events at which a panel of successful travel industry professionals provide career advice to students and answer their questions about getting started, and succeeding, in the travel industry. A long-standing forum annually conducted in Hawaii is evaluated in this article. An analysis of data collected by surveying student attendees of the forum immediately after its conclusion revealed that students highly rated the event and would likely recommend it to other students. Advice on working in the travel industry, course selection, and working with others significantly contributed to students' overall rating of the event, suggesting that future events should include such information. Students with travel industry experience, on average, rated the event more highly than others in terms of advice on career advancement and working in the industry, suggesting the importance of dispensing advice not only on starting careers in hospitality/tourism but also on successfully continuing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resident stress has emerged as a problem in many tourism communities. However, little is known about differences in resident stress across diverse destinations. This research gap is addressed by comparing stressors experienced by residents of three global island destinations of O'ahu, Hawaii, U.S., Falmouth, Jamaica, and São Miguel, Azores, Portugal. These three island tourism destinations have diverse tourism types and differing levels of tourism development along the tourism area life cycle (TALC). The 'Travel Intensity Indices' (TII) were used to evaluate tourism development inflection points and determine stage of the TALC for each destination. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses about stressors experienced by residents revealed that in the early stages of tourism development, residents experience stress related to physical changes to their community. In later stages of development, residents experience stress related to the presence of tourists in their community. The type of tourism present in the community also played a role in resident stress, with cruise tourism creating a unique set of stressors. The implications of above findings have two sections. Theoretically, examining resident stress in diverse destinations expands the application of stress theory in the tourism context and begins to establish destination level characteristics that influence resident stress. These findings also extend the application of TALC model to the health and wellness of residents' vis-a-vis the stress they experience. Practically, exploring similarities and differences across these destinations can inform destination developers and managers of the potential stressors that residents may be experiencing that are unique to their level and type of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies of agritourism have focused on farm tourism on tropical islands, and even fewer have explored the motivations, challenges, and/or self-transformations of farmers engaged in farm tourism in such settings. To help fill these research gaps, this article reports on a qualitative field study of farmers engaged in farm tourism in Hawai'i. The results revealed that farmers' motivations for such engagement included a desire to achieve higher profits, efficiently utilize farm resources, better educate people about the origins of their food, and/or perpetuate rural cultural traditions. Some farmers found it challenging to manage tourism in the midst of ongoing farm operations; others felt that farm tourism enhanced the image of farmers. As farmers became involved with farm tourism and interacted with other social groups, new identities, such as educator, culture disseminator, service provider, marketer, and product designer, fused with their traditional identities as agribusiness operators. The success or failure of the adoption of these new identities appears to have been affected by the structure of farms and feedback from other social groups, and influenced farmers' decisions about being a farmer and managing tourism-related operations. Many results corroborate those of inquiries conducted in very different geographic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dissociative one‐electron transfer dissociation of [CuII(dien)Y(G/A)W]•2+ [dien = diethylenetriamine; Y(G/A)W = tyrosyl (glycyl/alanyl)tryptophan] was used to generate the tripeptide radical cations [Y(G/A)W]•+; subsequent loss of the Tyr side chain formed [Gα•(G/A)W]+. The π‐centered species [YGWπ•]+ generated the α‐centered species [Gα•GW]+ through Cα–Cβ bond cleavage, as revealed using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Comparisons of experimental and theoretical IR spectra confirmed that both the charge and spin densities of [Y(G/A)Wπ•]+ were delocalized initially at the tryptophan indolyl ring; subsequent formation of the final [Gα•(G/A)W]+ structure gave the highest spin density at the α‐carbon atom of the N‐terminal glycine residue, with a proton solvated by the first amide oxygen atom. The IRMPD mass spectra and action spectra of the [Gα•(G/A)W]+ species were all distinctly different from those of their isomeric [G(G/A)Wπ•]+ species. The mechanism of formation of the captodative [Gα•(G/A)W]+ species—with the charge site separated from the radical site—from [Y(G/A)Wπ•]+ has been elucidated. DFT calculations suggested that the Cα–Cβ bond cleavage of the tyrosine residue in the radical cationic [Y(G/A)Wπ•]+ precursor involves (a) through‐space electron transfer between the indolyl and phenolic groups; (b) formation of proton‐bound dimers through Cα–Cβ cleavage of the tyrosine residue; and (c) a concerted proton rearrangement from the phenolic OH group to the carboxyl group and formation of the α‐carbon‐centered product [Gα•(G/A)W]+ through hydrogen bond cleavage. The barriers for the electron transfer (a), the Cα–Cβ cleavage (b), and the protonation rearrangement (c) were 12.8, 26.5, and 10.3 kcal mol−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While stress has recently been documented as an adverse impact of tourism, it has not been examined alongside traditional tourism impacts to determine their similarities and differences. To clarify the interrelations of these phenomena, we explored whether tourism-related stressors were similar to well-known tourism impacts, and whether perceived tourism impacts increased the likelihood of experiencing tourism-related stress. Residents of O'ahu, Hawai'i, were asked how much tourism impacted them on 36 variables, whether tourism caused them stress, and if so, how. Study findings reveal that tourism-related stressors often correspond with what have been traditionally considered tourism impacts. Moreover, only five of the tourism impact variables predicted the experience of tourism-related stress, and of these only one was a frequently cited stressor. Connecting impacts to stressors expands the possibility that certain tourism impacts could have consequences that go beyond mere opinions and attitudes, as stress has many health and wellness consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report herein the first detailed study of the mechanism of redox reactions occurring during the gas-phase dissociative electron transfer of prototypical ternary [CuII(dien)M]˙2+ complexes (M, peptide). The two final products are (i) the oxidized non-zwitterionic π-centered [M]˙+ species with both the charge and spin densities delocalized over the indole ring of the tryptophan residue and with a C-terminal COOH group intact, and (ii) the complementary ion [CuI(dien)]+. Infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments, in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealed the structural details of the mass-isolated precursor and product cations. Our experimental and theoretical results indicate that the doubly positively charged precursor [CuII(dien)M]˙2+ features electrostatic coordination through the anionic carboxylate end of the zwitterionic M moiety. An additional interaction exists between the indole ring of the tryptophan residue and one of the primary amino groups of the dien ligand; the DFT calculations provided the structures of the precursor ion, intermediates, and products, and enabled us to keep track of the locations of the charge and unpaired electron. The dissociative one-electron transfer reaction is initiated by a gradual transition of the M tripeptide from the zwitterionic form in [CuII(dien)M]˙2+ to the non-zwitterionic M intermediate, through a cascade of conformational changes and proton transfers. In the next step, the highest energy intermediate is formed; here, the copper center is 5-coordinate with coordination from both the carboxylic acid group and the indole ring. A subsequent switch back to 4-coordination to an intermediate IM1, where attachment to GGW occurs through the indole ring only, creates the structure that ultimately undergoes dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This is a case study of the impact of the global economic recession of 2007-2009 on Hawai'i's visitor industry. The industry responded to the downturn largely with advertising blitzes to its primary market on the US mainland. Notwithstanding these efforts, diminished lift capacity and visitor arrivals, combined with widespread discounting, resulted in a 26% decrease in real visitor spending in 2009 versus that in 2006. The industry recovered during 2010 and 2011, but major hotel foreclosures, State bond downgrades and lost accommodations jobs are enduring scars. The experience demonstrated anew Hawai'i's need to strengthen its visitor industry and diversify its economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]