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A new species of Pristimantis (Craugastoridae, subgenus Pristimantis) is described from a relict and unexplored cloud forest in the western slope from Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes. The specific name was chosen by consensus expert scientists and local people. Pristimantis chamezensissp. nov. is easily distinguished from congeneric species by having a gray iris with black reticulations in life, subconical tubercles on the upper eyelid, the chin edged with irregular, dark-brown blotches, and conical heel tubercles. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that the origin and radiation of its clade may have occurred in the highlands. With the description of P. chamezensissp. nov., we identify 14 species distributed throughout the eastern slope of the Andes that are associated with the Orinoco Basin.

The platycephalid genus Suggrundus Whitley 1930 was established as a replacement name for Insidiator Jordan and Snyder 1900 because the latter was considered to be preoccupied by Insidiator Oken 1842. Although Suggrundus has been regarded as valid, it was revealed in this study that Insidiator Oken 1842 is an unavailable name because no descriptions, definitions or indications for the name were shown. Although the name Insidiator Oken 1836 was shown in the list of a monograph, it is also unavailable because it lacked descriptions, definitions or indications. Insidiator Amyot 1845 is also an unavailable name as previously pointed out because the name was proposed in a non-binominal publication. Accordingly, Insidiator Jordan and Snyder becomes valid and Suggrundus is found to be an unnecessary replacement name. Insidiator Whitley 1930, being a junior homonym of Insidiator Jordan and Snyder, is newly recognized here as an available name because Whitley combined an unavailable generic name Insidiator Oken 1842 and available specific name insidiator from Sparus insidiator Pallas 1770 when he established Suggrundus. Repotrudis Whitley 1930 and Seychelliceps Prokofiev 2019 are synonymized here under Insidiator Jordan and Snyder.

Recognizing and defining a species has been a controversial concern for a long time. To define the variation and the limitation between different species, especially closely related taxa in a complex species group, several concepts have been proposed which may lead to different taxonomic decisions. When a taxonomist studies a specific taxon, she/he should adopt a species concept and provide a species limitation to define the studied taxa. Garra population from the Kol River drainage, Persian Gulf basin has already been considered as Garra sp., based on molecular data, and to date no taxonomic decision has been made to provide a specific name for it. The Kol population presents several morphological characters that distinguish it from congeners: fully scaled breast; 7–8 ½ branched dorsal-fin rays; caudal fin with 16–17 branched rays and well-developed mental disc with free lateral and posterior margins. It is also distinguished from all other congeners in the Garra rufa group in Iran, by having two fixed, diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the mtDNA COI barcode region. Furthermore, the Kol population demonstrates some distinct osteological characteristics in comparison to its closest species G. mondica. Based on the integrative molecular phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses, and morphological, osteological and distribution range data presented here, we think that the Kol River population merits formal description and can be considered as a distinct taxonomic unit (species).

The purpose of this study is to clarify the problem posed by Triloculina laevigata Orbigny, 1826, nom. nud., described and figured by Fornasini in 1905. An other species, also called Triloculina laevigata was created by Bornemann in 1855 and Orbigny's specific name became invalid. This invalidity was only recently assessed and numerous authors still use the original assignation. Consequently, it seems necessary to erect a new name. After listing the various names, revising the subgenus and genera attributed to Triloculina laevigata, and comparing fossil and recent specimens, the name: Affinetrina alcidi Levy et al., 1992a, is confirmed.

The study presents the beginning and the development of open source intelligence. When modern intelligence services were born, the OSINT – although without a specific name – was second to none of other intelligence gathering methods and was primarly used in the analysis and reporting work. Focusing on maps was an early phenomenon, too. Different personal registers soon enabled the person-focused OSINT. OSINT sources and products were archivated and searched regularly. With the differentiation of secret intelligence, only alonestanding OSINT products appeared. Press mirrors can be considered an important OSINT genre, which could be easily developed to IT based media mirror.

The Supreme People’s Court (SPC) case of ‘乔丹’, brought by Michael Jordan against Qiaodan Sports, is a landmark case over the protection of the right to the personal name in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In the retrial proceeding, the SPC gave eight exhaustive explanations to the disputed questions and eventually reversed the lower court’s decision. After studying the judgment, this article finds that a famous foreign name can be protected by Chinese Trademark law only when it satisfies three conditions: First, the specified name enjoys a certain popularity in China and is well-known to the concerned public; second, the concerned public uses the specified name to refer to the original person of that name; and third, there has already been a stable match between the specific name and the original person of that name. Although China mainly adopts the “right to name” for the legal protection of celebrity names, the right to name is a kind of personal right, difficult to protect economic benefits derived from celebrities’ names fully. Comparing Germany’s extended protection model of personality rights and the United States model of “right of publicity,” this article suggested that China tries to introduce the United States model to protect the celebrity name’s right.

