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We tested the educational effectiveness of an inquiry-guided approach (Lee et al., 2004; Prince & Felder in "Journal of Engineering Education, 95," 123-138, 2006) to teaching a possible outcome of statistical hypothesis testing known as type 1 error. The approach consisted of showing participants an animated space exploration video. In the video, the commander of a spaceship set out to determine whether the concentration of carbon dioxide on a distant planet exceeded the concentration found on Earth. To make this determination, the commander conducted a series of hypothesis tests. One of the tests suggested that the concentration of carbon dioxide was significantly higher than that on Earth. However, when juxtaposed with the results of the other hypothesis tests, the lone decision to reject the null hypothesis appeared to be a type 1 error. The video's educational effectiveness was evaluated in two ways. First, participants responded to a set of multiple-choice questions on type 1 error, both before and after watching the video. Participants' scores on the multiple-choice test increased significantly from pre-test to post-test. Second, participants rated the video on a set of semantic differential items that tapped its educational effectiveness. On average, participants found the video to be educationally effective. The article concludes with an evaluation of the video's features based on established best practices in statistics education (GAISE College Report ASA Revision Committee, 2016).

Contribution: This article presents a Mars Exploration Control Virtual Simulation Experiment Platform (MEC-vslab), which aims to address the current challenge of limited integration between control engineering education and engineering practice. MEC-vslab is oriented toward the practical needs of Mars exploration engineering. It offers unparalleled advantages by transcending temporal and spatial restrictions and has been applied to several basic control engineering curriculums. Background: Owing to the limited applicability of conventional control engineering education in practical engineering, students encounter difficulties in connecting theoretical knowledge with real-world application scenarios. Due to the impact of environmental complexity and conditional limitations, teaching laboratories cannot realistically reproduce aerospace engineering application environments and problems, making it difficult to develop students' ability to solve unknown engineering problems. Intended Outcomes: MEC-vslab facilitates students in acquiring comprehensive control knowledge, encompassing Mars rovers and drones' dynamics modeling, controller design, and parameter configuration for strongly coupled systems. By engaging with this virtual simulation platform, students develop a profound understanding of cutting-edge control engineering principles, augmenting their proficiency in employing control theory to address practical engineering challenges. Application Design: MEC-vslab as a part of the control-related theoretical curriculum, it encompasses three stages. By completing these stages in succession, students are able to apply their theoretical knowledge toward solving practical engineering problems in a virtual setting. Findings: The analysis based on positive student feedback as well as their learning behavior and questionnaire research that the MEC-vslab is an effective learning tool to integrate control engineering education with high-precision engineering practice needs.

The Scalable, Interactive Model of an Off-World Community (SIMOC) is a computer simulation of a human habitat on Mars. Built upon decades of NASA research and authentic science processes, SIMOC is both a research-grade simulation and an engaging web-based tool for science education. Users access an intuitive web interface to select mission duration, inhabitants and life support modules, crew quarters and greenhouse sizes, food rations and cultivar seeds, and energy production and storage systems. SIMOC engages citizen scientists and learners of all ages in the design of long-duration other-world habitats (with an emphasis on Mars), where the balance between mechanical and plant-based life support will be crucial. For the past three years, SIMOC has enjoyed expanding engagement in virtual and physical classrooms, available for free via the National Geographic Education resource library or local installation. Using a Next Generation Science Standards-aligned curriculum, educators have explored creative applications of SIMOC, from single class time simulations to Mars habitats built from cardboard boxes with live carbon dioxide sensors; from essays on the challenges of human space exploration to full semester design and fabrication of habitats complete with student-built mock-ups in miniature.

What to say to the public about asteroid hazards and how to say it to them? In this article, we relate how our small professional research institution (Klet Observatory, Czech Republic), devoted specifically to Near-Earth Objects (NEOs), together with the educational branch (Ceske Budejovice Observatory and Planetarium, Czech Republic), has developed and implemented a comprehensive educational programme to communicate about our scientific activities. In the beginning of the 1990s, we started some NEO presentations just as a public outreach of Klet Observatory work and an explanation to taxpayers of the usefulness of such research. After thirty years of gaining experience, we understand that education of the wider public, students, journalists, emergency services and decision-makers on hazardous asteroids and planetary defence belongs to the most important tasks of NEO scientists and research institutions (Ticha, J., & Tichy, M. (2018). Klet observatory: 25 years of experience in NEO public education and communication. "Journal of Space Safety Engineering," 5(3-4), 209-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsse.2018.10.002). This paper presents a case study of NEO and asteroid hazard educational activities in South Bohemia, implemented through the Observatory and Planetarium in Ceske Budejovice, influenced by the long-term Klet NEO programme. We will also mention locally specific connections to NEOs and our future NEO education plans.

