6,549 results on '"Spark plug"'
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2. Fault Diagnosis of Spark Plug in a Spark Ignition Engine by Using Wavelet Power Spectrum
- Author
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Azrin, A. A., Yusri, I. M., Aziz, A., Jamlos, M. F., Mamat, R., Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Hassan, Mohd Hasnun Arif, editor, Zohari, Mohd Hafizi, editor, Kadirgama, Kumaran, editor, Mohamed, Nik Abdullah Nik, editor, and Aziz, Amir, editor
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Ir-10 mass%Rh 合金の酸化消耗に及ぼす Rh 添加の影響.
- Author
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上 田 光 敏, 寺 井健 太, 横 田 俊介, 竹 谷 俊 亮, 安 原 颯 人, and 今井庸 介
- Abstract
This paper focuses on effect of rhodium addition on degradation behavior of Ir-10 mass%Rh alloy for a spark plug during oxidation at elevated temperatures. Oxidation tests were conducted at the temperature range from 1173 K to 1473 K in Ar-21%O2 gas mixture to clarify the effect of rhodium addition on degradation behavior of the alloy. As a result, there are three effects of rhodium addition to prevent the alloy from the degradation: (1) dissolution of rhodium into iridium oxide scale at below 1273 K, which decreases activity of iridium oxide in the oxide scale, (2) dissolution of rhodium into the alloy at above 1273 K, which decreases activity of iridium in the alloy and (3) formation of rhodium oxide, which decreases surface area of the alloy. All effects contribute to decrease vapor pressure of volatile iridium oxide, resulting in suppression of the degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. Numerical study of spark plug electrode gap influence of in-cylinder ethanol flame propagation
- Author
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Martins, Fernanda Pinheiro and Lacava, Pedro Teixeira
- Published
- 2024
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5. Analysis of the Influence of the Spark Plug on Exhaust Gas Composition.
- Author
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Tucki, Karol, Orynycz, Olga, Mieszkalski, Leszek, Mendes dos Reis, Joao Gilberto, Matijošius, Jonas, Wocial, Michał, Kuric, Ivan, and Pascuzzi, Simone
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SPARK plugs , *WASTE gases , *GAS mixtures , *VOLKSWAGEN Beetle automobile , *EMISSION standards , *LIQUEFIED petroleum gas - Abstract
This paper analyses the influence of the type of electrode in a spark plug on exhaust gas emission. The objects of the research were the following vehicles of different years of production: the Volkswagen Beetle 1300, the Honda Nighthawk 650, the BMW e46 318i, the Hyundai i10, and the Audi A4 B6. The vehicles were powered by petrol and LPG. Spark plugs were selected for the vehicles, with different kinds of construction for the main electrodes and different numbers of poles but with similar heat values. A comparative analysis of the composition of the exhaust gas mixture was performed, depending on the set of spark plugs used. The amount of CO, HC, CO2, and O2 emissions was analysed. The results were compared with the applicable exhaust gas emission standards. Both in the case of E5 95 petrol and LPG gas, lower exhaust gas emissions were observed when iridium spark plugs were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. An experimental study on wear, deposits, performance, and emissions of bio-fueled motorcycle engines.
- Author
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Pham Huu, Tuyen, Duc, Khanh Nguyen, Nguyen The, Truc, Duy, Tien Nguyen, and Luong, Nguyen The
- Subjects
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MOTORCYCLE engines , *SPARK ignition engines , *LONG-distance running , *DIESEL motors , *ENGINE testing , *PISTON rings , *GASOLINE blending - Abstract
The study investigated the impact of gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blend E5 on motorcycle engine wear, deposits, performance, and emissions following an endurance run test. The dimensions, appearance of the major components, and engine performance and emission have been measured to compare. Compared to the E0 case, the ring grooves and piston's skirt in the case of E5 fueling were relatively cleaner. The piston skirt wear was 0.06 mm for E0 and 0.04 mm for the E5 case. After the endurance run test, the mass of deposits on the intake valves and valve seats was 247.3 mg for the E0 and 323.8 mg for the E5 case. In addition, the electrode gap of the spark increased gradually up to 50% after 200 h of running for E0, but the gap was only 31.5% raised for E5. A slight increase of 1.63% and 1.51% on average brake power was observed for E0 and E5 cases after 100 h of operation. However, the observed power drop of 2.55% for E0 and 1.86% for E5 as the test engines reached 200 h of operation. The CO emission was reduced by 1.73% to 4.81% for E0-engine and 0.58% to 2.35% for E5-engine after 100 h. But, after 200 h, CO increased 1.12% to 8.07% for E0 and 0.24% to 0.38% for the E5-engine within speeds 4000 rpm to 7000 rpm. HC increased by 4.69% to 14.14% for the E0-engine and 1.55% to 6.98% for the E5-engine after the endurance run test. There was an unpredictable tendency of NOx emission after 100 h and 200 h of operation for both test engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Bujías resistivas NGK: su confiabilidad de uso y probabilidad de fallo.
- Author
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Pineda Silva, Giovanny Vinicio, Cepeda Miranda, Jorge Luis, and López Espinel, Esteban Fernando
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SPARK plugs ,MUNICIPAL services ,PROBABILITY theory ,ELECTRODES ,WARRANTY - Abstract
Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
8. Detection of Nickel Atoms Released from Electrodes in Spark Discharges Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence.
- Author
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Zhang, Kailun, Bi, Ruike, Tidholm, Johan, Ängeby, Jakob, Richter, Mattias, and Ehn, Andreas
- Abstract
The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the effort of carbon neutrality require the improvement of spark-ignition engines in terms of efficiency and capability to operate on renewable fuels. The electrode wear of spark plugs, used for ignition of novel fuels and lean mixtures, emerges as a significant challenge in this transition. Understanding the physical mechanism and influence of spark operation parameters of the wear process is thus important. Compared to the conventional methodology of performing long-term wear tests, laser-based optical diagnostics methods are capable of assessing electrode wear during one single or a few spark discharges. In this work, the necessary initial steps required for performing optical investigations using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) are presented. Several excitation pathways of nickel atoms were investigated, and 336.96 nm was identified as the optimal one. This excitation approach yielded emissions between 338.75 and 353.58 nm, effectively avoiding the major interference from N2 plasma emission in spark discharges. Additionally, a linear relationship in fluorescence signal intensity with excitation energy up to 400 µJ was observed. These findings indicate the potential of LIF for in situ diagnostics of electrode wear, contributing to engine development in both efficiency and compatibility with sustainable fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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9. IC Engine Ignition Timing Controller Feature Extraction of Knocking Condition
- Author
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Saill, Ajmir Mohd, Bakar, Elmi Abu, Abdullah, Mohammad Nazir, Akhtar, Mohammed Nishat, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Series Editor, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Haddar, Mohamed, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Kwon, Young W., Series Editor, Trojanowska, Justyna, Series Editor, di Mare, Francesca, Series Editor, Bahari, Muhammad Syahril, editor, Harun, Azmi, editor, Zainal Abidin, Zailani, editor, Hamidon, Roshaliza, editor, and Zakaria, Sakinah, editor
- Published
- 2021
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10. Synthesis and characterization of copper based spinel coating on alumina substrate for spark plug aero-engine application
- Author
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Raziyeh Arabahmadi, Navid Rezaie, and Mojtaba Ghatee
- Subjects
spinel coating ,spark plug ,aero-engine ,mechanical properties ,electrical properties ,Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,TA401-492 - Abstract
AbstractThe present study aims to synthesis and characterization of spinel coating for spark plug aero-engine application. At first spinel coatings were synthesized by mechanical alloying. The different spinel coatings with spinel different composition and modulation were applied on alumina substrate. The phase content of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The microstructure and thickness of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Nano-hardness and Young’s modulus of the coating were measured by nano-indentation method. The electrical resistance of the coating was studied at different temperatures. The electrical wear resistance of the coating was evaluated by spark method. The XRD method confirmed the synthesis of copper based spinels. The coatings had a thickness of 19-22 μm with proper density. The average nano-hardness of the coatings was 10 GPa. The wear rate after 140000 of spark was less than 1% of coating weight. It was also found that the optimum modulation of the multilayer coating is 4 successive layers composed of CuFe2O4+CuCr2O4, followed by two layer of CuCr2O4 and again CuFe2O4+CuCr2O4 layer. The ratio of the components in the composite layers were 50:50 wt.%
- Published
- 2021
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11. Microwave Spark Plug to Support Ignitions With High Compression Ratios.
