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The article examines the phraseological units of the Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with phraseologisms-entonyms; it was found that in the phraseological systems of East Slavic languages there are many stable compounds with the names of insects (entonyms), the world of which is extremely rich and diverse; it was noted that they clearly show the features of the national mentality, refl ect the specifi cs of worldview, thinking of the Eastern Slavs; Although most phraseological units with an entomonym component have the same semantics in East Slavic languages, each of them reveals specifi cs regarding the functioning of phraseological units. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phraseological units’ structure with entomonymic component, represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian, in a comparative aspect; to single out the phraseologisms-entonyms, the meanings of which is closely connected with the cultural and historical traditions of the people. The results of the study showed that comparative linguistic and cultural analysis allows us to state that entonyms in the East Slavic phraseological space are a powerful factor in forming the national image of the world; interlingual comparison of the structure of phrases with the phraseology-entomonym refl ects mainly negative connotations, which mainly characterize any quality of a person - his intellect, actions, behavior, appearance, shortcomings of character. For the future, there remains the analysis of stable expressions with a phraseologeme-entomonym in East Slavic languages in the linguoculturological aspect, their further interlingual comparison and the discovery in them of differences and common features associated with the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a particular people.

The article considers the phraseological units of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with components-names of water space’s animals; It has been clarifi ed that humanity refl ects its observation of the appearance and behavior of animals in stable compounds; It has been established that the phraseology of the Eastern Slavic languages fi xes the names of animals of water such as cancer, fi sh (perch, pike, crucian, duck, herring), frog, turtle, leech. The purpose of the article is to compare the structure o f Ukrainian, Russian and Byelorussian phraseological units with the name of animals of water represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of the studied languages; to separate the components-symbols in them, refl ecting the cultural codes of different nations and they are the powerful factor in the formation of a nationally-shaped picture of the world. A comparative analysis of the structure of phraseological units of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages, denotes animals of water space, demonstrates the peculiarity of the perception of the respective cultures. The common and distinctive features conditioned by the similarity of socio-historical living conditions of native speakers, general patterns of development of human being. Comparison of established expressions denotes animals of water in the interlinguistic aspect reveals mostly negative connotations, which mainly refl ect a person’s character traits, behaviors and actions. The prospect of further research is expansion of our investigation observed expressions with the component of water animals in East Slavic languages, further their comparison and isolation them as single, individual, and general features related to the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a people.

RESUMO Diante das inúmeras possibilidades de performances de gênero na linguagem, discutimos, neste artigo, a obra da escritora norte-americana Joy Ladin, mulher trans, judia, poetisa premiada e professora universitária, em cuja escrita observamos uma constante reelaboração do performar-se mulher, num continuum feminino. Na leitura dos poemas “It Like Me”, “The Poem and Me” e “Not Unlike” (LADIN, 2017), atentamos para a ocorrência do que a própria autora chama de trans poética e adotamos diferentes noções da teoria literária feminista e dos estudos de gênero, com destaque para o conceito de eu lírica (POUBEL, 2020). Nessa discussão, entendemos a escrita como espaço para acolher e expressar identidades que não são estáveis e nem semelhantes, demonstrando como as performances das eu líricas na poesia de Joy Ladin podem moldar variadas mulheres - autoproclamadas mulheres - no discurso e, a partir disso, mudar a direção na qual estas são vistas dentro e fora da linguagem. ABSTRACT Considering the many possibilities of gender performance in language, this paper discusses the work of the American writer Joy Ladin, a Jewish trans woman, awarded poet and professor, whose writing shows a constant reenacting of performing woman, in a feminine continuum. By reading the poems “It Like Me”, “The Poem and Me” and “Not Unlike” (LADIN, 2017), we highlight the occurrence of what the author herself called a trans poetics and we adopt different notions from feminine literary theory and gender studies, especially the concept of eu lírica (POUBEL, 2020). In this discussion, we understand writing as a space to welcome and express identities that are neither stable nor similar, showing how the performances of eu líricas in Joy Ladin’s poetry can shape various women - self-proclaimed women - in discourse and, based on that, change the way women are seen inside and outside language.

The article focuses on peculiarities of spatial organization of book miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts (IV – VII centuries). The author analyses the problem of conveying illusion of depth in illustration in context of gradual transmission from roll to codex, which took place in antique book culture between the II and the V centuries. By analyzing survived fragments of illuminated rolls author displays characteristic features of their spatial organization and observes influence which had tradition of roll illustration on the development of codex. Nevertheless, precisely the miniatures of the codices that have come down to our time are in focus of the author’s attention. The stages of development of the text page, the peculiarities of interaction of text and images in codices are compared with the principles of space organization in miniatures. The article makes an attempt, relying on the monuments that have survived to our time, to consider the development of spatial constructions in the period of late Antiquity and early Middle Ages as a continuous process of evolution of the language of book painting. The author assumes that the development of spatial constructions in miniature painting does not imply sharp breaks or regression. Each new stage of the evolution arises from the previous one and makes it possible to expand the arsenal of artistic means which are necessary for solving artistic problems of the time. In accordance with this approach, the article concentrates not only on compositions in which a spatial illusion is created, but also miniatures that are in character more plane. As a result, the author reveals the main types of spatial constructions, considering all surviving monuments of miniature painting of that time. For each type of space organization, the author identifies the basic principles and artistic techniques that allow the artist to convey a sense of depth on the plane of page. The author pays special attention to the comparison of illusionistic tendencies in the late antique book miniature and “reverse perspective”, features of which are present in the monuments of the era. The author casts doubt on the need for a sharp contrast between these two approaches to space organization in the monuments of book miniatures of the era. He analyzes the reasons for the appearance of such features of space organization in miniature paintings of late antique and early medieval manuscripts, which are so important for the formation of artistic language of medieval book illumination.