Challenged by COVID-19, we sought ways to increase engagement in the virtual classroom, capitalizing on a popular multiplayer game to teach persuasion to undergraduate students. In the game "Among Us[R]," players ("Crewmates") work together to repair their spaceship before it explodes while being attacked by other players ("Impostors"). The structure of the game lends itself to the use of persuasion and influence tactics and provides the basis for a fun, applied learning activity, designed to take 1 hour. We provide detailed instructions for preparing students for the game, running the game, and debriefing. While the constraints resulting from COVID-19 inspired the adoption of this activity for the classroom, we believe it can work well in both virtual and face-to-face classrooms.

Engaging students in research can take many forms and such research-based learning is widely perceived as beneficial for student engagement and learning outcomes. Here, we report on our experience with organizing a cross-institutional seminar series dedicated to the question of where on Mars to land a coming NASA Mars mission. The seminar series was connected with the professional process for answering the same question and was organized through teleconferences and an internet site together with local discussions at seven participating institutions. We report on our own reflections as well as student reactions collected through group interviews at five participating institutions. We discuss the results against a model for research-based learning. Coordinating the seminar series across seven institutions and several time zones proved inspiring but challenging. Many specific aspects of how the class was organized could have been improved, but students generally reported high levels of engagement derived from the cutting-edge research nature and current relevance of the subject matter.

Preparing students for the workforce is a balancing act that involves theory, practice, and assessment. As students navigate an educational experience that is, however, often distant from real-world needs, it is imperative that academia finds a novel way to bridge the gap. As many organizations utilize open challenges to attract ideas and talent, academia can easily create such bridge, leading to greater engagement, greater student preparation, and a potential employment pipeline. This paper describes the experience of our students and faculty advisors who participated to the NASA SUITS (Spacesuit User Interface Technologies for Students) Design Challenge. In particular, we review the pedagogical value of the solution that they created and the changes that were implemented in the curriculum of an undergraduate degree program in Information Technology. This open-source, multi-year project is also a flexible platform that can be utilized for engagement in K-12 education as well as graduate research projects.

As the call for reform in STEM education has continued to increase over the past twenty-five years, new challenges arise for colleges and universities to seek high-quality professional development strategies and opportunities for faculty to upgrade and enhance their STEM teaching methodologies. Against this backdrop, the authors discuss what constitutes high-quality professional development and examine a large-scale three-year case study, involving a collaborative effort among NASA MUREP Educator Institutes for preservice-teachers and STEM education faculty from minority serving institutions. The authors analyze the resulting impacts of this professional development on various aspects of the professional practices of participating university faculty.

Inquiry-based science education has become one of the most effective methodologies to learn science; however, proposals in preschool are scarce. Different factors are responsible for this situation, such as the low self-confidence of teachers to teach science and the belief that young children are unable to develop certain reasoning skills. This study reports the implementation of an inquiry-based science project in a preschool setting, in the context of a preservice teacher's school placement. The project aimed to promote the development of basic and integrated scientific skills, enhance acquisition of conceptual knowledge and make the students enjoy while learning science. The intervention is described thoroughly and illustrated with examples from the real implementation of the theoretical IBSE sequence. At the beginning of the proposal, the students received a hypothetical letter from the astronaut Pedro Duque, in which they were asked for help to plan his trip to living on Mars, a cold planet, with only frozen and saltwater. After some introductory POE (predict, observe, and explain) experiences on the perception of temperature and activities with fresh and saline water, the students performed a piece of research: growing lettuce in four different conditions, combining two variables: temperature and the salinity of water. As the project developed, the students progressively gave better descriptions and justifications, and also showed great interest in performing more "research experiments". For the preservice teacher, the project provided an excellent opportunity to implement academic knowledge in school practice.