Two hundred and eighteen taxa of the genus Agrilus (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) mostly from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions are studied and their taxonomic, nomenclatural, distributional or biological data are updated. For some species, the biological information is supplemented by images from the field, or distributional data by maps showing the whole range of the species. The synonymy of following Agrilus is updated: A. blairi Bourgoin, 1925 (A. telawensis Fisher, 1935 syn. nov.); A. lancifer Deyrolle, 1864 (A. perakianus Kerremans, 1900 syn. nov.); A. lestagei Théry, 1930 (A. collartianus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 syn. nov.); A. lugubris Kerremans, 1914 (A. achilleus Obenberger, 1935 syn. nov.); A. ocularis Deyrolle, 1864 (A. capitatus Deyrolle, 1864 syn. nov.), A. bidentellus Obenberger, 1924 syn. nov.) and Agrilus velatus Kerremans, 1912 (A. kuchingensis Tôyama, 1987 syn. nov.). The invalid synonyms A. myrmido Kerremans, 1912; A. myrmidonius Obenberger, 1936 and A. miwai Théry, 1936 are moved from the synonymy of A. achilleus Obenberger, 1935 to synonymy of A. lugubris Kerremans, 1914. A. massanensis Schaefer, 1955 is downgraded to subspecies A. pratensis massanensis Schaefer, 1955 status nov. The specific name samyi Baudon, 1968 is resurrected from the synonymy of A. suturaalba Deyrolle, 1864 and revalidated as Agrilus samyi Baudon, 1968 (nomen revalidatum).

The names of variables and functions serve as implicit documentation and are instrumental for program comprehension. But choosing good meaningful names is hard. We perform a sequence of experiments in which a total of 334 subjects are required to choose names in given programming scenarios. The first experiment shows that the probability that two developers would select the same name is low: in the 47 instances in our experiments the median probability was only 6.9%. At the same time, given that a specific name is chosen, it is usually understood by the majority of developers. Analysis of the names given in the experiment suggests a model where naming is a (not necessarily cognizant or serial) three-step process: (1) selecting the concepts to include in the name, (2) choosing the words to represent each concept, and (3) constructing a name using these words. A followup experiment, using the same experimental setup, then checked whether using this model explicitly can improve the quality of names. The results were that names selected by subjects using the model were judged by two independent judges to be superior to names chosen in the original experiment by a ratio of two-to-one. Using the model appears to encourage the use of more concepts and longer names., 17 pages (incl. appendix), 10 figures, 3 tables. Accepted to IEEE Trans. Software Engineering

We present evidence demonstrating that the combination Columba gularisQuoy & Gaimard, 1832, is not preoccupied by Columba gularisWagler, 1827, and is available. It should be used as the valid specific name of the taxon rather than the replacement name Leucotreron epiaOberholser, 1918.

We describe one new tribe, two new genera and three new species of the subfamily Cypridopsinae Kaufmann, 1900 from Brazilian floodplains. Brasilodopsis gen. nov. belongs in the nominal tribe Cypridopsini, and both new species in this new genus were found in both sexual and asexual populations. Brasilodopsis baiabonita gen. et sp. nov. has a wide distribution and was found in three of the four major Brazilian floodplains. Brasilodopsis amazonica gen. et sp. nov. was recorded only from the Amazon floodplain. Brasilodopsis baiabonita gen. et sp. nov. has a subtriangular shape in lateral view, whereas Brasilodopsis amazonica gen. et sp. nov. is more elongated and has more rounded dorsal margins in both valves, as well as more pronounced external valve ornamentation, consisting of rimmed pores in shallow pits. Paranadopsis reducta gen. et sp. nov. was found in asexual populations in the Upper Paraná River floodplain only and differs from other Cypridopsinae in the more elongated carapace, an A1 with strongly reduced chaetotaxy (hence the specific name) and the total absence of caudal rami in females. Because of these strong reductions in valve and limb morphology, Paranadopsini trib. nov. is created within the Cypridopsinae for this intriguing new genus and species.

