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Organic farming preserve and upgrade the biodiversity of the soil and biodiversity of the entire ecosystem by protecting the environment, plants, and human health. This study analyses organic plant production worldwide and in Montenegro (2000-2020) and discusses the prospects and challenges in developing organic plant production. Geographically, Montenegro has a diverse climate, suitable for the production of more types of fields crops, vegetables and fruits throughout the year. The paper compares the area of organic farms, the number of farmers, and share of organic in the overall agricultural land in the world and Montenegro, Europe, and several European countries similar to Montenegro in terms of relief or area (Switzerland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Serbia, and Cyprus). Data were also analysed for a mountainous state, such as Switzerland, and a Mediterranean one, as Cyprus, as by its position and relief, Montenegro is at the same time a mountainous (northern) and a Mediterranean country (southern region). Shows are trends in plant production areas in Montenegro since it gained independence (2006) and comparison with the EU countries. Grassland production prevails in Montenegro with 85.89%, followed by fruit (12.26%) and cereals (1.62%). The total area under organic vegetable covered a small area compared to the production of fodder crops (3951.84 ha), fruit (563.98 ha), medicinal and aromatic plants (232.46 ha) and field crops (74.49 ha). Organic fruit production has the largest share in the northern part of Montenegro. Certified organic production brings benefits because health-safe products are a condition for preserving the environment and health.

The paper presents results of the analysis of the presence of heavy metals with an assessment of its potential for the further development of fruit growing in North Montenegro, and in this specific case at the territory of the River Basin Ljubovidja, which is the hilly-mountainous area of the Balkan Peninsula. Sampling and further analysis showed that the dominant type of soil in this area is District Cambisol. In the second phase, we conducted further research on the presence of heavy metals in the area of Pavino Polje, in the municipality of Bijelo Polje, Montenegro. The results of the analysis finally showed that there is no presence of heavy metals in the samples we collected during the field visit. The studied area is recommended for the establishment of organic production. It is particularly suitable for the production of fruit growing, vegetables and fodder is also recommended., U radu je prikazana analiza prisustva teških metala sa procjenom njegovog potencijala za uzgoj voćarskih kultura u zemljištima sjevera Crne Gore, sliva rijeke Ljuboviđe, koja se nalazi u brdsko-planinskom području Balkanskog poluostrva. Uzimanje uzoraka je pokazalo da je dominantni tip zemljišta ovog područja distrični kambisol, što se podudarilo sa prethodnim istraživanjima Fustića i Đuretića (prethodnog vijeka), Spalevića i Zejaka (ovoga vijeka). U drugoj fazi, sveli smo dalje istraživanja na prisustvo teških metala na područje Pavinog Polja, koje je po svojim fizičko-geografskim karakteristikama reprezent ovog područja iz opštine Bijelo Polje. Polazna hipoteza je bila da je ovo područje potencijalno pogodno za dalji razvoj voćarstva, a ova istražoivanja i predlozi su išli ka tome da se ovdje dalje ide ka uspostavljanju organske proizvodnje. Rezultati analiza su na kraju pokazali da u uzorcima otvorenih profila, a koji su prikuppljeni tokom rada na terenu, ne postoji prisustvo teških metala. Predmetni lokalitet je preporučljiv od strane struke i nauke za dalji rad na zasnivanju organske proizvodnje. Posebno je pogodan za proizvodnju voća, kao primarne grane, a preporučljivo je i gajenje povrća i krmnog bilja.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (CaCO3 1000 kg ha−1 ) and application of organic fertilizers (rotted farmyard manure 40 t ha−1 ) and six different combination of mineral fertilizers: NPK 15:15:15 800 kg ha−1 + KAN (calcium ammonium nitrate) 240 kg ha−1; NPK 15:15:15 400 kg ha−1 + MCB (water-soluble mineral fertilizer NPK 13:11:20 + 2MgO + microelements + humic acid) 300 kg ha−1 + KAN 125 kg ha−1; MCB 400 kg ha−1; MCB 400 kg ha−1 + KMg (water-soluble mineral fertilizer Multi KMg 13:0:43 + 2MgO) 100 kg ha−1; MCB 600 kg ha−1 + KMg 100 kg ha−1 and MCB 800 kg ha−1 + KMg 100 kg ha−1 on yield and other productivity parameters of potato (Kennebec variety). The aim of the research was to optimize the system of potato plant nutrition for maximum profitability in the future potato production on acid soils of mountainous region of Montenegro. The experiments were carried out during 2015 and 2016, on Dystric Cambisols. The results obtained suggested that in both years, the highest values for all studied parameters were measured on plots with combined application of liming, organic and mineral fertilizers. In addition, a significant influence on the increase in the number of tubers per plant, the average tuber weight and the total yield was also demonstrated in all individual trials of potato nutrition, and the interaction of organic manure and mineral fertilizer. Fertilizing with rotted farmyard manure had significantly increased potato productivity, with the effect more pronounced in treatments with liming. The highest number of tubers (6.2 and 7.2), average tuber weight (93.5 g and 101.0 g) and yield (27.6 t ha−1 in 2015 and 34.8 t ha−1 in 2016, respectively) were obtained using combinations of MCB 800 kg ha−1 + KMg 100 kg ha−1 on variants fertilized with rotted farmyard manure and liming. This research is a valuable source of information for potato growers and scientists from this region as the results have shown how fertilization is raising producti