A rocket must carry the fuel it expels in order to accelerate its structure and payload. The rocket equation relates the change in speed to the fuel mass expelled. To launch a spacecraft into Earth orbit requires a multi-stage rocket, since otherwise the mass of fuel required would be prohibitive. While the details vary among historical and current launch vehicles, the advantages and physical principles of staging can be demonstrated by analysing the simpler case of a two-stage rocket in free space. I show that a two-stage rocket produces a higher payload speed than a single-stage rocket with the same fuel and structural mass, and introduce the concept of optimal staging to maximise this speed. I also examine how mechanical energy extracted from the expelled fuel is distributed between the stages, payload capsule, and exhaust. A surprising result is that the two-stage rocket deposits more energy into the exhaust stream than its single-stage counterpart. I suggest further investigations that are appropriate for advanced high school or undergraduate students of physics or aerospace engineering. Supplementary materials are provided online for classroom use.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the views of seventh grade students on the relationship between space research and technological developments. The mixed method was used in the research. The true-false test was used to collect quantitative data. Qualitative data were collected through a fully structured interview form. Homogeneous samples were used in the study involving 134 participants. The research was conducted with 7th grade students in a public school in the Eastern Anatolia Region during the 2018-2019 academic years. Data were analyzed with the help of Microsoft Excel programs. Descriptive and content analysis and a technique such as frequency and percentage were used. With the interpretation of the findings, it was found that seventh grade students had very good knowledge about space research and technological developments. Students argue that space research has an impact on technological developments; technological research also has an impact on space exploration. Suggestions are presented in line with the results obtained.

This study, a sub-study of a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded research project, applies a modified strategy of the U[superscript 2]MC for an eight-week afterschool robotics curriculum to promote upper elementary students' computational thinking in the second grade. Twenty-one students in second grade participated in a Life on Mars project which lasted for ten days with one class hour per day. They participated in activities learning coding concepts, basics of robotics, as well as exploring life on Mars. Most notably, the study found a significant increase in participants' computational thinking skills. In addition, participants came to understand basic robotics, including operation, composites, and codes. Implications for future research and robotics curriculum design are discussed in the presentation.

As the call for reform in STEM education has continued to increase over the past twenty- five years, new challenges arise for colleges and universities to seek high-quality professional development strategies and opportunities for faculty to upgrade and enhance their STEM teaching methodologies. Against this backdrop, the authors discuss what constitutes high- quality professional development and examine a large-scale three-year case study, involving a collaborative effort among NASA MUREP Educator Institutes for preservice-teachers and STEM education faculty from minority serving institutions. The authors analyze the resulting impacts of this professional development on various aspects of the professional practices of participating university faculty. [This article was published in "SRATE Journal" (EJ1243647).]

In this article, the authors introduce ways to use disciplinary literacy (DL) instructional strategies to foster civic engagement and reasoning for middle-grade multilingual students. Four phases of DL strategies--"framing," "reading," "discussion," and "writing"--are illustrated with examples from an intervention project with sixth-grade multilingual students. The intervention features a 4-week Space Exploration unit designed for students to address a contestable and relevant civic question: "Should the government increase or decrease funding for space exploration?" Teacher instructional moves, reading selections, student discussion excerpts, and writing samples are presented to highlight the language-rich disciplinary teaching and learning in action and the benefits of multilingual students in their science, language, and literacy learning.

Physics is not a very popular subject at German schools, and several studies indicate that girls are less interested than boys in the traditional physics curriculum. To address this problem, physics education should be up to date, context oriented, interesting for girls and boys, and emerge from their everyday life. The ROSE study shows that astronomy, human biology, and space are interesting for boys and girls and therefore a suitable context for physics lessons. In the field of astronomy and space exploration, the research is both highly current and part of the students' life, as they hear about discoveries and missions in the news. One possible future space mission is the human exploration of Mars. Such a trip is not easy; various factors have to be considered and risks must be minimized. One risk is the vacuum in space while there is higher air pressure in the spaceship itself. This aspect must be taken into account when designing a spaceship, for example, the "Crew Dragon" by Space X.