The Kotlin type system is comprised of more than just classes and objects; it includes interfaces and enumerated types. In this chapter we will explore the concept of an interface and what components can be defined within an interface. We will also consider a Kotlin language facility that allows an interface to be implemented via delegation. The chapter concludes by looking at enumerated types. An enumerated type is a type consisting of a set of named values also called elements or members of the enumeration. These values have a specific name and an ordering.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the name Marmosa isthmicaGoldman, 1912 for a species of small Neotropical marsupial. This specific name, which has been used consistently for over a century, is threatened by a senior synonym, Marmosa reginaThomas, 1898, which has been applied incorrectly until very recently.

This paper presents a catalogue of oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) recorded from Continental Southeast Asia (CSEA) covering a period of 55 years from 1965 to the first half of 2020. This subregion comprises countries that are located on the southeastern coast of the Asian continent, namely, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. For each species, information is compiled on references to the original description, subsequent re-combinations of specific name with other genera, and junior synonyms used in CSEA literature, if any, as well as type habitat, habitats recorded later, and distribution within outside CSEA. A historical review of explorations and taxonomic studies in the various countries is also provided. A total of 820 valid species including subspecies and seven doubtful species are known so far from CSEA. The valid species belong to 313 genera and subgenera, 94 families and 36 superfamilies in all of the five infraorders and two hyporders of the Suborder Oribatida. The Hyporder Brachypylina is most diverse with 620 species, followed by Mixonomata (88), Enarthronota (65), Nothrina (41), Palaeosomata (5) and Parhyposomata (1). Vietnam whose fauna has been best explored tops the records with 730 species, followed by a low second by Thailand (137), then Cambodia (37) and Myanmar (11) while the oribatid fauna of Laos is still entirely unknown. Altogether, the oribatid fauna of Southeast Asia (SEA), including its two subregions, now totals 1601 species belonging to 477 genera, 109 families and 40 superfamilies. Species that are known so far only from CSEA countries and thus probably endemic is highest at 36.4% for Myanmar, 32,1% for Thailand, 23.7% for Vietnam, 0 for Cambodia, 27.2% for CSEA, 59.0% for the Malay Archipelago, and 48.7% for SEA as a whole. About 7% of the recorded species of Thailand and Vietnam are cosmopolitan or semicosmopolitan in distribution, but their faunal elements are decidedly Oriental, with about half (43–54%) occurring also in other Oriental countries. The same countries also share in common many species with other zoogeographic regions, viz. 12–14% Palaearctic, 8–16% Australian, 8–11% Neotropical, 3–11% Ethiopian, and 1–3% Nearctic.

Schmidt-Rhaesa & Vieler (2018) described a new species of benthic chaetognath, Spadella kappae, collected by meiofaunal sampling near Roscoff, France. Although the description and figures presented by Schmidt-Rhaesa & Vieler (2018) fully characterize the new species, the journal issue in which the description appeared was published online-only, with no print version, and the article in which the new name appeared did not include a ZooBank registration number for the article (LSID), required for validation of new species names in electronic-only publications (ICZN 2012). As a result, the name Spadella kappae Schmidt-Rhaesa & Vieler, 2018, as published in Cahiers de Biologie Marine 59: 257–265, is not available according the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hereafter, the Code (ICZN 1999, 2012). Therefore, the present note serves to validate the name Spadella kappae by fulfilling Code conditions for nomenclatural availability. The date and authorship of the specific name, accordingly, are those of this note, not Schmidt-Rhaesa & Vieler (2018).

Life on this planet was born in the ocean, and then evolved and spread throughout the aquatic areas. Marine life has now colonized all of the ocean, such as coastal (littoral) and open ocean; pelagic (photic and aphotic) and benthic; shallow (neritic) and deep seas. Fauna refers to animals, and flora refers to plants and algae. Other forms of life, such as protists, fungi, and bacteria, are also important members of marine communities. The minimal unit of biological classification or taxonomy is a ‘species’, which is a group with morphological and genetical similarity and reproduces with one another. Modern taxonomy was founded by Carl Linnaeus, who established the binary (binomial) nomenclature for a species (genus name + specific name), which is still used today.