Using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have led to significant improvements in computer vision research filed. GANs are used to generate novel images by pitting two neural networks against each other, where a generator network generates images from a latent space and a discriminator network classifies the generated images. In our work, a number of different GANs is applied to generate handwritten Arabic digits in the Eastern Arabic numeral script and determine which GAN flavor preforms best. To generate these digits, we test the following types of GANs: a Basic GAN, Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN), Bidirectional GAN (BiGAN), VanillaGAN, and WassersteinGAN (WGAN). Then, a Frechet Inception Distance (FID) measurement tool along with native-Arabic human evaluation are carried out to evaluate the generated images. Experimental results show that DCGAN outperforms other employed GANs with respect to FID benchmark with a value of 96.815%. While DCGAN outperforms other GANs on FID, BiGAN obtains best performance with respect to native-Arabic human benchmark with a value of 69.93%. Our promising experimental results illustrate the ability of using GAN models to develop huge handwritten Arabic datasets with less efforts comparing with traditional methods of collecting data.

The subject of this research is the semantics, structure and plotline of other space in the Yakut heroic epic poetry. The object is the texts of the Yakut heroic epic poetry, namely Olonkho of Vilyuysky tradition. The goal lies in comprehensive analysis of the category of other space in the Yakut heroic epic poetry, particularly Olonkho of Vilyuysky tradition. The article employs the systemic analysis of Olonkho poetics, structural-semantic analysis, and comparative method. Special attention is given to construction of mythopoetic model of the world and correlation between space and plot of the epic poem. The acquired results can be implemented in folklore studies. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of other space in Olonkho from the perspective of its semantics, structure, and narrative role. This article is first to describe the peculiarities of other space in the texts of Vilyuysky epic tradition. It is determined that other space in the Yakut heroic epic poetry Olonkho is depicted in form of the Lower and Upper worlds, “foreign country” in the Middle world, intermediate zones that hold an important place within the epic worldview and course of events in the plot of Olonkho. The author notes that the texts of Vilyuysky Olonkho preserve the traditional techniques depicting the three worlds; and the difference lies in emergence of the image of shaman dwelling in the intermediate zone, prevalence of the entry into the Lower world without demarcation of its boundaries.

This article analyses the verbalization of kinemas: the choice of ways and means of their verbal representation in literary texts and dictionaries. Russian -Russian and French-language literature of the 19th and 20th centuries of different genres (dramatic, epic (novels, novellas, short stories, detective stories, plays), as well as Russian-French explanatory dictionaries) were used as the material for the study. The authors used the following contexts: descriptions of verbal representations of kinemas, extracted from modern and classical Russian and French-language literature of the XIX–XX centuries. The analyzed material in lexicography allows us to draw the following conclusions: the frequency of verbalization of the kineme in the Russian language with the reference word "eyes"(250; 45%); in the French language, the most frequent are kinemas with the reference word "hand" (154; 34,2%). The study of modern and classical fiction gives grounds to state that in French texts the frequency of verbalization of kinemas containing a description of gestures is 40%, in Russian texts 30,7%. The most representative are complex RRCS in Russian fiction — 42,4%, and in French texts there is a clear predominance of verbalization of kinemas containing a description of facial expression — 44,2%. It should be noted that the national speech behavior of an individual is determined not only and not so much by his psychological mood and communication conditions, but by his belonging to a certain linguistic and cultural community, which has its own cultural space, cultural interior of the situation, and all this is consistently reflected in the literary text.

Proverbs are witty, pithy, and epigrammatic expressions. They are idiosyncratic, being based on a specific culture. As cultural translation is difficult, translation of proverbs is not easy. Yet, translation practices on such genre have been appearing. In such a scenario, some such practices are found in the domain of Nepali into English translations. In this background, the present study aims at reviewing the available models for translating proverbs and recommending one, which can be used for translating Nepali proverbs into English. To achieve the objectives, I collected twenty proverbs purposively from Lall (1991) and Sharma (2000), primarily because I could deal only with twenty in a short period and limited space. By way of qualitative analysis and interpretation and by testing Wilson's (2009) model, I have concluded that the model is applicable for the purpose.

Hinduism is a religion that was born in India and has developed rapidly into the archipelago with evidence of Sanskrit inscriptions and Pallava. The religion had a significant influence on Java which changed the political, economic, social and cultural life which at that time was still a kingdom. The arrival of Indians to Indonesia affected by the reverse flow between Indonesia and India and India and Indonesia. This can be seen by the presence of Indonesian dormitories in Nalanda (North India) and Nagapattinam (South India). The influence of North and South India can be seen from the existence of Hindu-Buddhist temples in the Archipelago which was built in one of the Hindu kingdoms, namely the Kingdom of Ancient Mataram which had areas of authority from Central Java to East Java. The temples that were built are thought to have an identity with temples in North and South India in terms of figure, inner space tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, and ornamentation. This identity is thought to be a close relationship between North India and South India with Indonesia, especially in the era of Ancient Mataram. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship or relationship of Ancient Mataram era temple architecture to North and South Indian temple architecture. The analysis method used is the comparative – qualitative method. Work plans, plans, pieces, site plans, and block plans of 28 Hindu-Buddha tower types in Central Java will be compared in terms of similarities and differences and then analyzed regarding the position of the laying, and elements of the temple so that the relationship between the two countries is found. Data obtained from literature studies and field surveys. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a closer relationship with South India than North India. The influence of North India and South India is only limited to the external appearance in the study of figure and ornamentation, while in the study of mass and spatial planning and inner space tectonics is more developed by the people of Ancient Mataram which is adjusted to traditional values and natural influences. Key Words: figure, tectonics, mass layout, spatial planning, ornamentation, North and South India, Ancient Mataram