A multidisciplinary science experiment was performed in K-12 classrooms focusing on the interconnection between technology with geology and chemistry. The engagement and passion for science of over eight hundred students across twenty-one classrooms, utilizing a combination of hands-on activities using relationships between Earth and space rock studies, followed by a remote access session wherein students remotely employed the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to validate their findings was investigated. Participants represent predominantly low-income minority communities, with little exposure to the themes and equipment used, despite being freely available resources. Students indicated greatly increased interest in scientific practices and careers, as well as a better grasp of the content as a result of the lab and remote access coupling format.

The nature of students' ideas about the scientific practices used by astronomers when studying objects in our Solar System is of widespread interest to discipline-based astronomy education researchers. A sample of middle-school, high-school, and college students (N = 42) in the U.S. were interviewed about how astronomers were able to learn about properties of the Solar System as a follow-up question after specific questions about the nature of the Solar System and its objects. These students often held naive ideas about the practices of astronomy, and 19% of them proposed that humans or robots have returned samples of the planets to Earth for analysis. While the college students provided more sophisticated responses to the questions than the younger students, we found that even they held naive ideas about human sample return and infrequently appealed to studying objects at a distance using telescopes. We propose that students are not receiving specific instruction that allows them to investigate the tools and practices of astronomy, which leads them to rely on their prior knowledge about science practices in other disciplines (e.g., geoscience) when queried about how scientists study the Solar System. This result implies that instruction around the limits of human and robotic spaceflight is needed to allow students to have a more scientific understanding of the practices of astronomy in studying the Solar System.

Space-related activities remain a fertile environment for classroom applications of chemistry through both traditional lecture styles and through collaborative learning projects. With the resurgence of lunar exploration and the expansion of the commercial space sector, serious scholarship, planning, and resources have been focused on extracting and using lunar materials to sustain activity in space. In this work, several interdisciplinary general chemistry topics and assessment activities are explored through the lens of lunar resource formation, identification, extraction, purification, and employment. Four applications of chemistry are presented: the formation of lunar water via reduction of ores by solar wind, identifying likely locations of lunar water via spectroscopy, extracting water from the lunar regolith for use as fuel, and the extraction, purification, and use of materials from the lunar regolith. A variety of traditional general chemistry topics are explored through these applications, to include light, energy, unit conversions, equilibrium, phase diagrams, oxidation--reduction, and semiconductors.

When people were forced to isolate themselves physically during the pandemic, many new connections sprung up through the Internet. In order to promote this newfound global oneness and to facilitate global education, this article examines a STEAM activity that promotes a holistic approach to education and make way for a global citizenry as students and educators collaborate to discover solutions to the most pressing worldwide issues. This activity was undertaken by a fifth-grade teacher in Houston, Texas, working with a group of about eight students and their teacher from a school in Sao Paolo, Brazil. The students in the United States were working on a unit about matter and identifying materials through observations and measurements. A focus on engineering practices facilitated the global collaboration. The mission was to build a rover that will be able to travel on Mars. The activity was executed remotely with the goal of promoting a shared collaborative partnership between the American and Brazilian teams. The teams from two different locales need to share ideas to make a prototype that will travel for at least one meter. The object is for them to create the same rover within each group through their discourse. To further encourage cultural exchange and promote ecofriendly and affordable construction, they were encouraged to use recyclable materials. The activity can be adapted to different grades and places, depending on the teacher's preference and location of the international partnership.

Since 2017 the Italian Space Agency (ASI) participates to so-called 'Alternanza Scuola-Lavoro' (i.e. 'school-work synergy') outreach projects promoted by the Italian government, and the ASI Space Science Data Center (SSDC) actively contributes to them, with the primary aim of bringing students closer to space-related activities before choosing their university studies. The SSDC outreach programme is split into two parts: one theoretical, in which relevant topic are presented and explained, and one practical, consisting of hands-on activities aimed to replicate scientific analysis of real space data. The impact of the programme on students' attitude is then evaluated by means of questionnaires specifically designed to gather information on the students' educational background, the level of engagement triggered by the proposed activities, their relevance to school-based activities, and the perceived ease of understanding of the covered topics. As reported in this paper, the analysis of the answers clearly shows that students greatly appreciated this outreach project, supporting its possible expansion and development, even articulated in a more complex pedagogical plan, as already done for one school in a pilot case. Therefore, we plan to expand these activities in the next future both by including new topics (e.g. cosmology, stellar physics), and by proposing new more articulated teaching pathways inclusive of on-site activities in the classroom.