- Author
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Heuermann, Holger, Emmrich, Thomas, and Bongartz, Simon
- Subjects
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SPARK plugs , *MICROWAVES , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *SPARK ignition engines , *PLASMA production , *HIGH voltages - Abstract
Upcoming gasoline engines should run with a larger number of fuels beginning from petrol over methanol up to gas by a wide range of compression ratios and a homogeneous charge. In this article, the microwave (MW) spark plug, based on a high-speed frequency hopping system, is introduced as a solution, which can support a nitrogen compression ratio up to 1:39 in a chamber and more. First, an overview of the high-speed frequency hopping MW ignition and operation system as well as the large number of applications are presented. Both gives an understanding of this new base technology for MW plasma generation. Focus of the theoretical part is the explanation of the internal construction of the spark plug, on the achievable of the high voltage generation as well as the high efficiency to hold the plasma. In detail, the development process starting with circuit simulations and ending with the numerical multiphysics field simulations is described. The concept is evaluated with a reference prototype covering the frequency range between 2.40 and 2.48 GHz and working over a large power range from 20 to 200 W. A larger number of different measurements starting by vector hot- $S_{11}$ measurements and ending by combined working scenarios out of hot temperature, high pressure and charge motion are winding up the article. The limits for the successful pressure tests were given by the pressure chamber. Pressures ranged from 1 to 39 bar and charge motion up to 25 m/s as well as temperatures from 30° to 125°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Analysis of the Influence of the Spark Plug on Exhaust Gas Composition
- Author
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Karol Tucki, Olga Orynycz, Leszek Mieszkalski, Joao Gilberto Mendes dos Reis, Jonas Matijošius, Michał Wocial, Ivan Kuric, and Simone Pascuzzi
- Subjects
spark plug ,vehicle ,engine ,emission ,exhaust ,Technology - Abstract
This paper analyses the influence of the type of electrode in a spark plug on exhaust gas emission. The objects of the research were the following vehicles of different years of production: the Volkswagen Beetle 1300, the Honda Nighthawk 650, the BMW e46 318i, the Hyundai i10, and the Audi A4 B6. The vehicles were powered by petrol and LPG. Spark plugs were selected for the vehicles, with different kinds of construction for the main electrodes and different numbers of poles but with similar heat values. A comparative analysis of the composition of the exhaust gas mixture was performed, depending on the set of spark plugs used. The amount of CO, HC, CO2, and O2 emissions was analysed. The results were compared with the applicable exhaust gas emission standards. Both in the case of E5 95 petrol and LPG gas, lower exhaust gas emissions were observed when iridium spark plugs were used.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Spark plug defects detection based on improved Faster-RCNN algorithm.
- Author
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Liu, Yuhang, Liu, Yi, Zhang, Pengcheng, Zhang, Quan, Wang, Lei, Yan, Rongbiao, Li, Wenqiang, and Gui, Zhiguo
- Subjects
- *
SPARK plugs , *ALGORITHMS , *PROBLEM solving - Abstract
The objective of this study is to apply an improved Faster-RCNN model in order to solve the problems of low detection accuracy and slow detection speed in spark plug defect detection. In detail, an attention module based symmetrical convolutional network (ASCN) is designed as the backbone to extract multi-scale features. Then, a multi-scale region generation network (MRPN), in which InceptionV2 is used to achieve sliding windows of different scales instead of a single sliding window, is proposed and tested. Additionally, a dataset of X-ray spark plug images is established, which contains 1,402 images. These images are divided into two subsets with a ratio of 4:1 for training and testing the improved Faster-RCNN model, respectively. The proposed model is transferred and learned on the pre-training model of MS COCO dataset. In the test experiments, the proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 89% and a recall of 97%. Compared with other Faster-RCNN models, YOLOv3, SSD and RetinaNet, our proposed new method improves the average accuracy by more than 6% and the recall by more than 2%. Furthermore, the new method can detect at 20fps when the input image size is 1024×1024×3 and can also be used for real-time automatic detection of spark plug defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Multi-point ignition of air/fuel mixture by the initiated subcritical streamer discharge.
- Author
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Bulat, Pavel, Chernyshov, Pavel, Esakov, Igor, Grachev, Lev, Lavrov, Pavel, Melnikova, Anzhelika, Volkov, Konstantin, and Volobuev, Igor
- Subjects
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COMBUSTION chambers , *COMBUSTION efficiency , *SPARK plugs , *ELECTRIC fields , *MIXTURES - Abstract
An experimental study of ignition and combustion of a propane/air mixture is carried out, and the efficiency of two ignition systems is compared. The first one is the traditional technology with conventional spark plugs, and the second one is a system with microwave initiated streamer discharges. In both cases, the ignition sources, spark plugs or streamer discharges are distributed along the surface of the combustion chamber. A subcritical streamer discharge is initiated on the surface of the circular tube using a half-wave resonator when the intensity of the electric field is much smaller than the breakdown intensity because ability of electromagnetic vibrators to initiate air breakdown has a resonant character. For the initiated streamer discharge, intensity of microwave radiation is significantly lower than the breakdown intensity. The results obtained for a new microwave ignition system of a fuel/air mixture are presented and compared with an ignition system based on spark plugs. Comparative analysis is given for different initial pressures and composition of fuel/air mixture. The time of propagation of the flame front is compared, as well as the rate of pressure increase in the combustion chamber, depending on the initial pressure and the composition of the mixture. The optimal fuel/air equivalence ratio, which provides the highest pressure and the highest rate of pressure rise in the combustion chamber, is determined. A comparative assessment of the energy efficiency of each of the approaches applied to the ignition of the fuel/air mixture is performed. The results obtained could potentially be useful to improve reliability of plasma-assisted ignition systems and flight safety. • Streamer discharge provides instantaneous volumetric ignition of the mixture. • Stable ignition of lean/richmixtures in air flows is demonstrated. • Effect of fuel/air ratio on combustion efficiency is investigated. • Streamer discharge yields improvement of combustion speed and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Analiza wpływu temperatury elektrody środkowej na rezystywność izolatora świecy zapłonowej.