Segmentation is a significant stage for the recognition of old newspapers. Text-line extraction in the documents like newspaper pages which have very complex layouts poses a significant challenge. Old newspaper documents printed in Gurumukhi script present several forms of hurdles in segmentation due to noise, degradation, bleed-through of ink, multiple font styles and sizes, little space between neighboring text lines, overlapping of lines, etc. Because of the low quality and the complexity of these documents, automatic text line segmentation remains an open research field. Very few researches are available in the literature to segment news articles in Gurumukhi script. This is one of the first few attempts to recognize Gurumukhi newspaper text. The goal of this paper is to present a new methodology for text-line extraction by integrating median calculation and strip height calculation techniques. Non-suitability of existing techniques to segment newspaper text lines have also been discussed with results in the article. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by experimentation directed on two diverse own made datasets: (a) on the data set of single-column documents with headlines block (b) on the dataset of multi-column documents with headlines block.

Glyphs representing complex behavior provide a useful and common means of visualizing multivariate data. However, due to their complex shape, overlapping, and occlusion of glyphs is a common and prominent limitation. This limits the number of discreet data tuples that can be displayed in a given image. Using a real-world application, glyphs are used to depict agent behavior in a call center. However, many call centers feature thousands of agents. A standard approach representing thousands of agents with glyphs does not scale. To accommodate the visualization incorporating thousands of glyphs we develop clustering of overlapping glyphs into a single parent glyph. This hierarchical glyph represents the mean value of all child agent glyphs, removing overlap and reduTcing visual clutter. Multi-variate clustering techniques are explored and developed in collaboration with domain experts in the call center industry. We implement dynamic control of glyph clusters according to zoom level and customized distance metrics, to utilize image space with reduced overplotting and cluttering. We demonstrate our technique with examples and a usage scenario using real-world call-center data to visualize thousands of call center agents, revealing insight into their behavior and reporting feedback from expert call-center analysts.

This contribution to the literature presents an in-depth analysis of the scene drawn by Leonardo da Vinci in the preparatory drawing, Adoration of the Magi, dated 1481, that is now housed at the Département des Arts Graphiques du Musée du Louvre in Paris, France. This analysis focuses on the architectural elements and highlights how the drawing discloses three distinct vanishing points/centers of vision: one for the classical architecture to the left of the scene, one for the Nativity hut, and one for the structure with stairs. If we consider the structures as belonging to the same 2D projected space, at least two must be depicted out of square, conversely, if we consider them as straight, standard structures, they cannot belong to the same 2D projected space. Given this assumption, we propose, on the one hand, some variations of the scene where the structures are straightened and projected according to only one of the viewpoints at a time, on the other hand, a set of variants of the scene are presented, considering the out-of-square structures. The scenes are generated by applying inverse perspective projections. These results prompt a discussion on possible reasons why Leonardo made these conscious or unconscious “formal errors”.

In the present study, the Arabic metaphorical expressions associated with the conceptual metaphors TIME IS SPACE and THE FUTURE IS BEHIND were analyzed. The analyzed tokens were searched for online. In addition, native speakers of Hijazi-Saudi Arabic confirmed the natural usage of the tokens in their dialect. The productivity of placing the FUTURE in front of the EGO and the unproductivity of placing it behind indicates the FUTURE in front of the EGO as the norm. Based on the metaphorical elements found in the tokens considered, a bidimensional conceptual location of objects on the JOURNEY OF TIME was proposed to include the front location or the elsewhere location. The elsewhere location was referred to as behind, extending the meaning of ‘behind’ to include all locations that are not front. This bidimensionality is represented by the conceptual metaphors FOCUS IS FRONT and PERIPHERY IS BEHIND. Examples associated with these conceptual metaphors were associated with the experiential embodiment. In previous research, the direction of writing and how much weight is given to cultural values have claimed to influence the placement of the FUTURE in Arabic as pre-set reasons. This study is significant because it is done without pre-set reasons for metaphor usage, resulting in none-steered findings. Also, this study opens a window to the metaphorical system of the Hijazi-Saudi Arabic, a variety of Arabic whose metaphorical system is understudied. This study invites considering the placement of the FUTURE in other languages and cultures.