Space exploration is intrinsically interesting to young learners. Children gaze at the stars and marvel at what it might be like to live "out there!" With the July 2020 launch of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover mission, and its landing in 2021, there is no better time to capitalize on engineering and science in the news. This mission is particularly historic with NASA's announcement that the Mars 2020 Rover is designed to be the initial stage of multiple missions that will return the first Martian rock samples back to Earth for analysis. Further, this mission will pave the way for human-occupied missions to Mars slated for the 2030s. NASA missions involve discrete engineering challenges like developing objects and tools that withstand space travel, but they also involve deep consideration of the processes and systems needed to complete the entire mission. The authors designed an engaging learning environment focused on developing the processes and systems needed for a successful mission to Mars. This article describes a long-term voyage undertaken by intrepid fifth-grade Mars explorers. The aim was not a single engineering challenge; instead it was to promote engineering-based systems thinking.

The private company SpaceX regularly launches satellites into geostationary orbits. SpaceX posts videos of these flights with telemetry data displaying the time from launch, altitude, and rocket speed in real time. In this paper this telemetry information is used to determine the velocity boost of the rocket as it leaves its circular parking orbit around the Earth to enter a Hohmann transfer orbit, an elliptical orbit on which the spacecraft reaches a high altitude. A simple derivation is given for the Hohmann transfer velocity boost that introductory students can derive on their own with a little teacher guidance. They can then use the SpaceX telemetry data to verify the theoretical results, finding the discrepancy between observation and theory to be 3% or less. The students will love the rocket videos as the launches and transfer burns are very exciting to watch.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between science lessons taught by Chinese astronauts in a space shuttle and those taught by American astronauts in a space shuttle, both of whom conducted experiments and demonstrations of science activities in a microgravity space environment. The study examined the instructional structure and science topics coverage, as well as the methods employed for helping students conceptualize scientific laws via experimental demonstrations and activities. The analysis of the lessons sampled in this study revealed three predominant themes for how both the Chinese and the American astronauts conceptualized the science topics (i.e., Health and Life in Space, Work and Career in Space, and Exploration in Space and Earth Science). The analysis also examined how the teacher-student interactions were structured. Research findings suggest that under the appropriate conditions informal science education can play a distinct role in providing students with experiences of: (a) experiments unavailable in classroom settings, and (b) explanations of these experiments by field-based scientists conducting original research.

Th?e authors examine the potential impact of play on astronauts adapting to the extreme conditions of space travel. Th?ey cite research showing that well-trained astronauts, though in general physically fi?t and emotionally stable, can suffer from--among other things--boredom and sensory deprivation in the con?fines of the microgravity capsules of space fl?ight. Astronauts on duty, the authors argue, are overscheduled, understimulated, isolated, and--importantly--play deprived. Introducing play into space fl?ight routines, they contend, keeps astronauts saner, boosts their morale, and provides leisure-time pleasure. Th?ey discuss the importance of play and its uses in Ackermann's Whole Child Development Guide, which, they argue, is also suitable for adult space travelers. And they provide guidelines for designing a playscape in microgravity that taps the unique, inherently playful qualities of weightlessness itself.

Since the Apollo missions, human spaceflight has been advocated as a means of promoting positive attitudes towards science. In 2015, Principia launched Britain's first government-funded astronaut to the International Space Station, a core objective being education and inspiring young people. In this study, we examined how spaceflight education policy was enacted during the Principia mission, found out the ways in which young people encountered space, and how these encounters shaped their attitudes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 102 children and analysed through the construction of an actor-network. Young people encountered space through formal education in school as well as through non-formal encounters with family, friends, media and social media. Social media influences were associated with forming positive attitudes, whereas friends and teachers were associated with both positive and negative attitudes. The human dimension of spaceflight was important in young people encountering space but was not sufficient to stimulate sustained interest in space: children and young people wanted to know more about the science of human spaceflight. Young people confused science with science fiction. In some schools, young people became 'spaced out' by saturation of the curriculum with space. The findings have implications for policymakers and practitioners. The scientific stories associated with human spaceflight need greater attention. Social media could be used to greater effect in communicating science directly to young people. Non-formal education initiatives must be designed to align with teachers' objectives, and there needs to be recognition and reward of teachers' time and contributions.