- Author
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FRYŚKOWSKI, Bernard
- Subjects
SPARK plugs ,STRAY currents ,COMBUSTION chambers ,ELECTRICAL resistivity ,HIGH temperatures ,COOLANTS ,CERAMIC materials ,ELECTRIC spark - Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. ICE Ignition Using Transient Plasma Acceleration
- Author
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Carey, William [ARC Technology, Whitewater, KS (United States)]
- Published
- 2016
17. Development of an Ignition Coil Integrated System to Monitor the Spark Plugs Wear
- Author
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Fernandes, Filipa, Lönarz, Marco, Weyand, Peter, Günther, Michael, editor, and Sens, Marc, editor
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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18. Spark plug reliability improvement with regard to ceramic insulator form factor.
- Author
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Fryskowski, Bernard
- Subjects
SPARK plugs ,SURFACE resistance ,EXPONENTIAL functions ,CERAMICS ,QUADRATIC forms - Abstract
Ceramic insulators for spark plugs are important components responsible for the dielectric barrier to generate high-voltage pulses required to ignite the air–fuel mixture and for providing mechanical support to the center electrode. To ensure a high degree of reliability, many manufacturers apply corrugation patterns to the glazed upper part of an insulator to prevent flashover and parasitic discharges as well as to reduce the leakage current. The corrugation pattern design based mostly on simple cylindrical and conical shapes has changed very little over the years. This gives rise to the question whether an application of more sophisticated curves such as spherical, polynomial, or exponential can improve the surface resistance of a ribbed spark plug insulator. Quantitative analysis based on form factor and leakage distance calculations was used as a design method to optimize the shape of the spark plug insulator and its pollution performance. Furthermore, a novel concept of concave insulator corrugation patterns formed by quadratic and exponential functions was proposed and discussed as an alternative solution suitable for practical application. It was found that insulator ribs completed with supplementary concave corrugation ensure a longer leakage distance than conventional patterns. According to the results of calculations and measurements performed on three-dimensional printed samples, it was stated that the novel concave corrugation patterns can significantly increase the surface resistance of spark plug insulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. 基于放电检测和机器视觉技术的 火花塞缺陷检测系统.
- Author
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刘春成, 徐 琳, and 张 坤
- Subjects
- *
SPARK plugs , *PULSE width modulation , *COMPUTER vision , *ELECTROMAGNETIC induction , *HIGH voltages - Abstract
To reduce the errors caused by traditional human visual inspection and improve the efficiency of spark plug defect detection, a spark plug defect detection system was designed based on discharge detection technology and machine vision technology. The spark plug defect detection system was composed of industrial computer, NI DAQ data acquisition card, IGBT driver board, IGBT module, ignition coil, voltage dividing module and industrial camera. Pulse width modulation technology and electromagnetic induction principle were used to apply high voltage to spark plug. The location information of spark discharged by spark plug under high voltage output of the ignition coil was captured to detect the defect in ceramic parts. The experimental results show that the high voltage output of the spark plug defect detection system is safe and measurable, and the detection accuracy is as high as 95%, which meets the actual application requirements of spark plug defect detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. What and Where: Learn to Plug Adapters via NAS for Multidomain Learning
- Author
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Bourahla Omar, Yongjian Fu, Hanbin Zhao, Hui Wang, Xin Qin, Xi Li, and Hao Zeng
- Subjects
Scheme (programming language) ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Adapter (computing) ,Computer science ,Computer Science Applications ,law.invention ,Set (abstract data type) ,Computer architecture ,Artificial Intelligence ,law ,Model learning ,Structure design ,Learning ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Spark plug ,computer ,Software ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
As an important and challenging problem, multidomain learning (MDL) typically seeks a set of effective lightweight domain-specific adapter modules plugged into a common domain-agnostic network. Usually, existing ways of adapter plugging and structure design are handcrafted and fixed for all domains before model learning, resulting in learning inflexibility and computational intensiveness. With this motivation, we propose to learn a data-driven adapter plugging strategy with neural architecture search (NAS), which automatically determines where to plug for those adapter modules. Furthermore, we propose an NAS-adapter module for adapter structure design in an NAS-driven learning scheme, which automatically discovers effective adapter module structures for different domains. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our MDL model against existing approaches under the conditions of comparable performance.
- Published
- 2022
21. Variation of spark plug type and spark gap with hydrogen and methanol added gasoline fuel: Performance characteristics.
- Author
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Baş, Oğuz, Akar, Mustafa Atakan, Serin, Hasan, Özcanlı, Mustafa, and Tosun, Erdi
- Subjects
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METHANOL as fuel , *SPARK plugs , *SPARK ignition engines , *HYDROGEN as fuel , *GASOLINE , *LIQUID fuels - Abstract
In this study, the performance of different spark plugs was tested with varied spark gap sizes in a spark-ignited engine. Gasoline fuel was enriched with hydrogen and methanol to evaluate how much they affect the performance of the engine. The engine tests were performed with a four-stroke, single-cylinder, naturally aspirated, variable compression ratio (VCR) spark ignition engine. 1500 rpm engine speed and MBT for spark timing were applied throughout all experiments. Iridium, platinum and conventional (copper) spark plugs were tested using 3 different spark plug gaps (SPG) (0.6 mm, 0.8 mm, 1 mm). Depending on the experimental condition, hydrogen was added with 3 l/min of flow rate and methanol was used with 10% of volume fraction in the total liquid fuel. As for performance criteria, brake power (BP) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) values were obtained from the test engine. According to the findings, platinum and iridium spark plugs had shown better performance than conventional spark plugs. The increment of SPG size improved the performance of the engine, too. On the other hand, despite methanol addition to gasoline fuel reduced performance, this loss could be compensated by hydrogen enrichment. Additionally, multiple linear regression (MLR) technique was applied through experimental results to obtain a linear relationship between explanatory variables (inputs) and response variables (outputs). An MLR model was set with four selected input variables (spark plug type, hydrogen flow rate, methanol ratio, and spark gap) to estimate BP and BSFC. Prediction equations showed that experimentally obtained results were in good agreement with MLR results. • SPG was tested with platinum, iridium and copper spark plugs. • Gasoline, methanol and hydrogen fuels were used. • Platinum and iridium spark plugs are effective on increasing performance. • Methanol deteriorates the engine performance. • Increment of SPG and H 2 increases performance characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. PERFORMANCE OF AN SI ENGINE WITH DIFFERENT SPARK PLUGS, VCR AND H2 ADDITION.
- Author
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BAŞ, Oğuz, AKAR, Mustafa Atakan, SERİN, Hasan, and ÖZCANLI, Mustafa
- Subjects
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SPARK plugs , *SPARK ignition engines , *ALTERNATIVE fuels , *ENERGY consumption , *ENGINE testing , *FOSSIL fuels - Abstract
Following rapid depletion of fossil fuels and growing efficiency concerns enforce researchers to enhance combustion quality and find alternative fuels for SI engines. For this purpose, various spark plugs are available in the market with different electrode materials. However, they have not been tested together with different engine parameters. In this work, a variable compression ratio (VCR) spark-ignited engine equipped with different spark plugs (conventional, iridium and platinum) tested to determine performance values of brake power and brake specific fuel consumption. Effects of hydrogen enrichment (0%, 2% and 4% by volume fraction) and VCR (8.5:1 and 10:1) were applied to the engine at engine speeds of 1200, 1500 and 1800 rpm during experiments. The results revealed that higher performance values attained with iridium and platinum spark plugs comparing with the conventional spark plug at all hydrogen fractions, engine speeds and compression ratios. Besides that platinum spark plug increased the performance of the test engine more than iridium one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
23. Effect of the Plasma Jet Ignition and Flame Kernel Under The Combustion Process in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber.