Iraqi EFL learners of English are reported to show accented pronunciation on the segmental level, which might affect their speech intelligibility. This study aimed to identify problems encountered by Iraqi EFL learners in the production of English low vowels and account for them from an intralingual perspective. The study also aimed to identify the effect of Iraqis' English language proficiency level on their pronunciation of English low vowels. Thus, learners were divided into beginners and advanced groups to determine differences between them based on their proficiency level in English. A production test was conducted to identify error patterns of twenty Iraqi EFL learners in producing low vowels. Learners’ recordings were acoustically analysed to validate the difficulties identified via the production test. Independent-samples t-tests were conducted to identify any significant differences in performance for the two groups. The results showed that learners encountered problems in the production of low vowels, especially /ɒ/, /æ/ and /ʌ/. The study concluded that these problems are probably ascribed to the complexities of the L2 vowel space, where vowels are close to each other and thus difficult to produce. Significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of error means. Nonetheless, the comparison between the vowel chart obtained in this study and the charts offered in previous studies revealed that Iraqi EFL learners are still far from attaining approximant pronunciation. This requires reconsidering current texts, methodologies, and techniques used in teaching English pronunciation to allocate more attention to spectral differences among vowels. Keywords Low vowels production; Iraqi EFL learners; intralingual analysis; error patterns; acoustic analysis

This article considers the practices about ‘the special dead’ related to the monastery at Pāhāṛpur (‘Hill--town’) in the Rājshāhī region of North--Western Bangladesh. This Early Medieval community was rich in religious diversity from the Gupta to Pāla periods—dense with evidence of Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist activity. There are a number of stūpa structures throughout the grounds for the burial of revered teachers and leaders such that the living comingled with the dead in an academic and religious setting. The Pāla era monastery was dedicated to advanced learning, meditation, worship, student housing, and burial. At the centre of the monastery is a large stūpa that has been celebrated widely for its diverse imagery in the form of terracotta plaques and relief sculptures with Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain themes. This article focuses on the reception history of this site and especially on its unique role as a mediator of religious voices from the region’s past. Under Dharmapāla, the site became branded as Buddhist as part of a broader imperial effort to promote Buddhist networks. Locally, however, the site maintained and promoted relationships to Hindu and Jain communities as well as Buddhist ones. Its endurance as a sacred site through complex interreligious permutations is intriguing though not surprising. Death and learning were not separated. Evidence from Pāhāṛpur raises questions about the communities who lived there as well as our understanding of their approach to death in practice in the Bengal region.

As among the ten most spoken languages, Acehnese inevitably has many varieties. Many previous studies on Acehnese have been heavily conducted on the northern varieties of Acehnese, leaving other Acehnese varieties unexplored. Pase dialect of Acehnese has been described to have oral and nasal monophthongs and diphthongs, but no studies on Aceh Barat dialect phonetic features of Acehnese have been made. Aceh Barat dialect has also been stigmatized as being rough and vulgar in the previous study. Thus, the current study aims to explore the instrumental analysis of Acehnese oral monophthongs by Aceh Barat speakers. Three male speakers (aged 35-50 years old) speaking only Acehnese as the local language participated in the current study. The ten Acehnese words used to target the ten phonemes were adapted from study. A total of 90 tokens of Acehnese oral vowels production were analyzed using PRAAT version 6.1.29. The oral monophthongs of the Aceh Barat dialect are generally similar to the previous study on the Pase dialect. Exception emerges for the vowel /?/ and /?/, which seems to be produced differently across the speakers. Both vowels appear to stretch further down the vowel space closer to the back vowels /u/ and / ?/, respectively.

Sky is the area above the Earth in which the clouds, the Moon, the Sun, and the stars can be seen. It means the region consists of the atmosphere and outer space seen from the Earth. In the ancient time, people only knew “sky” instead of “inner space” and “outer space”, and they always dreamed travelling to the celestial object nearest to the Earth, the Moon. Traditionally, it is the same globally, the Chinese people respect the Earth, the Moon and the Sun with adorations. Therefore, there were many ancient Chinese legends about the sky and space. In this paper, five ancient Chinese legends related to the sky and space are described at first: the story of sky lantern (天燈), the story of Kuafu (夸父), the story of Chang E (嫦娥), the story of ancient Chinese astronaut Wan Fu (萬戶), and the story of Nuwa (女媧) who patched up the sky. Then, three contemporary arts and designs related to the current space explorations are introduced for comparisons: the Museum of the Moon, the worldwide tour of the Earth model Gaia, and the Chinese Suzhou embroideries of Sun spots and Horsehead nebula. Through the presentations, it is very interesting to see the addition to each other's splendour in the ancient mythologies and the modern space arts.

Prison is a marginal space that is hidden from society, and life writing by prisoners thus offers valuable insights into prison life. This paper examines prisoner writing, as a genre neglected by a...

The symbol of the wheel of fortune (pinwheel) has an ancient past and symbolizes the movement of the world and the universe, destiny, eternity, and immortality. The wheel of fortune motif, which is seen in handicrafts and architectural plastic decoration, has also been used in domes. This study discusses the domes decorated with the wheel of fortune that we encounter in Turkish–Islamic structures. Thirty-nine domes which are decorated with the wheel of fortune in various locations were evaluated in terms of art history. Considering that some examples have not survived or we could not trace them, we can safely say that this number is probably even greater. Seventeen of the examples are in Iran, two in Egypt, one in Uzbekistan, and one in Bulgaria, whereas the remaining examples are located within the borders of Turkey. The earliest of these dates back to the 11th–12th centuries. The first example we identified is located in Iran. Domes with a pinwheel ornament together had brought to Egypt, Turkey, and the Balkans by Turks. Domes decorated with a wheel of fortune within the scope of the subject were determined by scanning written and visual resources, and drawings of the identified examples were made from photographs. The wheel of fortune decorated domes were cataloged chronologically. Some special meanings, such as iconographic meanings of the use of the wheel of fortune symbol on the hemispherical top covering the space, were discussed. A general evaluation has been made by emphasizing the symbol’s place and importance in Turkish–Islamic art. Examples of domes decorated with the wheel of fortune, seen in other architectures, are presented. It was noted that the symbol is used not only in historic buildings but also in recent buildings.