We present the analysis of the planetarium usage survey (PLUS), a two-part, mixed-methods initial study investigating planetarium use in the U.S. by undergraduate learners. Seventy-seven planetariums situated on college or university campuses within the U.S. completed an online survey during the fall of 2018 with 11 of those participating in online or phone interviews during the summer of 2019. Planetarium representatives described how their facilities were being used, types of subject materials that were being taught, what content styles are used, and how often learners are attending lessons in the planetarium. Results suggest that undergraduate learners in a planetarium environment are primarily novice, non-STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) majoring students, learning principally astronomy content, receiving instruction from a live presenter approximately once per month within a given course, for the purpose of receiving visualization-based scaffolding. Audience response systems like iClickers do not appear to be in widespread use in collegiate planetariums, and presented subject matter shows greater variety in planetariums with digital projector capacity as opposed to those with only analog projectors. Refinements to PLUS and future research plans are described.

A conceptual framework for empirical research on the impact of NASA Space Science Education Consortium (NSSEC) activities is presented in this paper, along with a cross-referencing system between the NSF-based NSSEC evaluation framework and historical definitions of comparable psychometric constructs in the literature. A selected set of findings from fours years of research on the impact of hands-on, technology infused space science activities provide evidence for large content knowledge gains and an increase in interest in space science, as well as the development of positive dispositions (persistent positive attitudes) toward space science --as a result of weekend space science camp activities. Findings provide evidence that: (1) pre-post assessments; (2) treatment versus comparison group studies; and (3) retrospective pretest (reflecting on before versus after), can all yield useful empirical data for quantitative analysis of impact.

Real world, mathematics-based educational activities provide context for learning and break down barriers to learning in mathematics and science. SpaceMath@NASA (hereafter SpaceMath) provides teachers with real-world math activities in a space context in support of standards, by using current NASA discoveries as a starting point for motivating students to develop and use mathematics skills. The reach and efficacy of SpaceMath in supporting NASA's STEM mission was examined through an analysis of the resources and website data, a survey of a subset of listserv members, data from workshop attendees - new users of SpaceMath, and a comparison group study. SpaceMath has been used by millions of educators who consistently report that SpaceMath aligns with what they teach, that they can immediately apply what they have learned in workshops, and are able to use it in their classes. Educators report that students enjoy the application problems and topics, are productively engaged, and ask questions that demonstrate curiosity and interest. Use of SpaceMath to teach science concepts and apply math skills provides a context that enhances student understanding.

Space science education is an area of emerging importance in the 21st Century. Missions sponsored by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and programs facilitated through the NASA Space Science Education Consortium (NSSEC) offer unique opportunities to foster learner interest in space science as well as the broader field of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This introduction provides context for the major roles NASA plays in space science education and includes an overview for each of the articles in this issue.

It is the responsibility of today's scientists, engineers, and educators to inspire and encourage our youth into technical careers that benefit our society. Too often, however, this responsibility is buried beneath daily job demands and the routines of teaching. Space Public Outreach Team (SPOT) programs leverage a train-the-trainer model to empower college students to make meaningful impacts in their local communities by engaging and inspiring younger students through science presentations. SPOT takes advantage of the excitement of space and the natural way college students serve as role models for children. The result is a win-win program for all involved. This paper describes the original Montana SPOT program, presents analyses demonstrating the success of SPOT, gives overviews of program adaptations in West Virginia and with the NANOGrav collaboration, describes how college student presenters are able to share complex topics, and discusses the importance of college student role models. We hope that our experiences with SPOT will help others implement similar strategies in their own communities.

Background: The work forms part of a study conducted in the UK at the time of the "Principia" Mission, in which the British astronaut, Tim Peake, went to the International Space Station. Purpose: This paper describes the development and use of an on-line instrument to measure young people's attitudes to STEM subjects and to human spaceflight. Sample: 555 primary students and 796 secondary students completed all three surveys. Students were aged 9 and 12 at the first data collection point. Design and methods: The study as a whole was a three-year, mixed-methods study combining a large-scale survey of attitudes to STEM subjects and to human spaceflight with interviews with participating students and staff. This paper reports the survey data. Data were gathered at three points: prior to the "Principia" Mission, shortly after, and approximately one year later. Results: Students were positive about the value of STEM subjects, and about space science. Paired t-tests showed few significant differences in the pre- and post-surveys. There was a downward trend from primary to secondary age groups in relation to considering careers in STEM subjects and in space science. Primary students retained more interest in STEM subjects and showed increased interest in aspects of space science than secondary students. Boys were more positive about space than girls, and more likely to see themselves working in STEM areas or space science. Conclusion: The study suggests that spaceflight as a context stimulates immediate situational interest in students, but not longer-term interest. Thus, there does not appear to be a case for substantially increasing coverage of space science in the school curriculum. However, the findings point to the desirability of including more information about careers, including careers in space science, in STEM lessons.

