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Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Grant in this issue.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation of computed tomography (CT) angiography and 99m Technetium-labeled red blood cell (RBC) scintigraphy to catheter angiography (CA) in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) while considering potential nephrotoxic effects of iodinated contrast., Materials and Methods: From November 2012 to August 2017, 223 CAs performed for LGIB, including massive, ongoing, and obscure bleeding, were retrospectively identified in patients with pre-procedural CT angiography or RBC scintigraphy. Positive correlations and sensitivities were calculated for CT angiography and RBC scintigraphy using CA results as reference. Correlations were then compared while considering certain clinical presentations of LGIB. Contrast dose was compared with maximum creatinine recorded 48-72 hours after., Results: Thirty-eight patients underwent CT angiography; 173 patients underwent RBC scintigraphy; and 12 patients completed both studies. CT angiography had a positive correlation of 67.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.0, 76.7) and sensitivity of 85.2% (95% CI: 66.3, 95.8), whereas RBC scintigraphy had a positive correlation of 29.3% (95% CI: 27.7, 31.0) and sensitivity of 94.4% (95% CI: 84.6, 98.8). CT angiography had higher positive correlation across all clinical presentations. No dose-toxicity relationship was observed between contrast and renal function (R 2 : 0.008), nor was there a difference in incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy between CT angiography and RBC scintigraphy (P = .30)., Conclusions: CT angiography has greater positive correlation to CA than RBC scintigraphy for assessing LGIB in active stable as well as hemodynamically unstable LGIB. As such, greater adoption of CT angiography may reduce the number of nontherapeutic CAs performed. Additional contrast associated with CT angiography does not result in increased nephrotoxicity., (Copyright © 2019 SIR. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The effect of percutaneous, surgical, and medical therapies for vascular malformations (VMs) is often difficult to quantify volumetrically using cross-sectional imaging. Volumetric measurement is often estimated with serial, expensive MRI examinations which may require sedation or anesthesia. We aim to explore whether a portable 3D scanning device is capable of rapid, accurate volumetric analysis of pediatric VMs. Using an iPad-mounted infrared scanning device, 3D scans of patient faces, arms, and legs were acquired over an 8-month study period. Proprietary software was use to perform subsequent volumetric analysis. Of a total of 30 unilateral VMs involving either the face, arms, or legs, 26 (86.7%) VMs were correctly localized by discerning the larger volume of the affected side compared to the normal contralateral side. For patients with unilateral facial VMs (n = 10), volume discrepancy between normal and affected sides differed compared with normal controls (n = 19). This was true for both absolute (60 cc ± 55 vs 15 cc ± 8, p = 0.03) as well as relative (18.1% ± 13.2 vs 4.0% ± 2.1, p = 0.008) volume discrepancy. Following treatment, two patients experienced change in leg volume discrepancy ranging from - 17.3 to - 0.4%. Using a portable 3D scanning device, we were able to rapidly and noninvasively detect and quantify volume discrepancy resulting from VMs of the face, arms, and legs. Preliminary data suggests this technology can detect volume reduction of VMs in response to therapy.

Background: Data regarding transsplenic portal venous access for diagnostic imaging and endovascular intervention in children are limited, possibly due to concerns regarding high bleeding risks and resultant underutilization., Objective: To investigate the safety and utility of transsplenic splenoportography and portal venous interventions in children., Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all pediatric patients undergoing percutaneous transsplenic portal venous access and intervention at two large tertiary pediatric institutions between January 2012 and April 2017 was performed. Parameters assessed included procedural indications, procedural and relevant prior imaging, technical details of the procedures, laboratory values and clinical follow-up., Results: Transsplenic portal venous access was achieved in all patients. Diagnostic transsplenic splenoportography was performed in 22 patients and was 100% successful at providing the desired anatomical and functional information. Four transsplenic portal venous interventions were performed with 100% success: meso-Rex shunt angioplasty, snare targeted transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) creation through cavernous transformation, pharmacomechanical thrombectomy for acute thrombosis, and transplant portal vein angioplasty. Intraperitoneal bleeding occurred in 2/26 (7.7%) and one case required transfusion (3.8%). No cases of hemorrhage were observed when transsplenic access size was 4 Fr or smaller., Conclusion: Transsplenic splenoportography in children is safe and effective when noninvasive imaging methods have yielded incomplete information. Additionally, a transsplenic approach has advantages for complex portal interventions. Bleeding risks are proportional to tract access size and may be mitigated by tract embolization.

Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB), defined as hemorrhage into the gastrointestinal tract distal to the ligament of Treitz, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. Overall, mortality rates are estimated between 2.4% and 3.9%. The most common etiology for LGIB is diverticulosis, implicated in approximately 30% of cases, with other causes including hemorrhoids, ischemic colitis, and postpolypectomy bleeding. Transcatheter visceral angiography has begun to play an increasingly important role in both the diagnosis and treatment of LGIB. Historically, transcatheter visceral angiography has been used to direct vasopressin infusion with embolization reserved for treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, advances in microcatheter technology and embolotherapy have enabled super-selective embolization to emerge as the treatment of choice for many cases of LGIB., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)