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Recruiting companies recommend elite female soccer players be ≥165 cm (5'5″) in stature. This study investigated if stature limits match-playing time and performance in elite World Cup soccer among players, positions, and countries. We hypothesized stature would not affect match-playing time or performance. Descriptive data were collected on 552 players from 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. Odds ratios determined likelihood of starting for players <165 cm and ≥165 cm. ANOVAs compared playing time between stature groups, among positions, and between countries. Performance factors including assists, goals, attempts, corners, shots blocked, and defending blocks were reported. Independent t-tests compared differences between players (≥165 cm, < 165 cm). Data are reported, mean difference [95% confidence interval] [MD (95%CI)] and effect sizes (ES). On average, 32.3% of players were <165 cm. Of total players, no differences existed in total minutes ( F =  0.98, p  = 0.32) , matches ( F  = 0.27 p  = 0.59), or average minutes per match ( F =  0.48, p  = 0.49) between stature groups, regardless of position. No differences existed in playing time between players <165 cm and ≥165 cm among any positions ( p  > 0.05), or between countries ( p  > 0.05). Taller mid-fielders exhibited greater performance in goals, assists, attempts, shots blocked, and defending blocks (MD [95%CI] ES; assists, -0.44[-0.76,-0.11]0.59, p  = 0.009; goals, -0.35[-0.69,-0.01]0.44, p  = 0.047); attempts, 3.14[1.38, 4.90]0.80, p  = 0.001; corners, 2.04[0.12, 3.95]0.48, p  = 0.037; shots blocked, 0.96[0.40, 1.51]0.75, p  = 0.001; defending blocks, 0.43[0.32,0.82]0.48, p  = 0.035), however, actual differences were minimal. Our findings indicate stature does not inhibit playing and performing elite women's soccer, as nearly one-third of players were <165 cm., Competing Interests: Author GC was employed by the United States Soccer Federation. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2022 Manning, Sekiguchi, Benjamin, Spaulding, Dierickx, Spaulding, Davenport, Picard-Busky, Chiampas, Nassis and Casa.)

When confronted with impending slip/fall situations, gait parameters are adjusted accordingly to avoid slipping. This study was conducted to assess age-related slip avoidance strategy by measuring gait parameters and muscle activity characteristics of the lower extremities (hamstrings, calves, and quadriceps) of both young and older participants while ambulating successfully over a known slippery floor surface. Fourteen younger and 14 older adults participated in this study. First, a baseline measure was collected to study normal gait prior to any exposure to slipping. A second measure was collected following a slip from a contaminated floor surface, but before the initiation of a second slip, where the participants were able to view the contaminated surface before traversing it. The results indicated that there were significant gait parameter differences between normal-dry walking conditions and contaminated-slippery walking conditions. In general, participants (young and old) reduced step length, friction utilization, and heel contact velocity from normal gait to adjusted gait conditions. Furthermore, results also indicated that there were differences in gait parameters and muscle activity characteristics between the two age groups for both a normal gait condition and a gait condition requiring adjustment. Findings suggested that older individuals required an additional step to properly adjust gait for a contaminated walking surface.

Based on archival data, the author chronicles the history of the Canton (S.D.) Asylum for Insane Indians, which was established by Congress in 1903 and was closed in 1934 because of inadequate conditions. In 1926 a nationwide survey found that patients at Canton received minimal care. The rates of patient death and discharge at Canton reported in a 1931 survey compared unfavorably to those at other mental institutions in the U.S. The 1929 and 1933 inspection reports of psychiatrist Samuel Silk, which documented the hospital's outmoded custodial care and questioned the necessity of institutionalization for 35 to 40 of Canton's 90 patients, played a key role in the decision to close the asylum. The author attributes the decline of the Canton Asylum to gradual neglect by its superintendent and various government agencies.

Total ankle arthroplasty is a demanding surgical procedure, but the advantages of maintaining motion in the tibiotalar joint in the patient with systemic arthritis are known. Although the technology of ankle implant arthroplasty is still evolving, current results in properly selected patients approach the results of other leg implants.