The large diversity of irrigated agricultural areas hinders the development of social consensus and complicates decision-making about the allocation of investments for irrigation modernization. A classification of irrigated areas permits the identification and mapping of different categories and reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each category regarding specific criteria. This paper proposes a binomial (genus and species) classification methodology of irrigated areas, which was designed based on a participatory approach. Four internal properties determine the genus: type of water source, type of water energy, on-farm irrigation method and water availability. Four external properties classify the variability within each genus into species: land tenure, crop type, existence of an environmental protection figure and socio-economic level. The words used for the genus and specific name arise from the concatenation of syllables representing the state or level of each property. The method was applied to the irrigated area of the Ebro river basin in the Aragón region of Spain (ERB-Aragón). A total of 435,851 ha were classified. A large part of the irrigated land uses surface water (94 %), does not have water availability problems (80 %), is not affected by environmental protection figures (97 %), is devoted to field crops (86 %), and manifests a low (45 %) or moderate (41 %) socio-economic level. A total of 24 genera and 126 species were identified. The two most representative genera are SurGraFloVe (31 %) and SurPumPreVe (27 %), and the two main species are SurGraFloVe DisCeNoLo (19 %) and SurPumPreVe ConCeNoMo (19 %). These species received the local names of “Ribera del Ebro” and “Alto Aragonés” to facilitate policy discussions. The application of the method to the ERB-Aragón provides a privileged insight that can support policy analyses and guide institutional intervention. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other areas of the world by adjusting criteria and categories to local conditions., This research was funded by the Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment of the Regional Government of Aragón through the Rural Development Programme grant GGO2017E03200.

Songket is a work of art which is a traditional fabric that is widely used in a variety of custom events in South Sumatera. Songket is made from a special yarn woven by using traditional weaving equipment. To generate a songket takes at least three months. This is causing a songket produced have the expensive price. In the community of South Sumatra songket is a must in custom events, among others, marriage ceremony, welcome the birth and Circumcision. Songket have various motives that have a specific name with the distinctive characteristics that differentiate between a songket with another. This research aims to design the application e-museum which can be a promotion media so the songket can widely know. The method used in building e museum Applications is ordinary Waterfall SDLC Models or linear sequential model. The result of the design can be implemented into the android-based applications.

The history of the scientific name of the yellow fever mosquito, the vector of yellow fever virus, ranges from 1757 to the early twenty-first century. In his 1757 work Iter Palaestinum, Frederic Hasselquist gave the name Culex aegypti to a mosquito species responsible for fierce attacks on humans in Egypt. That name was never later ascribed to Hasselquist as author, but to Linnaeus, although the name never appeared in any of Linnaeus' publications. In Cuba, at the end of the nineteenth century, the vector of the unknown infectious agent of yellow fever was first identified as Culex mosquito and later more validly named Stegomyia fasciata. Mosquito taxonomists differed strongly about the name of the mosquito through much of the twentieth century. Interventions by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature imposed a biologically invalid specific name, and in the early twenty-first century a phylogenetic analysis of the culicid tribe Aedini restored the genus Stegomyia from a century earlier. That action was short-lived. A phylogenetic reassessment resulted in the return of Stegomyia to subgeneric rank in Aedes; thus, the name of the yellow fever mosquito survives in the traditional classification of convenience as the trinomial Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus).

This paper presents a Catalogue of oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) recorded from the Malay Archipelago covering 113 years from 1905 to the end of 2018. The Malay Archipelago comprises countries located in the maritime area of Southeast Asia between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, viz., Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, East Timor and the Philippines. Information compiled for each species includes references to the original description, subsequent re-combinations of specific name with other genera, and junior synonyms, if any, as well as the type locality, type habitat, later recorded habitats, and geographic distribution within and outside the Malay Archipelago. A historical review of explorations and taxonomic studies on oribatids in the various countries is also provided. A total of 1,030 valid species including subspecies and 6 doubtful species have been recorded from the Malay Archipelago from 1905 to 2018. The valid species belong to 323 genera, 98 families and 34 superfamilies in all of the five infraorders and two hyporders of the Suborder Oribatida. Among the component countries, the Philippines has the highest number of records at 513, followed by Indonesia including Kalimantan and excluding the Moluccas and Irian Barat on New Guinea Island (402), Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak (250), Brunei (64), and Singapore (28), while not a single species is currently known from East Timor. Most of the species known from Malaysia come from its two provinces (Sabah and Sarawak) in Borneo Island with 190, or more than twice that on Peninsular or West Malaysia with 77 species. On the whole, Borneo Island which is home for three countries has 235 recorded species with Sabah and Sarawak having 190, Brunei 64, and Kalimantan only 18 species. Aside from Borneo, the better explored islands, in descending order of records, are Luzon (346), Java (261), Samar (182), Mindanao (178), Leyte (112), Polillo (105), Bali (99), and Sumatra (82), and the peninsular part of Malaysia (78), while the relatively large island of Sulawesi has only 13 species records. Endemism to the individual countries ranges from 36.1–60.7%, the highest of which are Singapore (60.7%) and Brunei (57.8%). The relatively better known and bigger countries have lower rates of endemism—47.4% for the Philippines, 46.8% for Malaysia, whereas Indonesia, with the largest land area and earliest records, has the lowest rate of 36.1%. Overall, 608 species or 59.0% of the total fauna of the Malay Archipelago are known so far only from this region.