- Author
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Choe, Mun Seok, Lee, Kyung Tae, Kim, Kwon Se, and Choi, Doo Seuk
- Subjects
- *
COMBUSTION chambers , *PLASMA jets , *COMBUSTION , *FLAME , *ATMOSPHERIC pressure , *NON-thermal plasmas - Abstract
This work is to study the plasma application using a capacitive discharge ignition capable of using the plasma jet which belongs to the non-thermal plasma physic. A plasma-jet spark plug was designed to combine a discharge chamber including an insulator and expanding the plasma area. The nonresistance was applied to acting the interference suppression of a plasma-jet spark plug to ensure the high energy generated at a DC-DC converter. An ANSYS FLUENT program was used to conduct analyzing combustion progress. The combustion simulation model is composed of configurations of a spark plug, a lambda sensor, and an internal combustion chamber. Resultantly, the minimum value of the combustion pressure is verified at λ = 1.6, and the plasma jet has higher values in the order of 2, 3, and 4 bar than the conventional models due to having a fast reaction. Consequently, the plasma jet has advantageous in combustion diffusivity in comparison to the conventional spark plug since the negative electrode of the cathode is not designed in front of a jet plug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Faster_RCNN 用于工业火花塞图像焊缝缺陷检测.
- Author
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田 珠, 桂志国, 张鹏程, 赵瑞祥, and 娄润东
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Test & Measurement Technology is the property of Publishing Center of North University of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Failure Analysis of Brittle Cracking in Spark Plug Expansion Tank.
- Author
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Wang, Jun-yi, Chen, Jie, and Liu, Xin-kuan
- Subjects
- *
FAILURE analysis , *SPARK plugs , *MICROSCOPY , *OPTICAL microscopes , *TANKS , *SCANNING electron microscopes - Abstract
A cold-extruded spark plug iron shell is assembled by hot riveting and then laterally brittle cracking at the expansion groove. In order to investigate the cause of failure, a comprehensive microscopic analysis was performed by using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, a microhardness tester, and a hydrothermal analyzer. The results show that the machining of the inner wall of the iron shell is obvious and there is a small amount of rust. Manually opening the failed sample, it reveals that the originating source is located on the subsurface close to the inner wall, and the entire cross section has an intergranular fracture, and there are a large number of secondary cracks. The thickness of the electroplated nickel layer of the sample is relatively thin, the local thickness of the inner wall is less than 1 μm, and a small amount of iron oxide remains in the plating layer. The grain size is 7.4, and the hardness of the longitudinal section of the expansion tank fluctuates greatly. The hardness of the coarse grain area is less than 150 HV, and the front of the hot rivet is about 230 HV. The diffusion hydrogen content of the failed sample is 0.042 mg/m3. It is considered that the cause of the failure sample is the coupling of the phase transition stress and the residual stress generated by the increasing electroplating hydrogen, resulting in delayed cracking at the weakest expansion groove in the iron shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Toward a Plug-and-Work Reconfigurable Cobot
- Author
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Edoardo Romiti, Arturo Laurenzi, Francesco Iacobelli, Marco Ruzzon, Alessio Margan, Enrico Mingo Hoffman, Luca Muratore, Navvab Kashiri, Stefano Cordasco, Nikos G. Tsagarakis, Jorn Malzahn, and Lorenzo Baccelliere
- Subjects
0209 industrial biotechnology ,Kinematics ,Computer science ,02 engineering and technology ,Topology ,law.invention ,Automation ,Hardware ,020901 industrial engineering & automation ,law ,Robots ,Network topology ,Ports (computers) ,Task analysis ,flexible manufacturing systems ,manipulator dynamics ,robot kinematics ,robot programming ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Spark plug ,business.industry ,Computer Science Applications ,Work (electrical) ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Embedded system ,business - Abstract
The ongoing trend from mass-produced to mass-customized products with batch sizes as small as a single unit has highlighted the need for highly adaptable robotic systems with lower downtime for maintenance. To address these demands, this article proposes the development of a novel reconfigurable collaborative robot (cobot), which has the potential to open up many new scenarios within the rapidly emerging flexible manufacturing environments. As the technological contribution, we present a complete hard- and software architecture for a quickly reconfigurable EtherCAT-based robot. This novel approach allows to automatically reconstruct the topology of different robot structures, composed of a set of body modules, each of which represents an EtherCAT slave. As the theoretical contribution, we propose a method to obtain in an automatic way the kinematic and dynamic model of the robot and store it in universal robot description format (URDF) as soon as the physical robot is assembled or reconfigured. The method also automatically reshapes a generic optimization-based controller to be instantly used after reconfiguration. While this article focuses on reconfigurable manipulators, the proposed concept can support arbitrary serial kinematic tree-like configurations. We demonstrate the contributions with examples of the following: how the topology of the robot is reconstructed and the URDF model is generated, and a Cartesian task application for a cobot built with the basic modules, demonstrating the quick reconfigurabilty of the system from a 4-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) robot to a 5-DOF robot, in order to satisfy new workspace requirements.
- Published
- 2022
27. Experimental verification of signal propagation in automotive ignition cables modelled with distributed parameter circuit
- Author
-
Sebastian Różowicz and Andrzej Zawadzki
- Subjects
distributed parameter circuit ,ignition cable ,spark plug ,ignition system ,spark discharge ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
The paper analyses the possibilities of treating the ignition cable in the internal combustion engine as a distributed parameter system. It presents the experimental verification of computer simulations of signal propagation generated by ignition systems in the ignition cables, modelled by the distributed parameter system. The tests conducted to determine the wave parameters of ignition cables, as well as the results of numerical simulations and their experimental verifications, are presented. It is concluded that the modelling of the ignition cable by means of a long line gives positive results that can be used for the design of a spark plug with impedance equal to wave impedance of the ignition cable.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Experimental verification of signal propagation in automotive ignition cables modelled with distributed parameter circuit.
- Author
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RÓŻOWICZ, SEBASTIAN and ZAWADZKI, ANDRZEJ
- Subjects
- *
DISTRIBUTED parameter systems , *INTERNAL combustion engines , *CABLES , *SPARK plugs - Abstract
The paper analyses the possibilities of treating the ignition cable in the internal combustion engine as a distributed parameter system. It presents the experimental verifi- cation of computer simulations of signal propagation generated by ignition systems in the ignition cables, modelled by the distributed parameter system. The tests conducted to deter- mine the wave parameters of ignition cables, as well as the results of numerical simulations and their experimental verifications, are presented. It is concluded that the modelling of the ignition cable by means of a long line gives positive results that can be used for the design of a spark plug with impedance equal to wave impedance of the ignition cable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Effect of structural parameters on the setting performance of plug slips during hydraulic fracturing
- Author
-
Jie Qin, Xuefei Zheng, Zengkai Liu, Xinlei Wu, Yonghong Liu, Aibaibu Abulimiti, and Chao Zheng
- Subjects
Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Anchoring ,Geology ,Mechanics ,Slip (materials science) ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Physics::Geophysics ,law.invention ,Geophysics ,Fuel Technology ,Hydraulic fracturing ,Contact mechanics ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,law ,Economic Geology ,Contact area ,Spark plug ,Casing ,Stress concentration - Abstract
Slip is one of the most critical components for the frac plug, which would lodge into the casing and lock the frac plug in place during the setting and anchoring process. However, fracture failure of slip significantly affects the hydraulic fracturing effects and has attracted tremendous attention. In this paper, a three-dimensional contact model is applied to explore the setting process of slip. The effects of key structural parameters such as apex angle, inclination angle, and wedge angle on the contact characteristics of slip are systematically investigated. Numerical results indicate that the maximum contact stress appears at the contact area between slip tooth and the casing's inner wall. Besides, the maximum contact stress generally increases with the increase of apex angle and inclination angle, while decrease linearly with the rise in the wedge angle. Experimental results show that the slip teeth get blunt and appear severe plastic deformation, which arises from stress concentration. Comparison of biting area indicates that the experimental results are about 21.3% larger, which still have a reasonable agreement with the numerical results. These obtained results can guide the parametric selection of plug slip and other similar components.