Biogradska Gora National Park in Montenegro is part of the Bjelasica Mountain which belongs to the montane region of the Dinaric Alps. Biogradska Gora is one of the largest long-term preserved forests in the Southeast Europe. In this paper there were compared the main structural characteristics of the old-growth mixed forest of spruce (Picea abies L.), fir (Abies alba L.) and beech (Fagus moesiaca (Domin, Maly) Czecz.), from the preserved area of the Biogradska Gora, with similar managed forests from the same mountain. Basic insight into the structural characteristics of forests of spruce, fir and beech was obtained by analyzing tree species composition and two basic structural elements - number of trees and wood volume per unit area. The obtained data provides overview of the structural characteristics of these forests. The results revealed the production potential of the studied mixed forests. The average quantity of standing volume in old-growth forests of Biogradska Gora indicates very valuable and productive forest ecosystems. Presented data shows that forest ecosystems of spruce, fir and beech in the protected area of the National Park Biogradska Gora are characterized by structurally irregular forests with presence of old trees with relevant growing stock and optimal balance of beech and conifer species, while in managed forests on the same mountain, growing stock is very low and with structure which is far from optimal.

The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by locality, by year, by treatments (GxLxYxT) interaction using AMMI model, to identify maize genotypes with stable number of rows of grains performance in different growing seasons. The trials conducted with seven maize lines/genotypes, four treatments, two years and at the two locations. The results showed that the influence of genotype (G), year (Y), locality (L), and GxL, GxT, GxLxT, GxYxT, GxYxLxT interaction on maize number of rows of grains were significant (p lt 0.01). The genotype share in the total phenotypic variance for the grains number rows of was 53.50%, and the interaction was 21.15%. The results also show that the sums of the squares of the first and second major components (PC1 and PC2) constitute 100% of the sum of the squares of the interaction GxL. The first PC1 axis belongs to all 100%, which points to the significance of the genotype in the total variation and significance of the genotype for overall interaction with other observed sources of variability. The highest stability in terms of expression of the grains number of rows had the genotype L-6, followed by the genotypes L-4, L-5 and L-3. The lowest stability was demonstrated by the genotypes L-2 and L-1, which confirmed that these genotypes are not important for further selection in terms of this trait.