In his Challenger Monograph Haeckel (1888b) listed a total of 204 species of siphonophores and 36 species of Porpitidae (Disconectae, according to Haeckel), which are now known not to belong to the Siphonophorae. In this paper the siphonophore species have been divided into four categories: a). species that had been described previously by an acknowledged authority other than Haeckel; b). species where Haeckel changed the generic or specific name of a previously described species by another authority, and then ascribed the authority to himself; c). species that Haeckel actually described and illustrated as what he believed to be new; and d). species that Haeckel mentioned in the text as a new species, but with the description deferred to a later publication or simply not given. The validity of the forty-three species that Haeckel actually described is then discussed. A full list of all these species is given in an Appendix.

White et al. (2019) described a new species of whaler shark represented by only three specimens from South-east Asia, all collected prior to 1934. They proposed the nomen Carcharhinus obsolerus with the justification of: “The specific name is Latin for ‘extinct’ (obsolerus) in allusion to the fact that the species has not been recorded in many decades.” Dubois & Séret (2019) stated that the epithet obsolerus was “doubtless” an incorrect spelling which must be corrected to obsoletus. However, the Dubois & Séret (2019) publication becomes confusing in its discussion around the wording of the related Articles in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (32.2, 33.2 and 32.5) and lacks a clear conclusion.

The genus name Centruroides was first introduced by George Marx (in Howard, 1889: 211) for two species of scorpions in the family Buthidae: C. exilicauda (Wood, 1863) and C. luctifer n. sp. The latter species, coming from Indefatigable Is. (Galapagos), lacks a description and has been considered as a nomen nudum and synonym of Centruroides exsul (Meise, 1934) (Lambertz, 2013). Nonetheless, exilicauda Wood (Buthus) is an available and valid species name; thus, Centruroides is available according to the ICZN, 1999, Art. 12.2.5. (“the specific name or names can be unambiguously assigned to a nominal species-group taxon or taxa”).

The Agrilus purpurifrons species-group comprising twelve species from the Oriental region is defined and revised. A key to species is provided and complemented with illustrations of habitus and genitalia. Three new species are described: Agrilus cameronius sp. nov. (Malaysia); A. puncak sp. nov. (Indonesia); and A. vendibilis sp. nov. (Indonesia). The following taxonomic changes are proposed: the specific names lacroixi Obenberger, 1936 syn. nov. and chapaensis Descarpentries & Villiers, 1967 syn. nov. are junior synonyms in the synonymy of A. morio Kerremans, 1895; the name rousselatae Baudon, 1968 stat. rev. is removed from the synonymy of A. lacroixi Obenberger, 1936 and revalidated as the specific name of A. rousselatae Baudon, 1968.

In his landmark revision of the Australian Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Phil Carne (1957) described Novapus bifidus Carne, 1957 from males and females collected at Cape York and Thursday Island. The type series is in the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia (ANIC); the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia (SAM); and the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. He noted “In the collections of the South Australian Museum there are specimens designated as types of bifidus Lea. No description of this species has been published, and it is now described under the same specific name”. One of his paratypes is a female in SAM identified as “Lea’s unpublished ♀ type” and two other paratypes are males in SAM. Cassis & Weir (1992) noted that one of the SAM specimens has the registration number I4268, although they knew of only two paratypes (one male, one female) in that collection. The name has been attributed to Carne by most subsequent authors (Endrődi 1974, 1985; Carne & Allsopp 1987; Cassis & Weir 1992; Dechambre 2005; Atlas of Living Australia 2018.). Krajcik (2005, 2012) listed it in his scarab checklists but as “bifidus? Carne 1957”.