El mundo de las artes y de la literatura ha respondido a la tragedia debida a la difusión del virus con distintos relatos desde el confinamiento. Aunque sea prematuro desarrollar una teoría que tenga sentido sobre las expresiones artísticas procedentes de la pandemia, es evidente que empiezan a desarrollarse, en la literatura, unas formas narrativas híbridas, que mezclan el relato autobiográfico con la ficción y el ensayo. En el ámbito artístico, en cambio, la expresión del malestar debido a la pandemia se difunde con más rapidez y de manera más explícita. A este propósito se realizará un recorrido entre las obras literarias publicadas recientemente entre Latinoamérica y Europa y se pondrá brevemente la atención sobre el relato emblemático “Me olvido de todo menos de mi cuerpo” de Alia Trabucco Zerán. Se tomarán también dos cómics como ejemplos de lenguajes visuales que surgen del confinamiento: el video cómic, Rebibbia Quarantine. Drammatico reportage dalla quarantena di Roma Nord Est, de Zerocalcare y “Più forte di carta e inchiostro” que forma parte de la novela gráfica Alack Sinner firmada por José Muñoz y Carlos Sampayo. Se ha elegido el cómic porque se demuestra un lenguaje extremadamente eficaz debido a su inmediatez y capacidad de alcanzar un público amplio, y es un ejemplo de producto artístico que puede suscitar reflexiones imprescindibles en el lector sobre la crisis actual. En estas obras destaca la posición del intelectual y del artista que, en el aislamiento y en la reclusión, convierten la escritura y el arte en un espacio de resistencia.

Due to the recent increase in research interest in phono documents, which were created specifically for radio, a documentary analysis of the creation of music programs of the British Broadcasting Corporation is provided. Particular attention is paid to an overview of the chronology of recording sessions for a number of selected bands from the BBC’s archival collection (1962–1972). The role of John Peel in the creation of creative music programs within the framework of “Radio 1” was noted. The study showed that the digitalization of archival space has brought new opportunities for finding lost rarities that were at the origins of rock music. Both positive and negative trends in the restoration and use of archived musical phonograms from radio storages are noted.

The embedding representation of the case text represent text as vector which consist information of original texts abundantly. Text embedding representation usually uses text statistical features or content features alone. However, case texts have characteristics that include similar structure, repeated words, and different text lengths. And the statistical feature or content feature cannot represent case text efficiently. In this paper, we propose a joint variational autoencoder (VAE) to represent case text embedding representation. We consider the statistical features and content features of case texts together, and use VAE to align the two features into the same space. We compare our representations with existing methods in terms of quality, relationship, and efficiency. The experiment results show that our method has achieved good results, which have higher performance than the model using single feature.

Taking an authorial stance is essential in academic writing but remains a challenge for novice researchers, especially EFL/ESL writers. This study explores how authors of English and Arabic research article discussions employ evaluative language resources while commenting on their results. To this end, the study investigated the employment of Engagement resources within Appraisal Theory (Martin & White 2005). The findings exhibited a great divergence between the two language groups as Arabic discussions relied more on Contracting strategies, which indicate the tendency to close down the space for dialogic alternatives, while their English counterparts preferred Expanding resources, which open up the dialogic space for alternative voices. The study, therefore, bears some pedagogical implications for L2 learners.

The 1933 Chinese Art Exhibition in Paris, the first large-scale Chinese art show in France, played a critical role in establishing the category of “modern Chinese painting” in early twentieth-centu...

The late Zimbabwean author Yvonne Vera puts material culture to use throughout her published fiction. Her engagement with the physical stuff that enters her writing reflects less the current wave o...

This article presents a systematic literature review on quantifying the proximity between independently trained monolingual word embedding spaces. A search was carried out in the broader context of inducing bilingual lexicons from cross-lingual word embeddings, especially for low-resource languages. The returned articles were then classified. Cross-lingual word embeddings have drawn the attention of researchers in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Although existing methods have yielded satisfactory results for resource-rich languages and languages related to them, some researchers have pointed out that the same is not true for low-resource and distant languages. In this paper, we report the research on methods proposed to provide better representation for low-resource and distant languages in the cross-lingual word embedding space.

El presente texto forma parte del trabajo doctoral “Investigación-acción: la danza-escritura como posibilidad de auto-enuncación”. Para la parte práctica de la investigación se impartió el Taller de danza y escritura a manera de laboratorio. Lo que se presenta en este artículo es una parte del análisis de lo acontecido durante el taller. Se profundiza sobre el funcionamiento de la dramaturgia en el diseño de las sesiones, en la organización de los textos y danzas individuales y colectivos que se produjeron durante el laboratorio, así como en el ensamblaje de los materiales para su presentación ante un público. La dramaturgia es la herramienta articuladora para estudiar el proceso creativo en el que cada participante encontró un espacio para su propia enunciación y las resonancias que tuvo esta en el colectivo. Para abordar el análisis, se toman como punto de partida los planteamientos de André Lepecki sobre dramaturgia y los de Laurence Louppe sobre partitura. Abstract This text is part of the doctoral work "Research-action: dance-writing as a possibility of self-enunciation". For the practical part of the research, the Dance and writing workshop was given as a laboratory. What is presented in this article is a part of the analysis of what happened during the workshop. It delves into the operation of dramaturgy in the design of the sessions, in the organization of the individual and collective texts and dances that occurred during the laboratory, as well as in the assembly of the materials for presentation to an audience. Dramaturgy is the articulating tool to study the creative process in which each participant found a space for their own enunciation and the resonances that this had in the group. To address the analysis, the approaches of André Lepecki on dramaturgy and those of Laurence Louppe on score are taken as a starting point.