The aim of this research was to study the impact of application technique and rate of liquid starter fertilizer applied with a novel device on the production of corn. Starter fertilizer was applied in the root system range of freshly germinated plants in the 'belt' and 'point' forms at different quantities (35, 50, 70, and 100 L ha(-1)), which led to intensive plant growth in the initial stages of development. This adapted system was used for sowing and for application of the liquid starter fertilizer at the same time. The field trial was set up at two sites (two different land types), in the conditions of the natural water regime of the soil during the three vegetation seasons in the period 2016-2018. For this purpose, a prototype of the electronic device EUKU-01 was designed. The starter fertilizer was applied at 5 cm laterally from the row where the sowing was performed and 5 cm below the depth at which the corn seeds were sown. Data were statistically analyzed by two-factor analysis of variance, where the influence of mineral fertilizer treatment and the influence of liquid starter fertilizer treatment were observed as factors. The results showed that the optimal choice of the technique of liquid starter fertilizer application can result in fertilizer savings by 30% without reducing yield.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming (CaCO3 1000 kgha-1), and application of organic fertilizers (rotted farmyard manure 40 tha-1) and six different combination of mineral fertilizers: NPK 15:15:15 800 kgha-1 + KAN 240 kgha-1; NPK 15:15:15 400 kgha-1 + MCB (water- soluble mineral fertilizer NPK 13:11:20 + 2MgO + microelements + humic acid) 300 kgha-1 + KAN 125 kgha-1; MCB 400 kgha-1; MCB 400 kgha-1 + KMg (water-soluble mineral fertilizer Multi KMg 13:0:43 + 2MgO) 100 kgha-1; MCB 600 kgha-1 + KMg 100 kgha-1 and MCB 800 kgha-1 + KMg 100 kgha-1 on yield and other productivity parameters of potato (Kennebec variety). The experiments were carried out during 2015 and 2016 in the mountainous area of Montenegro, on acid-brown soil. The results obtained suggested that in both years, the highest values for all studied parameters were measured on plots with combined application of liming, organic and mineral fertilizers. In addition, a significant influence on the increase in the number of tubers per plant, the average tuber weight and the total yield was also demonstrated in all individual trials of potato nutrition, as well as the interaction of organic manure and mineral fertilizer. Fertilizing with rotted farmyard manure had significantly increased potato productivity, with the effect more pronounced in treatments with liming. The highest number of tubers (6.2 and 7.2), average tuber weight (93.5 g and 101.0 g) and yield (27.6 tha-1 in 2015 and 34.8 tha-1 in 2016, respectively) were obtained using combinations of MCB 800 kgha-1 + KMg 100 kgha-1 on variants fertilized with rotted farmyard manure and liming. Potato yield variations in productivity characteristics (average weight and number of tubers) ranged from 0.99911 (2015), to 0.99904 (2016). Multiple regression analysis showed that an increase in average weight and number of tubers in both examined years resulted in a statistically very significant increase in yield.

Vegetation cover change in all the river basins leads to the changes of hydrologic response, soil erosion and sediment dynamics characteristics. Those changes are often viewed as main cause of anthropogenic and accelerated erosion rates in short term and one of the main reasons of climate change in long term. The effects of vegetation cover changes on various parts of water balance and hydrological cycle has to be deeply studied because of its important role on mankind future. The aim of present research was therefore to simulate the responses of soil erosion processes by using a process-oriented soil erosion model IntErO, with the different settings of land use for the years 1977, 1987, 1997, 2006 (2007) and 2016 (2017) in Orahovacka Rijeka watershed; a pilot river basin of the Polimlje Region for the northeastern part of Montenegro. For the current state of land use, calculated peak discharge for the Orahovacka Rijeka was 174-175 m(3) s(-1) (the incidence of 100 years) and there is a possibility for large flood waves to appear in the studied basin. Real soil losses, Gyear, were calculated on 2614-2921 m(3) year(-1), specific 229-256 m(3) km(-2) year(-1) (1977-2017). The value of Z coefficient range from 0.444 to 0.478 and indicates that the river basin belongs to III destruction category. The strength of the erosion process is medium, and according to the erosion type, it is surface erosion. According to our analysis the land use changes in the last 40 years influenced the increase of the soil erosion intensity for 11% in the study watershed. Further studies should be focused on the detailed analysis of the land use changes trends with the other river basins at the national level, closely following responses of soil erosion to the changed land use structure. The results and approach also should be used by policymakers in all national natural resources organizations to highlight the role of management.