- Published
- 2022
30. Plug Production for Thermoforming using Fused Deposition Modelling
- Author
-
Olcay Ekşi
- Subjects
Materials science ,Plastic sheet ,Mühendislik ,chemistry.chemical_element ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Engineering ,Fused Deposition Modelling,Thermoforming,Plug,PLA ,Fused deposition modelling,thermoforming,PLA,plug ,Machining ,chemistry ,Polylactic acid ,law ,Aluminium ,Particle ,Deposition (phase transition) ,Composite material ,Spark plug ,Thermoforming - Abstract
Plug, a type of male mould in thermoforming, is mostly produced by conventional processes such as machining. However, in this study, plugs that are used in thermoforming were produced using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Plugs were produced using Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Aluminium (Al) particle reinforced PLA filaments by a 3d printer. Plugs that are produced by FDM, were polished using 800, 1000, 1200, 1600 and 2000 grit sandpapers to reduce friction. Also, thermal effects such as temperature distribution on the region where the plug touches the plastic sheet, were investigated. It has been found that FDM can be a significant alternative for male mould production in thermoforming. Additionally, PLA filaments have great potential for tool production in thermoforming.
- Published
- 2022
31. Plugging property and displacement characters of a novel high-temperature resistant polymer nanoparticle
- Author
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Zihao Yang, Zhao-Xia Dong, Zhi-Yong Wang, Juan Zhang, Meiqin Lin, and Huai-Ke Li
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Nanoparticle ,Geology ,Core (manufacturing) ,Polymer ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,law.invention ,Geophysics ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,law ,Permeability (electromagnetism) ,medicine ,Economic Geology ,Composite material ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom ,Suspension (vehicle) ,Spark plug ,Displacement (fluid) - Abstract
The goal of the research was to investigate the profile control and oil displacement characteristics of the polymer nanoparticles after high temperature swelling. The displacement parameters showed considerable influence on the plugging effect of the high-temperature swelled polymer nanoparticles, such as the core permeability, concentration of nanoparticles in the suspension, swelling time and swelling temperature, which makes it flexible to control the plugging effect by controlling displacement experiments conditions. Experimental results show that polymer nanoparticles dispersion system with a concentration of 500 mg/L is suitable for cores plugging with a permeability of 30 × 10−3 - 150 × 10−3 μm2, even after aging at 150 °C for three months. The shunt flow experiments show that when the displacement factors are optimal values, the polymer nanoparticles after high temperature swelling to plug the high-permeability layer selectivity and almost do not clog the low-permeability layer. Oil recovery of homogeneous artificial core displacement experiment and a heterogeneous double-tube cores model are increased by 20% and 10.4% on the basis of water flooding. The polymer nanoparticles can be a great help for petroleum engineers to better apply this deep profile control and flooding technology.
- Published
- 2022
32. Controlling HCCI ignition timing of biogas by direct injection of solid biomass
- Author
-
Frédéric Ségretain, Khanh-Hung Tran, Philippe Guibert, Mira Ibrahim, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert (DALEMBERT), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Energétique Mécanique Electromagnétisme (LEME), and Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)
- Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics] ,biomass and biogas optimal fuels ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Homogeneous charge compression ignition ,duals diphasic fuel mode ,Biomass ,Combustion ,law.invention ,Diesel fuel ,law ,Compression ratio ,Ignition timing ,Auto ignition combustion control ,Combustion chamber ,Process engineering ,business ,Spark plug ,greenhouse gas reduction - Abstract
International audience; The reduction of pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines, and in particular greenhouse gases, must be achieved by optimizing the combustion process and choosing fuels with a low carbon impact. Heterogeneous mixture combustions such as Diesel induce a difficulty in managing of the pollutants formation even if in its principle the output efficiency remains favorable. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish this last point, which refers to the compression ratio, in order to move towards homogeneous combustion with a high compression ratio. We then speak generically of HCCI combustion (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition), whose process takes place in the context of auto ignition.An important challenge of this combustion is the control of the ignition timing. This paper presents a concept to control the initiation of combustion of a reactive gas mixture with low susceptibility to auto-ignition, which meets the expectation of high efficiency, via the introduction of biomass particles. From a schematic point of view, these particles will play the role of spark plugs distributed throughout the combustion chamber, and should have an auto ignition time much lower than that of the fuel.For this purpose, a particle injector was conceived to directly inject a controlled quantity of biomass powder into the reactive mixture directly. This part is a challenging point. The reproducibility and viability of the particle injector were qualitatively validated by image analysis acquired at high frequency and high resolution. Thus, the system was integrated into an RCM (Rapid Compression Machine) chamber, allowing diphasic gas/solid biomass combustion study. This preliminary test was investigated by high-speed video on a lean diluted biomass enriched with hydrogen mixture (CH4/CO2/H2) at low fuel-air equivalence ratio (Φ = 0.6), with different auto-ignition delays in the condition of experimentation. It was shown that the direct injection of a small amount of biomass particles was able to promote its reactivity and initiate the combustion process. This study highlights the promising effects of the injection of powder to control the beginning of homogeneous combustion, by bringing locally a spot of energy, distributed in the whole chamber. The control given by a global contribution of weak energy is distinguished from the process of combustion by auto-ignition of the fuel mixture whose properties of equivalence air-fuel ratio or dilution will complete the optimization of the process.
- Published
- 2022
33. Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction pull plug welding for 2219-T87 aluminum alloy with tungsten inert gas weld
- Author
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Peng Lu, Lei Cui, Lijun Yang, Zhuanping Sun, Jianling Song, Hui-miao Wang, and Shao Zhen
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Welding ,engineering.material ,Tungsten ,Microstructure ,law.invention ,chemistry ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Mechanics of Materials ,Aluminium ,law ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Spark plug ,Inert gas - Published
- 2022
34. Analysis of the Trends Between Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Plug-Level Electricity Usage Through Topological Data Analysis
- Author
-
Shun Endo and Shinji Yokogawa
- Subjects
business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Carbon dioxide ,Environmental science ,Topological data analysis ,Electricity ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Spark plug ,Instrumentation - Published
- 2022
35. Effects of Spark Energy on Spark Plug Fault Recognition in a Spark Ignition Engine
- Author
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A. A. Azrin, A. Zainal, I.M. Yusri, and M. H. Mat Yasin
- Subjects
Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Building and Construction ,Combustion ,Automotive engineering ,Fault recognition ,law.invention ,Ignition system ,law ,Spark-ignition engine ,Spark (mathematics) ,Breakdown voltage ,Spark plug ,Energy (signal processing) - Abstract
The increasing demands for fuel economy and emission reduction have led to the development of lean/diluted combustion strategies for modern Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The new generation of SI engines requires higher spark energy and a longer discharge duration to improve efficiency and reduce the backpressure. However, the increased spark energy gives negative impacts on the ignition system which results in deterioration of the spark plug. Therefore, a numerical model was used to estimate the spark energy of the ignition system based on the breakdown voltage. The trend of spark energy is then recognized by implementing the classification method. Significant features were identified from the Information Gain (IG) scoring of the statistical analysis.