Fifty years ago this summer, three men aboard Apollo 11 traveled from our planet to the Moon. On July 20, 1969, at 10:56:15 p.m. EDT, 38-year-old commander Neil Armstrong moved his left foot from the landing pad of the lunar module (LM) Eagle onto the gray, powdery surface of the Sea of Tranquility and became the first person to step onto the lunar soil. Armstrong declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Nineteen minutes later, 39-year-old LM pilot Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin followed Armstrong onto the surface. Fifteen hours later, after spending two and a half hours outside of Eagle, the two men lifted off and returned to their command module (CM) Columbia, manned patiently by the third member of their crew, 38-year-old CM pilot Michael Collins. Four days later, the three men were back home. Although five additional lunar landings would occur, each more challenging and scientifically ambitious than its predecessor, Apollo 11 stands alone as the greatest technological accomplishment of the 20th century. The mission also signaled the beginning of the end of the "Golden Age" of America's space program.

This January marked the 52nd anniversary of the Apollo 1 fire. On Jan. 27, 1967, the interior of NASA's AS-204 command module (CM), occupied by American astronauts Roger Chaffee, Virgil "Gus" Grissom, and Ed White, caught fire during a rehearsal of its scheduled Feb. 21 launch. By the time the ground crew was able to open the hatch, the three astronauts had perished. On April 24, 1967, NASA announced that the flight would be officially re-designated "Apollo 1." In this case study, we conduct a basic horizontal flame test, patterned after the protocols set forth by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure the ignitability of solids. The laboratory activity is a complementary exercise to the vertical flame test described in our previous article that examined the initial source of fuel for the fire that destroyed the massive German zeppelin Hindenburg in 1937. Combining techniques from both case studies gives students a quantitative understanding of how the flammability of materials is tested and how a forensics approach to physics can be used to understand significant historical events.

A primary goal of general education introductory astronomy courses often is to provide students with examples of how science is actually done. Low to nonexistent mathematical prerequisites in some courses can make useful exercises difficult to find, and sometimes very difficult for students, especially if the exercises feature quantitative components. What follows describes an attempt to meet this goal through the use of actual exoplanet data, available online, from the NASA Kepler Mission. The exercise described guides the students through an aspect of scientific investigation that they may otherwise not experience, the handling and analysis of a large set of actual scientific data.

This study aims to identify the way upon which ICT can be employed in science teaching to develop scientific literacy level. The study has conclude to design a triple learning model (PEA) based on ICT and constructive learning strategy in teaching science through a context which cares for building positive trends of searching for knowledge and increasing scientific literacy level of the students at schools and universities. The PEA model depends on the use of ICT in the teaching of science through the following three requirements: 1. Using ICT in a way that is consistent with the tendencies of the students and their attitudes. 2. Constructing educational content based on the constructivist theory of learning. 3. Providing social learning environment. Thus, the study recommends the bodies in charge of the educational process to necessarily adopt the project of rebuilding scientific literacy through supplying classrooms and laboratories with ICT supplies as well as training teachers and faculty members in universities on science teaching skills by using ICT based on the Constructivist Theory.

The recent missions to Mars have produced a mass of data and information in all forms and have forced the minds of many people world-wide to rethink their own perspectives on life itself. This drama unfolding about 35 million miles from Earth, and digitally on our TV screens, is offering a growing reservoir for teachable moments. The curiosity and wonder of every image received prompts innumerable opportunities for inquiry. In this paper we share some of our ideas on how to bring into the classroom these exciting resources emanating from the Red Planet. Opportunities to reflect on myth and hypothesize about possibilities are obvious places to start when teaching about the potential of life on Mars. The explosion of resources and information (previously unavailable) from recent explorations of Mars stimulates students to examine further the environment around them. We share some of the activities we have been using in our classrooms to motivate readers to develop their own ideas on how to take advantage of the Mars missions for their classrooms. We offer strategies to create authentic learning experiences to engage students. In addition, we intend the activity to inspire teachers to use other contemporary teachable moments that may capture the imagination of their students as they discover science. Whether you are teaching topics related to desertification or deforestation, design and technology, or space travel or colonization, to name a few, the planet Mars and the recent missions to its environment will become part of your continually expanding resources in teaching science. (Contains 7 tables.)