The author’s message for this Bachelor’s photo project was to analyse the colour palette by researching and systematising the colour spectrum by creating a photo project. This photo project consists of two parts, which differ in the expressive imaging method; the background idea unites them. The main thing was to show the interaction of colours, texture, and the image’s plane. The use­ of paint and different background compositions gave a sense of depth to space. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a complete spectral analysis is carried out for the first time, compared with the works of classics, analysis of the place in the history of each event associated with a particular colour.

This study highlights the controversy that occurred in 1992 in Grahamstown between some Black students of the then St. Paul’s Theological College, and some ordinary Black members, and some White members of the Anglican Cathedral of St. Michael and St. George. It centered on the five nineteenth-century English colonial memorial plaques that were situated in the Cathedral. The controversy centered on the derogative term “kaffir” that was applied to the Xhosa people in stark contrast to the English depicted as heroes in the context of the English Wars of subjugation of the amaXhosa.

The first issue of the journal Bionomina was published by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand) on 24 December 2010. The journal originated from an evolution and expansion of the section ‘Theory and methodology’ introduced in 2006 in the journal Zootaxa, itself founded in 2001 (Zhang 2007). The purpose of this new journal was wider than that of this section, being presented as “to open a space of free discussion among colleagues involved in or interested in all aspects of the terminology of comparative and evolutionary biology, including, but not limited to, taxonomy and nomenclature of taxa” (Dubois 2010: 8).

In this article, I build upon observations by Émile Puech regarding the available space in 4Q397 14–21 6, one of the manuscripts of Miqṣat Ma‘aśe ha-Torah (MMT), in order to propose an alternate reconstruction of the middle of this line. I suggest emending the earlier reconstruction of בספר מושה‎ “in the book of Moses,” which is found in numerous editions of 4Q397, with בספר‎ תורת מושה‎ “in the book of the torah of Moses.” I argue that this new proposed reconstruction is plausible given the context of this line, the available space on the line, and the appearance of the phrase elsewhere in other Second Temple period Hebrew literature.

It is known that, over time, female writers have been systematically excluded from the literary canon. However, it was through writing that many women took a critical position leading others to reflection. In contemporary times, female writing continues to seek equality and recognition in several areas of knowledge. This analysis had as objective to find out what the space of the woman in the Lucienic poetic enunciation. Thus, the purpose of this work was based, initially, on making some considerations about the obstacles in the literary production of a feminine nature and, later, analyzing two poems by the contemporary writer Luciene Carvalho. The methodological procedures started with the reading of Aquelarre or Livro de Madalena (2007), two poems were selected for the study: A Mae do mundo and Tantas, and later the analysis was carried out. Despite focusing on the two poems cited, other poems from the same work gave consistency to the theme addressed. We sought to apply the concepts of Todorov (2009), Antonio Candido (2006), Leyla Perrone (2006) and Simone Beauvoir (1949). Other theorists of paramount importance were also used to support the analysis. In this way, we tried to understand the aesthetic value of Luciene Carvalho's poetry and, simultaneously, analyzed how the poetic self manifests itself, through its verses, in relation to women in the Brazilian socio-cultural context, considering that the author needs to know the reality of the world to imitate it and thus make it art.

This article is an attempt to build an initial methodological framework for the study of the relationship between space and popular or traditional music in Latin American cities. The main ...

The study analyses the findings of writing instrument and its nomenclature through literary and archaeological sources. Certainly, writing instruments and materials were linked to the appearance of letters and scripts, but we should remind ourselves that the Harappan people did have their own script and left their inscriptions, which we have yet to decipher. Even prior to the Harappan civilisation we have innumerable findings, like graffiti or decorative designs on potsherds, symbols, incised potteries, multi-grooved designs on pots, stamped decorations, pictographs or art and paintings on various materials. If we consider these to be the primal form of a script or primordial form of writing, then definitely these exhibit some kind of communication. And there must have existed some kind of instrument used for the purpose of marking or incising on various materials, which were later on instrumental in the evolution of a script or writing system. This tool or device or instrument could be made of stone, bone, ivory, horn, copper or iron. Again various archaeological terms have been used for these instruments though no one is certain about the nomenclature of these instruments. Whatever the epithets or name tags used for the instruments, there is a certain kind of correlation between the findings of these tools from the various excavation sites, as evident from the many excavation reports referred to. Although these tools were used for various purposes in diverse ways, still it is not adequate reason to exclude them from the discussion of the writing instrument.

The anonymous Latin eyewitness account of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn’s conquest of the kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187, known as the Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, is fundamentally preoccupi...