- Published
- 2022
36. A Novel Universal Magnetic Power Plug to Facilitate V2V/V2G/G2V/V2H Connectivity for Future Grid Infrastructure
- Author
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Kashem M. Muttaqi, Viet Thang Tran, Md. Rabiul Islam, Omar Farrok, Danny Sutanto, and Mahbubur Rahman Kiran
- Subjects
Control and Systems Engineering ,Computer science ,law ,business.industry ,Electrical engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Grid ,Spark plug ,business ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,law.invention ,Power (physics) - Published
- 2022
37. In-cylinder pressure based combustion analysis of cycle-by-cycle variations in a dual spark plug SI engine using ethanol-gasoline blends as a fuel
- Author
-
Suresh Shetty and B.R. Shrinivasa Rao
- Subjects
Ignition system ,Materials science ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,law ,Compression ratio ,Ethanol fuel ,Gasoline ,Composite material ,Spark plug ,law.invention ,Petrol engine ,Cylinder (engine) - Abstract
The combustion in Spark Ignition (SI) engine varies from the engine working cycle-by-cycle the ability to predict accurately the pressure allows for a better understanding of the processes that take place in the cylinder The effects of load, compression ratio, and ethanol content on the cycle-by-cycle cylinder pressure variations of a dual spark plug gasoline engine have been investigated experimentally. Cycle-by-cycle cylinder pressure variations were evaluated using coefficient of variation (COV) of maximum cylinder pressure. The results showed that the maximum cylinder pressure increased and corresponding its cycle-by-cycle variations decreased with the increase of load, compression ratio and ethanol content in the blend. Greater variations were observed at lower loads than full load operation of the engine. Highest maximum cylinder pressure and lowest it’s COV were achieved for 20% ethanol by volume in the blend under full load at compression ratio of 10:1. The maximum cylinder pressure crank angle was moved closer to the top dead center as the ethanol fraction in the blend increased. Finally, it can be concluded that the addition of ethanol 20% by volume to the gasoline maintains COV of maximum cylinder pressure at a low level.
- Published
- 2022
38. Experimental study on collision characteristics of large coal particles (7–15 mm) in 90° elbows of pneumatic conveying systems
- Author
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Jianping Li, Luo Jiangnan, Daolong Yang, Zhou Feng, and Li Yuze
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Pressure drop ,Materials science ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Airflow ,Elbow ,Mechanics ,law.invention ,body regions ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Breakage ,law ,medicine ,Particle ,Coal ,Particle size ,Spark plug ,business - Abstract
Pneumatic conveying of coal particles widely used for environmental friendliness and automation. In this study, orthogonal experiments were carried out in 90° elbows of large coal particles (7–15 mm) to study the effect of the elbow shape, particle size, airflow velocity, and gas supply pressure on elbow erosion. Elbows with double-layer wall structures were designed to present the erosion characteristics, particle breakage ratio, and pressure drop. Results indicate that the angle between the erosion center and the tangential direction of the elbow inlet is approximately 25°–30°. The elbow shape and airflow velocity have significant effects on all three evaluation indices, whereas the particle size and gas supply pressure have significant effects on the pressure drop. The optimal parameters of each factor were confirmed: the blind elbow with a plug, particle size of 9–11 mm, airflow velocity of 20 m/s, and gas supply pressure of 0.4 MPa.
- Published
- 2022
39. Cementing calculations
- Author
-
Thomas Carter, William C. Lyons, and Norton J. Lapeyrouse
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Cement ,Materials science ,Petroleum engineering ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Mixing (process engineering) ,law.invention ,law ,Slurry ,Setting time ,Spark plug ,Displacement (fluid) ,Casing ,Open hole - Abstract
Cementing is one of the important steps in well construction. This chapter shows how to calculate the amount of additives required for mixing the different types of cement slurries. These additives provide properties of fluid loss, setting time and rate (i.e., acceleration or retardation), and reducing the friction to prevent high pump pressures on deep high-density casing jobs. Calculations to provide the proper placement for support of the casing and to ensure that the casing is anchored to prevent casing shoe movement after the cement is pumped are detailed. Other important cementing operations include pumping and placing open hole plugs and balancing the pressures, so the plug will not “U-Tube” when the pipe is removed from the plug. Finally, it is important to determine if the casing will move up (called “hydraulicing”) the hole as the different density cement slurries are pumped in place.
- Published
- 2023
40. Numerical simulation of solar parabolic trough collector with viscous dissipation in slits of arc-plug insertion
- Author
-
Ipsita Mishra, Biranchi Narayana Padhi, and Mukundjee Pandey
- Subjects
Thermal efficiency ,Viscous dissipation ,Materials science ,genetic structures ,Computer simulation ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,eye diseases ,law.invention ,Arc (geometry) ,Optics ,law ,Parabolic trough ,General Materials Science ,sense organs ,Tube (container) ,Spark plug ,business ,Performance enhancement - Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of slits within the arc-plug insert of the solar parabolic trough receiver (PTR). In order to predict the performance of the parabolic trough collector (PTC) with arc-plug slits within the absorber tube; two different variants of slits of 2 mm and 1 mm thicknesses are considered. Then, each of the variants of slits with different thicknesses are varied in terms of numbers of their occurrence in the arc-plug. The 2 mm thickness slits are varied in 5, 7, and 9 numbers with uniform space of separation between them in the arc-plug. While 1 mm thickness slits are varied from 11 to 13 in numbers and also maintaining uniform space of separation between them like in 2 mm thickness slits. The objective is to determine the effects of viscous dissipation within the slits of the arc-plug of PTR; and also, the optimized version of the slit with its numbers. It is found that 2 mm slits with 9 in numbers showed the highest value of thermal efficiency as compared to all other cases. The thermal efficiency (η) of the PTC with arc-plug slits are seen to be about 1.642 times of conventional PTC; whereas, 1.309 times of arc-plug without slits. Therefore, it is always beneficial to use slits within inserts of PTCs for its performance enhancement; but, the selection of slit’s thickness and its numbers plays a vital role in its application.
- Published
- 2021
41. Study on the Surge-Swab Pressure considering the Effect of the Cutting Plug in Shale Drilling
- Author
-
Tianyi Tan, Yufei Chen, Hui Zhang, and Xusheng Ma
- Subjects
QE1-996.5 ,Article Subject ,Petroleum engineering ,Annulus (oil well) ,Drilling ,Geology ,law.invention ,Volumetric flow rate ,law ,Tripping ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Surge ,Spark plug ,Porosity ,Oil shale - Abstract
Wellbore instability is a frequent problem of shale drilling. Accurate calculation of surge-swab pressures in tripping processes is essential for wellbore pressure management to maintain wellbore stability. However, cutting plugs formed in shale horizontal wells have not been considered in previous surge-swab pressure models. In this paper, a surge-swab pressure model considering the effect of cutting plugs is established for both open pipe string and closed pipe string conditions; In this model, the osmotic pressure of a cutting plug is analyzed. The reduction of cutting plug porosity due to shale hydration expansion and dispersion is considered, ultimately resulting in an impermeable cutting plug. A case study is conducted to analyze swab pressures in a tripping out process. The results show that, in a closed pipe condition, the cutting plug significantly increases the swab pressures below it, which increase with the decrease of cutting plug porosity and the increase of cutting plug length. Under the give condition, the swab pressure at the bottom of the well increases from 3.60 MPa to 8.82 MPa due to the cutting plug, increasing by 244.9%. In an open pipe string condition, the cutting plug affects the flow rate in the pipes and the annulus, resulting in a higher swab pressure above the cutting plug compared to a no-cutting plug annulus. The difference increases with the decrease of the porosity and the increase of the length and the measured depth of the cutting plug. Consequently, the extra surge-swab pressures caused by cutting plugs could result in wellbore pressures out of safety mud density window, whereas are ignored by previous models. The model proposes a more accurate wellbore pressure prediction and guarantees the wellbore stability in shale drilling.