We present an updated, subjective list of the extant, non-marine ostracod genera and species of the world, with their distributions in the major zoogeographical regions, as well as a list of the genera in their present hierarchical taxonomic positions. The list includes all taxa described and taxonomic alterations made up to 1 July 2018. Taxonomic changes include 17 new combinations, 5 new names, 1 emended specific name and 11 new synonymies (1 tribe, 4 genera, 6 species). Taking into account the recognized synonymies, there are presently 2330 subjective species of non-marine ostracods in 270 genera. The most diverse family in non-marine habitats is the Cyprididae, comprising 43.2% of all species, followed by the Candonidae (29.0%), Entocytheridae (9.1%) and the Limnocytheridae (7.0%). An additional 13 families comprise the remaining 11.8% of described species. The Palaearctic zoogeographical region has the greatest number of described species (799), followed by the Afrotropical region with 453 species and the Nearctic region with 439 species. The Australasian and Neotropical regions each have 328 and 333 recorded species, respectively, while the Oriental region has 271. The vast majority of non-marine ostracods (89.8%) are endemic to one zoogeographical region, while only six species are found in six or more regions. We also present an additional list with ‘uncertain species’, which have neither been redescribed nor re-assessed since 1912, and which are excluded from the main list; a list of taxonomic changes presented in the present paper; a table with the number of species and % per family; and a table with numbers of new species described in the 20-year period between 1998 and 2017 per zoogeographical region. Two figures visualize the total number of species and endemic species per zoogeographical region, and the numbers of new species descriptions per decade for all families and the three largest families since 1770, respectively.

Personal names are not just labels put on individuals, they are symbols that reflect the cultural andhistorical context and location, denote gender, class, ethnicity, and religion. Names and their displayhave a potent effect on people’sjudgments and life as well. Authors see proper names as located atbetween the world of our thoughts, beliefs and desires andthe world of our actions, institutions, and practice. Thus the study of changing first names is a way to explore social processes in urban Kazakhstan.The aim of this study is to track changes in naming practices of ethnic Kazakhs, both Kazakh-speakingand Russian-speaking, residing in Almaty. This paper include a wide review of the literature as Kazakhstani and foreign authors regarding naming traditions, changing realities in anthroponyms and theirmeaning. Paper draws upon more than 1,700 personal names collected from three generations of 61participants (students of local universities) currently residing in Almaty. Quantitative and qualitativeanalysis of the data shows the main factors that have influenced the traditional practice of naming inKazakh culture were identified. The study revealed that there is a distinct change in the choice of namesacross generations. The names became shorter, there are fewer names containing specific name suffixes(e.g., -bai, - bek, - gali/qali, -geldi/keldi, -myrza etc.) and specific Kazakh sounds, more female namesare explicitly marked for gender, etc. There are also differences in naming practices between Kazakhand Russian-speakers as well as differences in male and female name preferences. Analysis of changingnaming practices reveal current social processes of social distinction and uncover symbolic ethnicity,class, gender, religion-based cultural boundaries in Kazakhstan. The study demonstrates that examiningnames as cultural indicators and indicators of social change could be a fruitful line of inquiry for studyingsocio-cultural change.

With the aim of clarifying the number of Tulostoma species in Macedonia, and to verify some previous collections, molecular analyses were carried out on four morphologically identified species collected in different habitats (at the edges of oak or juniper forests, pine plantations, meadows, rocky places, roadsides). Sixty-two new sequences were generated and compared with recently published sequences included in public databases. According to the barcoding sequences fourteen Tulostoma species are identified in Macedonia and ten of them were assigned to known species: Tulostoma brumale, T. fimbriatum, T. lusitanicum, T. cf. moravecii, T. melanocyclum, T. punctatum, T. simulans, T. squamosum, T. subsquamosum, and T. winterhoffii. However, four of them remain as Tulostoma sp. 1, 2, 3, and 4, since more collections should be found and analyzed before giving them a specific name., This research received support from the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/), which is financed by the European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Program.

Croizet & Jobert (1828) described as Rhinoceros elatus a large rhinoceros from the late Pliocene deposits of the Puy-de-Dome District (Auvergne, France). In the following century and a half, the species had been sporadically recognized and its name had been almost forgotten. Guerin (1972) described as Dicerorhinus jeanvireti the remains of the same species from the locality of Vialette (Haute-Loire, France), pretending that “elatus” was a nomen oblitum. After that, the name “jeanvireti” was used by most of the following authors. At present, there is general agreement in the literature that the two names are synonyms but some authors prefer “elatus” while others use “jeanvireti”, thus leading to increasing confusion. The present investigation reveals that “elatus” deserves the right of priority because in 1972 it was not a nomen oblitum. The younger synonym “jeanvireti”, according to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, cannot be considered a valid name. Furthermore, most of the rhinoceros remains described by Croizet & Jobert (1828), namely the syntypes of the species, are still existing and are housed at the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris. Since this material has never been described in detail after Croizet & Jobert's work, it is revised in modern key and compared to close fossil species. Among this material, an articulated anterior leg is hereby designated as lectotype of the species Stephanorhinus elatus Croizet & Jobert, 1828.