Predmet ovog rada predstavlja geografski prostor sliva Lima od Plavskog jezera do brane HE ''Potpeć'', kao jedne prostorno-funkcionalne cjeline,koji se prostire na teritorijama država Crne Gore (2334 km 2), Srbije (2407,7 km 2 ) i Albanije (115,5 km 2 ) i Širindareh sliv na NE Irana.Korišćenjem računarsko-grafičkog metoda programa "WintErO", u proučavanju oticanja i intenziteta erozije, vrijednosti površina (površina slivova, površina između izohipsi i sl.) i dužina, tj.rastojanja sa karte (dužina glavnog vodotoka, dužina linije vododjelnice i sl.) veoma precizno je obrađena, što nije uvijek bio slučaj kod primjene mehaničkih instrumenata, planimetara i kurvimetra. Obradom dobijenih fizičko-geografskih inputa, nakon unosa podataka, dobijeni su rezultati. Detaljan prikaz ove računarsko grafičke metode predstavljen je u rezultatima ove doktorske disertacije. Dio istraživanja ovog doktorskog rada obavljen je na području sjeveroistoka Irana, u slivu Širindareh. Oko 100 miliona hektara iranske teritorije je izloženo eroziji ili drugim hemijskih i fizičkih degradacija.Erozija vodom ugoržava velike površine u Iranu, uništavajući pri tom plodna poljoprivredna zemljišta. Skoro 35 miliona hektara Irana je pod uticajem različitih vrsta erozije vodom. Ova činjenica je bila povod i izazov da se i ova istraživanja dijelom osvrnu na ovu problematiku u Iranu, testirajući pri tom novopripemljeni model WIntErO na jednom od slivova u Iranu., The subject of this paper is the geographical area of the Lim Basin from Plav Lake to the dam "Potpeć", as a spatial-functional unit, spreading in the territories of the countries of Montenegro (2,334 km2), Serbia (2407,7 km2) and Albania 115.5 km2). In mathematicalgeographical terms, the research area is between 42 ° 37 'and 43 ° 30' north latitude and 17 ° 10 'and 17 ° 23' east longitude. The research area is located in the north of Albania, east and north-east of Montenegro, and in the southwest of Serbia. Using the computer-graphic method of the "WintErO" program, in the study of the erosion and intensity of erosion, the surface values (surface of the basins, the area between isohipins, etc.) and length, The distance from the map (the length of the main watercourse, the length of the line of the water line, etc.) is very precisely processed, which was not always the case with the use of mechanical instruments, planimeters and curvimeters. By obtaining the obtained physicalgeographic inputs, after entering the data, results were obtained. A detailed view of this computer graphic method is presented in the results of this doctoral dissertation. Part of the research of this doctoral thesis was done in the area of the northeast of Iran, in the Shirindareh basin. About 100 million hectares of Iranian territory are exposed to erosion or other types of chemical and physical degradation (Kheirodin, 2016). Erosion by water entangles large areas in Iran, destroying fertile agricultural land (Sadeghi, 2017). Almost 35 million hectares of Iran are under the influence of various types of water erosion (Zakerinejad and Maerker, 2015). This fact was also a cause and challenge for the research to partly look at this issue in Iran, testing the new WIntErO model on one of the basins in Iran.

In order to raise primary agricultural production to an economically viable level, the Republic of Serbia adopted the number of documents, strategies and laws regulating important issues related to agriculture and rural areas. This documentation would create conditions for achieving the economic, ecological and social goals of sustainable development adopted by the United Nations for the period 2015–2030. When it comes to the development of rural areas of Serbia, the main goals would be to: 1/ stop the migration of the rural population by creating the prerequisites for the modernization of primary agricultural production to increase the production of health-safe and functional food in areas where sustainable and organic agriculture can be organized 2/ production of health-safe and functional organic food. The holders of these projects, with the help of scientists from the Faculty of Agriculture in Zemun, increased the volume of primary plant and animal production on surfaces that were neglicted for many years and covered with perennial weeds.