- Published
- 2021
42. Applying Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis to Detect Tungsten Inclusions in Nuclear Fuel Rod End Plug TIG Welds
- Author
-
Jianfeng Cheng, Wan-chang Lai, Runqiu Gu, and Guang-xi Wang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Article Subject ,Nuclear fuel ,Gas tungsten arc welding ,Monte Carlo method ,Zirconium alloy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,X-ray fluorescence ,QC350-467 ,Optics. Light ,Tungsten ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,chemistry ,law ,Particle ,Composite material ,Spark plug ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
This study proposes a new method of detecting tungsten inclusions in nuclear fuel rod upper-end plug welds using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to simulate the process of detecting tungsten inclusions in nuclear fuel rod upper-end plug welds by the EDXRF. The detectable tungsten particle diameters in the zirconium alloy at different depths in welds and the detection limits of the trace tungsten dispersed in welds were obtained. Then, we constructed an experimental device that uses a CdTe detector with an X-ray tube. The results showed that the relative standard deviation of the net count rate of tungsten K-series characteristic X-rays [W (Kα)] was 1.46%, and the optimum parameters are a tube voltage of 150 kV and current of 0.5 mA. These values were used to perform energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. These results were compared to the X-ray radiographic results, which were broadly similar. Furthermore, the results of EDXRF analysis were more legible and reliable than those from X-ray radiographic inspections. This study demonstrates the feasibility of applying EDXRF analysis to detect tungsten inclusions.
- Published
- 2021
43. The Flow Behavior of Molten Steel in an RH Degasser Under Different Ladle Bottom Stirring Processes
- Author
-
Rudong Wang, Heng Cui, and Jin Yu
- Subjects
Ladle ,Materials science ,Degasser ,Flow (psychology) ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Mixing (process engineering) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Volumetric flow rate ,law.invention ,Lifting gas ,Particle image velocimetry ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Materials Chemistry ,Spark plug - Abstract
The effects of the ladle bottom stirring flow rate and the number of argon plugs on the circulation flow rate and mixing time in an RH degasser were studied using a physical simulation method. The flow field in the RH ladle was studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The results show that applying the ladle bottom stirring process has a great influence on the flow field in the RH ladle. When only stirring under the upleg, the circulation of the RH ladle was enhanced. The velocity of molten steel circulation was accelerated, the RH circulation flow rate was increased, and the mixing time was decreased. When the lifting gas flow rate is 133.3 m3 h−1 and the ladle bottom stirring rate is 166.7 L min−1, the circulation flow rate increases by approximately 25 pct, and the mixing time decreases between 36 and 40 pct compared with that without ladle bottom stirring. Stirring in the argon plug below the downleg is not conducive to improving the circulation flow rate but is beneficial to reducing the molten steel mixing time. Double-ladle argon plug stirring can improve molten steel activity on both sides of the snorkel at the upper part of the RH ladle, but this can negatively affect the original vessel circulation. To ensure that the circulation flow is not reduced during double-ladle bottom argon plug stirring, the snorkel upleg lifting gas flow rate must be greater than 133.3 m3 h−1 for the system studied in this work.
- Published
- 2021
44. Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Engine Spark Plugs Using Deep Learning Techniques
- Author
-
Essam Seddik, Jimi Tjong, Saeid Habibi, Alan Wassyng, and Yixin Huangfu
- Subjects
Computer science ,law ,business.industry ,Deep learning ,General Medicine ,Artificial intelligence ,Spark plug ,business ,Fault detection and isolation ,Simulation ,law.invention - Published
- 2021
45. Arthroscopic Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System Procedure of the Lateral Femoral Condyle with Donor-Site Backfill Using Osteochondral Allograft Plug
- Author
-
Alvarho J. Guzman, James L. Chen, Brandon Gardner, Shane Rayos Del Sol, Therese Dela Rueda, Patrick J. McGahan, Stewart Bryant, and Sarah Jenkins
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Transfer system ,Surgery ,law.invention ,Return to sport ,Cartilage restoration ,surgical procedures, operative ,law ,medicine ,Lateral femoral condyle ,Technical Note ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Spark plug ,business - Abstract
The osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS) procedure is at the forefront of cartilage restoration surgeries of the knee, offering superior return to sport rates and long-term functionality. This technique reports an arthroscopic OATS procedure of the lateral femoral condyle with donor-site backfill using an osteochondral allograft plug. Potential complications from unfilled donor site sockets are eliminated through donor site backfill with an allograft plug., Technique Video Video 1 Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS) procedure of the lateral femoral condyle using allograft donor site backfill. The Arthrex Single-Use 2.0 OATS set for articular cartilage transfer and graft harvest of 10 mm osteochondral defects is our primary surgical instrument. The anterolateral portal of the operative knee is needle localized with an 18 gauge spinal needle perpendicular to the osteochondral defect of the lateral femoral condyle. A 10 × 15 mm autograft plug is then harvested from the medial trochlear edge of the medial femoral condyle donor site under direct arthroscopic visualization. Two 90˚ turns, clockwise and counterclockwise, are performed with the harvester before disengagement and autograft harvest withdrawal. The hollowed donor site of the medial femoral condyle is then backfilled with a precut osteochondral allograft plug and flushed adequately into the articular surface. After backfill insertion with the allograft plug, a guide pin is drilled perpendicular into the osteochondral defect of the lateral femoral condyle. A cannulated reamer, perpendicular and in line with the guide pin, is used to advance to the appropriate depth within the subchondral bone of the osteochondral defect. The harvested autograft plug from the medial femoral condyle donor site is then impacted into the hollowed recipient site with a clear cannula and implanted within 1 to 1.5 mm of the articular surface. Last, a soft tamp is used to firmly advance the donor plug until a flush chondral surface is observed.