Using Vladislav Khodasevich’s 1927 collection ‘European Night’ (‘Evropeiskaia noch’’) as a case study, this article argues for the notion of travel as a new approach to the field of emigre literature. Khodasevich’s poems in ‘European Night’, marked with the dates and place of composition, and implicitly iterative of the contours of a Europe with which his original emigre audience was intimately familiar, represent both an autobiographical narrative and a cartographic attempt to sketch a conceptual map of European exile. Using four visualizations of the coordinates of Khodasevich’s travel, composition, place, and publication to investigate the poet’s experience and literary output in Europe during these years, I argue that the force of geography on literary production (literature in space) was especially active between 1922 and 1927. This article therefore makes the case for an atlas of the Russian emigration.

G. Shofman and David Vogel wrote beautiful literature from the multilingual Vienna in the interwar period. Seemingly, they wrote monolingual Hebrew texts, but this Hebrew encodes all the other languages, and all the gaps, all the places that the chosen language cannot reach. The diverse usage of languages in the Hebrew texts was not (just) a result of a forced lingual situation but also held great poetic values.Reading Shofman and Vogel’s Hebrew prose texts today is not a fluent read, because of gaps that affect the reading: (1) periodical gaps are when the text mentions names, events and situations that were clear to readers at the time of publication, but will not be understood today without context. The second are the (2) spatial gaps: the text describes a space that the reader does not know, and so, if it contains poetic values, they will not be understood. The (3) lingual gaps that can be syntactical but mainly lexical. The most interesting gaps are (4) the unheimlich gaps, the uncanny feeling when the known and the unknown, the safe and the threatening meet in order to create the meta‑lingual meaning of the text, and change its poetic values.This paper demonstrates the presence of these four gaps in one short story by G. Shofman (In time of crisis), and in a novel written by David Vogel (Married life). In particular, to show what impact does the language(s) of the text have on past and current readers, and the way the authors express their attitude regarding the Hebrew language. G. Shofman et David Vogel ont composé de très belles œuvres dans la Vienne plurilingue de l’entre‑deux‑guerres. Apparemment, ils n’ont écrit qu’en hébreu, mais cet hébreu comporte en lui les autres langues de cet espace, ce qui crée dans les textes des écarts considérables qui résultent de tous les lieux que la langue choisie ne peut atteindre. L’usage varié d’autres langues dans les textes en hébreu n’est pas (seulement) la conséquence d’une situation linguistique imposée, mais il a aussi une valeur poétique.La lecture contemporaine de ces textes n’est donc pas simple car pour le lecteur d’aujourd’hui il peut être difficile de combler ces écarts, qu’il s’agisse de ceux en lien avec l’époque concernée, comme certains noms ou événements ; qu’il s’agisse des écarts géographiques nécessitant la connaissance des lieux afin d’en saisir la valeur poétique ; qu’il s’agisse des écarts linguistiques – syntaxiques ou lexicaux – incompréhensibles en l’absence de traduction. Cependant, les plus significatifs sont les écarts unheimlich lorsque, comme l’a décrit Freud, se rejoignent l’étrange et le familier afin de créer la strate métalinguistique du texte dont elle pourrait modifier totalement la signification.Cet article examine les effets de ces écarts dans une nouvelle de Schofman et dans un roman de Vogel. ג. שופמן ודוד פוגל כתבו ספרות נפלאה מווינה הרב-לשונית בתקופה שבין שתי מלחמות העולם. לכאורה, הם כתבו עברית בלבד אך העברית הזו מכילה בתוכה גם את השפות האחרות של המרחב באופן שמותיר בטקסט פערים, כל אותם מקומות אליהם השפה האחת לא יכולה להגיע. השימוש המגוון בשפות האחרות בטקסטים לא נבע רק ממצב לשוני כפוי אלא הוא גם נושא משמעויות פואטיות. הקריאה בטקסטים הללו בעברית היום היא לא קריאה רציפה ופשוטה, משום שקיימים פערים שהקורא.ת העכשווי.ת יכול.ה להתקשות להשלימם: (1) פערים הקשורים בתקופה, כמו שמות, אירועים או מצבים שיכולים להיות מפוענחים רק מתוך הקשר של הבנת התקופה המתוארת, (2) פערים מרחביים שיתבטאו באזכור מקומות ומפות שעל הקורא.ת להכיר כדי לפענח על מנת להבין את המשמעויות הפואטיות שלהם, (3) ופערים לשוניים, כמו מבנים תחביריים, אך בעיקר פערים לקסיקליים, כלומר ביטויים או משפטים בלשונות זרות המשובצים בטקסט ושללא תרגום לא יוכלו להיות מובנים, וודאי לא במלואם. הפער המשמעותי ביותר הוא (4) הפער האלביתי, תחושת המאוים הנוצרת במפגש בין הזר למוכר, כפי שתיאר זאת פרויד. המקומות בהם בולט הפער הזה הם המקומות שבהם מתגלה הרובד המטא-לשוני של הטקסט, מה שיכול לשנות לחלוטין את משמעויותיו הפואטיות. המאמר מדגים את ארבעת פערי הקריאה הללו בסיפור קצר של שופמן (במצור ובמצוק) וברומן של פוגל (חיי נישואים), ומבקש להצביע על האופן שבו דווקא הקריאה העכשווית יכולה להדגיש היבטים פואטיים נסתרים.