The asexual generation of Latuspina Monzen is described for the first time. Although this genus was established based only on sexual generation upon which females possess a trifurcate hypopygial spine, the asexual generation females of Latuspina , including the type species L. stirps , possess a needle-shaped hypopygial spine, similar to that of many Cynipini, oak gall wasps. Based on the trifurcate hypopygial spine in sexual generation females, Neuroterus atamiensis Ashmead, N. hellwegi Dettmer, and N. nawai Ashmead are transferred to Latuspina in this paper: L. atamiensis comb. nov. , L. hellwegi comb. nov. , and L. nawai comb. nov. In addition, L. kofuensis Ide et Abe sp. nov. and L. abemakiphila Ide et Abe sp. nov. are described as new species from Japan. Latuspina includes nine species in total, but the asexual generation galls and adults of the following four species are unknown: L. abemakiphila , the Taiwanese species L. manmiaoyangae Melika et Tang, and two mainland Chinese species L. acutissimae Wang, Pujade-Villar et Guo and L. shaanxinensis Wang, Pujade-Villar et Guo. Although the host plant of L. shaanxinensis was reported as genus “ Quercus ” without specific name, the other species of Latuspina induce galls on oaks of the section Cerris of the genus Quercus , implying that they are specialized to oaks of this section.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3, is to conserve the well-known specific name Penion cuvierianus (Powell, 1927) for a common species of marine gastropod from New Zealand. The name is threatened by the senior subjective synonym Verconella rex Finlay, 1926, which has almost never been mentioned since its first publication. Precedence of the name Penion cuvierianus is proposed to maintain stability of nomenclature.

This work seeks to expose and clear up nomenclatural irregularities involving copepods of the order Monstrilloida, family Monstrillidae. The diagnostic text related to Monstrilla minuta Isaac, 1974 and four nominal species of Thaumaleus Kroyer, 1849 (now Cymbasoma Thompson, 1888) proposed by Isaac in 1974 is sufficient for all names to be available from their original description except for Thaumaleus similirostratus , which was proposed conditionally in 1974 and was first made available by Isaac in 1975; “ similirostris ” as used by Grygier in 1995 is an incorrect subsequent spelling. Four other specific names proposed in 1975 by Isaac, but disclaimed by him as nomina nuda (an action permitted retroactively by the Fourth Edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) have never been made available. By quoting the necessary information from Isaac’s doctoral dissertation, two of them are validated herein under the names Thaumaleus frondipes Isaac in Grygier & Suarez-Morales, sp. nov., and Strilloma scotti Isaac in Grygier & Suarez-Morales, sp. nov., and are immediately reassigned as new combinations to Cymbasoma and Monstrilla Dana, 1849, respectively. A fifth such name, Thaumaleus tumorifrons , has already been made available under the authorship of Suarez-Morales, 1999, but its females are excluded from the type series; the spelling of the specific name of the new species recently proposed for those females, Cymbasoma mediterranea Suarez-Morales, Goruppi, Olazabal & Tirelli, 2017, is emended to mediterraneum to match the gender of the genus. For Cymbasoma bowmani Suarez-Morales & Gasca, 1998, the “Form B” female mentioned in the original description is excluded from the type series. The authorship and date of availability of Haemocera (currently Cymbasoma ) morii depends on which language version of Article 13.1.1 of the Code is followed; a ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature under Article 87 of the Code is necessary to resolve the matter. The composition of the type series of Cymbasoma bullatum (Scott, 1909) in terms of both number and sex has become unclear; its type locality is restricted herein to the vicinity of Obi Island in the Moluccas. Despite a published statement to the contrary, the syntype series of Cymbasoma germanicum (Timm, 1893) included specimens from other localities than just Helgoland. The type series of Cymbasoma guerrerense Suarez-Morales & Morales-Ramirez, 2009 consists only of the holotype, which was mistakenly reported under the wrong registration number. The supposed invalidity of Monstrilla capitellicola Hartman, 1961 is discussed. Monstrilla javensis Isaac, 1974, nomen nudum , has remained unavailable owing to lack of adherence to Article 16.1 of the Code by later authors; the specific name is made available herein, under Suarez-Morales’ authorship, in the combination Cymbasoma javense sp. nov. The taxonomic (and eventual nomenclatural) question of the status of M. mariaeugeniae Suarez-Morales & Islas-Landeros, 1993 vis a vis M. wandelii Stephensen, 1913, i.e. as a separate species or a subspecies of the latter, remains unsettled. Cymbasoma lenticula Suarez-Morales & McKinnon, 2014 and Monstrillopsis boonwurrungorum Suarez-Morales & McKinnon, 2014 are fixed herein as the correct original spellings of those two specific names. Resolution of the problem posed by assignment of the specific name reticulata to supposedly non-conspecific males and females in the genus Monstrillopsis Sars, 1921 requires the designation of a neotype by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