- Published
- 2021
46. Characteristics of the fracture geometry and the injection pressure response during near-wellbore diverting fracturing
- Author
-
Fujian Zhou, Hui Ge, Hang Zhou, Li Lizhe, and Bo Wang
- Subjects
Materials science ,020209 energy ,Modulus ,Truss model ,02 engineering and technology ,Fracture propagation ,Numerical simulation ,law.invention ,Pore water pressure ,020401 chemical engineering ,law ,Ultimate tensile strength ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0204 chemical engineering ,Spark plug ,Extended finite element method ,Plug model ,Mechanics ,Hydraulic fracturing ,Cohesive zone model ,TK1-9971 ,Permeability (earth sciences) ,General Energy ,Fracture (geology) ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering - Abstract
Near-wellbore diverting fracturing (NWDF) can successfully generate new diverting fractures and dramatically enhance the stimulation effects for vertical wells. Investigating the fracture geometry and the injection pressure response is necessary for the candidate well selection and the stimulation effect evaluation. This work establishes a fully fluid–solid coupling model to simulate the process of NWDF under various parameter combinations, including the horizontal stress contrast, Young’s modulus, rock tensile strength, rock permeability, pore pressure, and injection rate. The model is verified against the reported experimental results. Moreover, the following key methods were applied in this study. Extended finite element method (XFEM) is applied to simulate the arbitrary fracture propagation path, which is a mesh-free simulation method; the initiation and propagation of the fracture tip elements are characterized by the cohesive zone model; a truss model is applied to simulate the propping effects of the proppants; a plug model is proposed to simulate the plugging effects of the tight plug. The simulation results show that the stimulation effects of NWDF can be improved by selecting the candidate well of low horizontal stress contrast, low Young’s modulus, low rock permeability, high rock tensile strength. However, the pore pressure has no impact on the stimulation effects of NWDF. Enhancing the fluid injection rate can improve the stimulation effects while the injection rate should be optimized for certain well. During the field operation of NWDF, a large difference between the peak value and the steady value of the diverting fracture injection pressure denotes a large curvature of the diverting fracture and a bad stimulation result. No obvious peak value of the diverting fracture injection pressure denotes a straight diverting fracture and a perfect stimulation result.
- Published
- 2021
47. Arc-Phase Spark Plug Energy Deposition Characteristics Measured Using a Spark Plug Calorimeter Based on Differential Pressure Measurement
- Author
-
Kyeongmin Kim, Matthew J. Hall, Preston S. Wilson, and Ronald D. Matthews
- Subjects
spark ignition ,calorimeter ,thermal energy ,spark plug ,natural gas engine ,Technology - Abstract
A spark plug calorimeter is introduced for quantifying the thermal energy delivered to unreactive gas surrounding the spark gap during spark ignition. Unlike other calorimeters, which measure the small pressure rise of the gas above the relatively high gauge pressure or relative to an internal reference, the present calorimeter measured the differential rise in pressure relative to the initial pressure in the calorimeter chamber. By using a large portion of the dynamic range of the chip-based pressure sensor, a high signal to noise ratio is possible; this can be advantageous, particularly for high initial pressures. Using this calorimeter, a parametric study was carried out, measuring the thermal energy deposition in the gas and the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency over a larger range of initial pressures than has been carried out previously (1–24 bar absolute at 298 K). The spark plug and inductive ignition circuit used gave arc-type rather than glow-type discharges. A standard resistor-type automotive spark plug was tested. The effects of spark gap distance (0.3–1.5 mm) and ignition dwell time (2–6 ms) were studied for an inductive-type ignition system. It was found that energy deposition to the gas (nitrogen) and the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency increased strongly with increasing gas pressure and spark gap distance. For the same ignition hardware and operating conditions, the thermal energy delivered to the gap varied from less than 1 mJ at 1 atm pressure and a gap distance of 0.3 mm to over 25 mJ at a pressure of 24 bar and a gap distance of 1.5 mm. For gas densities that might be representative of those in an engine at the time of ignition, the electrical-to-thermal energy conversion efficiencies ranged from approximately 3% at low pressures (4 bar) and small gap (0.3 mm) to as much as 40% at the highest pressure of 24 bar and with a gap of 1.5 mm.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. New Design of Copper–Inconel 601 Ground Electrode Spark Plug Based on a Thermo-Mechanical Model
- Author
-
Chawki Tahri, Helmut Klocker, Bernard Beaugiraud, Christophe Bertoni, Eric Feulvarch, and Jean-Michel Bergheau
- Subjects
spark plug ,new design ,experimental analysis ,thermo-mechanical model ,Inconel 601 ,Technology - Abstract
Inconel 601 is one material of choice for intermediate- to high-temperature protective coatings for spark plugs’ ground electrodes. Production of ground electrodes of spark plugs implies the following operations: the tamping of the copper core in an Inconel 601 cup, cold-forming of the assembly, annealing, welding, and bending of the final spark plug. On the production line, the use of Inconel 601 as a protective coating for ground electrodes leads to possible cracking in the welded area after bending. In the present paper, possible causes of cracking are analyzed. It is clearly shown that a combination of Copper –Inconel interface oxidation, Inconel yielding during the heat treatment, and micro-movements during bending lead to cracks in the welded area of the ground electrode. First, the detrimental effect of gaps, between Copper and Inconel 601, is shown experimentally. Second, a thermo-mechanical analysis combined with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observations identified the annealing treatment and interface oxidation as the main cause of gaps. Third, bending simulations show the relation between these gaps and cracking. Finally, a new ground electrode design, preventing cracks, is suggested.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Analisis Variasi Busi Terhadap Performa dan Bahan Bakar Motor Bensin 2 Langkah Yamaha F1ZR 110CC
- Author
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Rudi Kurniawan Arief, M Bagus Anggoro, and Armila
- Subjects
Variance test ,Materials science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Automotive engineering ,Power (physics) ,law.invention ,chemistry ,law ,Fuel efficiency ,Torque ,Iridium ,Platinum ,Spark plug ,Petrol engine - Abstract
Spark plugs have various types and specifications that can improve motorcycle performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of torque, power, and fuel consumption in a two-stroke gasoline engine produced from standard, platinum, and iridium spark plugs. The method used in this research is to use the one-way variance test method or One-way ANOVA. This test was carried out using a Yamaha F1ZR motorcycle which was carried out using a dyno test tool. The test results for this platinum spark plug have the highest torque reaching 14.78 ft-lbs at 7,500 rpm engine speed, while for standard spark plugs obtained 10.14 ft-lbs. at 7500 rpm engine speed and iridium spark plugs get 9.53 ft-lbs at 7500 rpm engine speed. The highest power is obtained on platinum spark plugs reaching 14.78 hp at 7500 rpm engine speed, while for standard spark plugs 14.47 hp at 7500 rpm engine speed and for iridium spark plug 13.62 hp at 7500 rpm engine speed. The lowest fuel consumption is produced on iridium spark plugs which reaches 0.545 kg/hour at 5000 rpm engine speed, while the highest fuel consumption on platinum spark plugs reaches 0.700 kg/hour at 9000 rpm engine speed.
- Published
- 2021
50. Development of Raising Seedling Technology for Veronica pyrethrina Nakai Using Plug Trays
- Author
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Sang Yong Kim, Hye-Jin Oh, Jin Ho Kim, and Hyuck-Hwan Kwon
- Subjects
Horticulture ,Seedling ,law ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Spark plug ,Raising (metalworking) ,law.invention - Abstract
Background and objective This study was carried out to develop an effective technique for raising seedlings of Veronica pyrethrina Nakai, a native plant species in the Korean Peninsula, in plug trays. Methods To investigate the optimum plug cell size and sowing media, we sowed seed in to plug trays with 34, 21, and 10 mL cells and filled with a commercial horticultural substrate and mixtures of peatmoss and perlite in 1:1, 3:1, and 4:1 ratios. Fertilization levels were set at 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg • L−1. Results Plug cell size did not significantly influence the seedling growth of V. pyrethrina. By substrate type, the growth rate was highest in the horticultural substrate, followed by 4:1, 3:1, and 1:1. Growth by fertilization level was higher in all fertilized treatment groups than in the control group, and there was no difference among 500, 1000, and 2000 mg • L−1. Conclusion The results of this study proved that it is most suitable for raising seedlings of V. pyrethrina to sow the seeds in a 10 mL cell plug tray filled with horticultural substrates, and apply fertilizers with less than 500 mg • L−1 concentration.
- Published
- 2021
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