The migration ties between Latin America and Europe at the beginning of the XXI century were manifested in a massive migration flow, resulting in the dramatic growth of the number of South American natives in Europe. The Migratory Space concept is applied to the current stage of transatlantic mobility, which makes it possible to determine the territorial limits of the involved states, to distinguish the transatlantic space from the general panorama of the Latin America migration movement as well as from the European migration context. At the present stage, the South American states are mainly the migration donors, while the European states are recipients. The historical ties between continents, their linguistic commonality and the social networks between migrants contributed to the transatlantic mobility. The majority of the Latin American migrants is localized in Spain and Italy. The high degree of integration into the host communities contributed to generally favorable public opinion about the migrants in the recipient countries. A large-scale migration presence also became an important factor in strengthening economic and political ties in the Iberoamerican Community of Nations.

Com a expansão dos usos da tecnologia, houve espaço para a pluralidade de linguagens na escola, e como resultado, ocorreram mudanças consideráveis no que diz respeito aos textos. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo tem por objetivo principal analisar a função dos textos multimodais imagéticos de livros didáticos digitais de Língua Inglesa para brasileiros, a fim de verificar a construção dos sentidos à luz da Gramática do Design Visual-Metafunção Representacional de (KRESS; VAN LEEUWEN, 2006). Tal proposta alcança relevância social e acadêmica por conta da importância de pesquisar e trabalhar esses recursos semióticos em sala de aula de modo a oferecer uma reflexão crítica/social, acerca das possibilidades de ensinar e aprender inglês sob uma perspectiva multimodal (ROJO, 2012; MOTTA-ROTH; BEZERRA; NASCIMENTO; HEBERLE, 2011; JEWITT, 2013; ADAMI, 2016). Para esse fim, foram analisados dois livros digitais de Língua Inglesa do 8º e 9º anos do ensino fundamental, na qual encontramos através dessa análise exploratória promover a criticidade visual do estudante. Além disso, esses textos possuem hiperlinks que ligam a outros textos caracterizando, assim, uma hipertextualidade digital.

The article analyses Latinisms which constitute a significant part of Lesia Ukrainka’s works and enrich her vocabulary. Author substantiates that Latin remains the key source of lexical borrowings which belong to the terms of the general European culture for both Ukrainian and most European languages. Words of Latin origin represented in semantic blocks, corresponding to a particular space in conceptual and linguistic world pictures were collected and grouped from Lesia Ukrainka’s works. Author determined the peculiarities of Latin words in the language of Lesia Ukrainka’s works and analyzed the most frequently used terms formed by means of Latin word-building elements and investigated their semantics and formal structure. Latinisms are a large part of Lesia Ukrainka’s vocabulary and enrich her word arsenal. Lesia Ukrainka by means of her genius sense collected such foreign words which were only of urgent need. Using Latinisms is caused by the sense of proportion, deep understanding of necessity to use particular Latin words, terms and eloquent expressions which were distinctive features of Lesia Ukrainka’s writing style. Determinologization of Latinisms demonstrated by epistolary texts shows the peculiarities of their usage in Ukrainian literature of those times. Semantically these Latinisms are used for nomination of terms from social-political, educational-scientific, financial-economic, literary and law spheres of life, belonging to the bookish lexicon.

La poesía de Ada Salas presenta, desde los años noventa, una de las calas esenciales de la poesía española contemporánea. Su poesía se ha venido vinculando con diferentes estéticas: poesía del silencio, minimalismo o poesía pura. Este estudio trata la relación de la poética de Salas con el espacio, el silencio y las formas de la música, a través de toda su obra poética.

Samudera Pasai is one of the Islamic Sultanates in Indonesia which appeared in the Middle Ages or around 1267 AD. Evidence of the existence of the Sultanate of Samuedra Pasai in Indonesia is listed in the book Rihlah ilal-Masyriq (Wanderings to the East) written by Abu Abdullah Ibnu Batutha (1304 - 1368 AD), a Muslim adventurer who traveled to Samudera Pasai in 1345 AD. The spatial pattern of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate is no longer visible because there are no traces of archaeological remains in the form of any remaining buildings, except for the tombs of Sultanate figures and historical records of foreign adventurers who have explored the Samudera Pasai Sultanate. This record strengthens the evidence of the existence of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate. The methodology used in this case is a phenomenological approach and a historical approach, which are expected to approach optimal results in uncovering spatial patterns in the development of Islam. The spatial arrangement of the sultanate generally used the concept of catur gatra tungga, which was arranged in the form of: alun-alun (the square) as the center of space, markets to the north of the square, palaces to the south of the square, and mosques to the west of the square. The spatial arrangement then formed a spatial pattern that became the center of the Samudera Pasai Sultanate.

This paper focuses on two legal languages such as the legal English developed by the European Union institutions (Euro English) and the legal Chinese of Mainland China, to study whether the mental representations and the embodied simulation created by the conceptual metaphors for the same Western concept, right, differ in any significant ways. By analysing the data contained in two large corpora, this study has found that, despite the common origin of the concept right in the two legal languages, they conceptualise it in a significantly different fashion. Finally, the findings of this study are read through the theoretical framework proposed for this special issue—hybridity and the Third Space. While it is somewhat straightforward to conceive of Euro English as a hybrid language, owing to the multilingual and supranational setting where it is used, this study has found that the Chinese legal language, too, is a hybrid language exhibiting linguistic features that intersect different belief systems.

Soul Circles presents a series of twenty-four mandalas produced by Jeremy Jensen during a period of analysis, with short commentaries by Jensen and his analyst, David Rosen. The book reveals how, t...

A large, gilded painting of the Virgin of the Antigua (Figure 1) stands out amidst a nineteenth-century altar in Lima’s cathedral. Generally believed to be a copy sent from Seville to Lima in 1544,...