The spelling of the specific name of an Anormogomphus species in its original description by Bartenev (1913) was variable, kiritshenkoi (5 times) vs kiritschenkoi (1 time). Bartenev himself did not mention this species in his further publications. Later authors proceeded to use different spelling versions of this name, including those not in the original paper. According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the valid spelling should be chosen by the First Reviser. Acting as such, we choose as valid the name spelling Anormogomphus kiritshenkoi Bartenev, 1913, since it predominates in the original description, appears in the species subtitle, and is a proper transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin. It also corresponds to the spelling of his name used by A.N. Kiritshenko himself. Information of the type locality of the species is provided.

The purpose of this application, under Article 75.6 of the Code, is to designate a new neotype for the mangrove monitor Varanus indicus (Daudin, 1802), which is endemic to the Moluccan islands of Indonesia. The recent choice of an unrepresentative specimen to serve as neotype for this nominal species has resulted in a shift of the specific name to a different species of Varanus, V. chlorostigma (Gray, 1831) from New Guinea and surrounding islands, and the recognition of an unnecessary taxon, V. cerambonensis Philipp, Bohme & Zeigler, 1999, on Ambon, Seram and Buru in the Moluccas. To conserve the name indicus in its original usage and to avoid further taxonomic confusion, it is proposed that the current neotype specimen be replaced by a new one that belongs to the original taxonomic species involved, thereby reducing V. cerambonensis to a junior subjective synonym of V. indicus and also conserving V. chlorostigma in its accustomed use as the valid name for the New Guinean species.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the specific name Geophilus bonensis Meinert, 1870 for a species of geophilomorph centipede, currently classified in the genus Gnathoribautia Brolemann, 1909. G. bonensis is universally considered the valid name for this species after 1963 and it has often been used in past and recent literature; however it is threatened by the long forgotten subjective synonym Necrophloeophagus punctiventris Newport, 1844, which has been completely disregarded as a valid name since 1880.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the widely used specific name Elasmucha dorsalis (Jakovlev, 1876) for a species of subsocial acanthosomatid bug from East Asia. The name is threatened by the senior subjective synonym Elasmucha vicina (Uhler, 1861), which has seldom been used since its first publication. Therefore, precedence of the name Elasmucha dorsalis (Jakovlev, 1876) is proposed.

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the specific name Geophilus alpinus Meinert, 1870 for a widespread European species of geophilomorph centipedes. This name, currently in use, is threatened by the subjective synonyms Geophilus impressus C.L. Koch, 1847 and Geophilus palustris C.L. Koch, 1863, which have been disregarded since 1874 and 1882 respectively.

The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, is a species with considerable public health and economic importance. However, the taxonomic status of this species is far from resolved. After more than 110 years of scientific work on R. sanguineus s.s., the situation is that there is no type, no solid description, nor is there a consensus about the range of morphological variability within the species. Recent findings based on laboratory crosses and molecular genetics strongly suggest that there are several entities grouped under the same name. Here we review the history of the taxon, and we point out the caveats behind any further work on this tick. The current taxonomic status of R. sanguineus s.s. thus lacks an informative original description, and is based on the existence of several morphological descriptions based on ticks originating from different populations, which show, in some cases, biological incompatibility and significant genetic divergence. We suggests that as a result it is not possible to assign the specific name R. sanguineus s.s. to any population. Further work is required based on the rules issued by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to clearly define the morphological range of the different populations.