Linda Zagzebski's exemplarist moral theory claims that admiration for a person is a necessary condition for her to be a moral exemplar. I argue that this claim is empirically unsupported. I provide two counterexamples, astronauts and brain data. I demonstrate that they play the role of exemplars well but receive no admiration and, accordingly, are entitled to be called nonadmirable moral exemplars. I conclude that my argument suggests why Aristotle, distinct from Zagzebski, does not emphasise the role of the praiseworthiness of virtue in his theory of virtue development in the "Nicomachean Ethics".

In March 1958, a tense six months after the launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik I sent a shockwave of fear and purpose through the United States, an essay published in the Franklin Institute (TFI) monthly member newsletter, "The Institute News," opened with an oddly defiant, even dismissive tone ("Sputnik, Teachers & Mills" 1958, 2). At the time, TFI was a 134-year-old organization based in Philadelphia that was dedicated to promoting engineering and science, including an interactive industrial science museum that opened in 1934. One would have expected TFI to reflect the dire dedication permeating American society in the deepening Cold War. Instead, the uncredited author grumbled that the Sputniks had led to a "barrage of editorials, in all manner of publications," claiming, "alleged weaknesses in our American educational system." The author lamented being "told that we must have more physicists, chemists, mathematicians, engineers and all manner of highly specialized persons" for a "contest with another world power." But the Institute's legacy of resourceful resolve was communicated with the introductory paragraph's ironic closing: "Well, let's have at it!!" The sarcastic opening was more than a narrative device, however, as TFI's staff and institutional partners, both military and corporate, had been working to bolster America's scientific and engineering workforce well before Sputnik I. Beginning in March 1955, the Franklin Institute Science Museum's (FISM) Department of Education collaborated with corporate specialists working through professional organizations like the Institute for Radio Engineers to host career forums for high school students. Through these programs, the FISM's leaders coordinated the efforts of corporate representatives to create a Cold War consortium for science education, using the museum as a base to achieve their shared goal of recruiting talent to maintain national security and American prosperity. The author argues that the singular combination of TFI's unprecedented history of industrial support and educational innovation, its premier science museum, and burgeoning research program cultivated an institution-wide authority that its partners followed during a time of national need. To better understand how and why TFI's leadership was able to create and cultivate its Cold War consortium for science education, the author draws primarily from articles published in TFI's monthly newsletter, "The Institute News" to explore the career forums offered at the FISM from 1955-1960. "The Institute News" covered the breadth of TFI's activities and is therefore a rich primary source that offers context for how the museum fit into the Institute's broader agenda and activities. However, as a promotional publication, "The Institute News" focused on new and notable programs, often to the exclusion of details about challenges faced or reasons why programs ended. Perhaps most importantly for this study, "The Institute News" presented the ideas and interests of the Institute's leadership, with those its consortium partners rarely and selectively included.

The field of astrobiology is concerned with the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Universe. It contains within it civilization-level questions such as: What is the future of humanity on Earth and can we successfully explore and settle other planets? As such, it offers an educational framework for both teaching basic science and for engaging individuals in questions about how society can take on its biggest challenges and opportunities. Life Beyond is a collaboration between the UK Centre for Astrobiology and the Scottish Prison Service (SPS) to take astrobiology into the prison environment. Using a pilot program across four Scottish prisons, a 4-week astrobiology course focused on designing a station for Mars was developed. Learning outcomes ranged from improvements in literacy, numeracy, and science skills to enhancing civic responsibilities. The results of the initiative are products such as Mars station designs, essays, and art, providing participants with tangible outputs. We describe the pilot initiative, the 4-week Life Beyond course, and draw conclusions about the use of astrobiology as a vehicle for teaching science and advancing social reform in the prison environment.