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Eleven imprints of chiton valves from the Sakmarian of the Shakhtau reef massif (Bashkir Cis-Urals) are assigned to a new species Ochmazochiton uralensis sp. nov. Previously, the genus Ochmazochiton was known only from the type species described from the Lower and Middle Permian of Texas. Due to the unique preservation of the studied material, the structure of the aesthete pores is shown for the first time, and the structure of the insertion plates, the important morphological characters of the genus Ochmazochiton, the earliest representative of the order Chitonida, is clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Early Permian reef-dwelling lepidopleurid chiton from Shakhtau is described as Lekiskochiton crassus sp. nov. This is one of the few Late Paleozoic chitons described from Russia and the first from the Cis-Urals. The new species is represented by the tail valve and four intermediate valves belonging to one large animal, which was found in the Asselian reef carbonates. Other scattered valves of the new species were found in younger sediments of this reef massif, in the Sakmarian Stage. All of them are preserved as imprints. The shape of the valves has been partially reconstructed. The morphological differences between the intermediate valves of a single individual of the genus are shown for the first time. L. crassus sp. nov. is the second known species of the genus, which was previously only reliably known from the type species from the Middle Permian of Texas. The new species increases the geochronological range of the genus by approximately 19 million years. In the Shakhtau polyplacophoran assemblage, in addition to the genus Lekiskochiton, the following genera have been tentatively identified: Gryphochiton, Ochmazochiton, and Pterochiton, which indicates stable biogeographical connections of the Early Permian Ural Strait with the marine basins of North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of summary characteristics of burial rite of the Kara-Abyz culture, based on the use of methods of mathematical statistics. The work is based on the materials from 700 burials of the Kara-Abyz culture, studied during the 20th century by V.V. Golmsten, K.V. Salnikov and A.Kh. Pshenichnyuk. Indications of gender and age groups (male, female and children) have been singled out. It is revealed that the male remains are characterized by the presence of weapons, while the female ones are characterized by the presence of items of a costume complex. To clarify the social structure of the ancient population, the burials were divided into five categories (“very rich”, “rich”, “ordinary”, “poor”, “poorest”) according to quantitative and qualitative composition of objects. As a result of the study, a three-part social structure was reconstructed.

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A new species of lungfish Ceratodus shishkini sp. nov. is described from the Triassic locality Lysov in the Orenburg region based on a mandibular tooth plate. The new species has a large, thick, and massive elongated triangular tooth plate, which distinguishes it from numerous species of Early and Middle Triassic representatives of Ceratodus known in Eastern Europe, which have thin, delicate tooth plates with well-cut ridges, as well as from the known Triassic and Jurassic species with a different shape of tooth plates. Possibly, the new species originates from the Ladinian–Carnian deposits (upper Middle–lower Upper Triassic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a sample collection of the so-called “accidental” finds of Sarmatian bladed weapons with a ring-shaped pommel from the territory of the Southern Urals, their main elements were distinguished (the shape and cross-section of the pommel, cross-guard, handle and blade). The justification for the selection of “random” finds as a basis for the analysis is provided, since their good preservation, in contrast to the swords and daggers from the burial complexes, makes it possible to better ascertain their main elements. During the study, each element is broken down into types according to the design features. An analysis of the obtained results is provided, groups of swords and daggers with a similar complex of elements were distinguished, including specimen bearing the features of both classical swords with a ring-shaped pommel and the classical preceding Prokhorovka type. The presence among the known samples of “accidental” finds of discontinuing (experimental) lines of development of individual elements was noted, which confirms the process of evolution of blade weapons of the early nomads in this territory. A conclusion is made concerning the evolutionary transition of Prokhorovka swords and daggers into ring-shaped items in the territory of the Southern Urals, and the need to clarify the existing typology of Sarmatian weapons with due account of the obtained information and newly identified specimens.

Zinino-1 ancient village is a seasonal site of the Ubalar cultural type of the Kara-Abyz archaeological culture. The paper discusses the results of a study of ceramic and zooarchaeological material from the excavations carried out at the site. The purpose of the study was to assess the degree of influence of the Ubalar population on the economic structure of the carriers of the Kara-Abyz culture in general. The collection of ceramic material vividly illustrates the “symbiosis” of the population of the Southern Urals at the turn of the historic periods. An analysis of impurities to the molding mass of the vessels made it possible to establish the predominance of ceramics of the Ubalar type, which substantiates the cultural attribution of the ancient village. Ubalar ceramics is distinguished by the dense texture of the dough and the high content of sand therein. The individual finds include four fragments of grating slabs, but their purpose remains unclear. Presumably, they were not used in food preparation. The zooarchaeological material is scarce. The concentration of bones in the cultural layer is low; only in the first horizon contained animal remains in all its sections. Despite this, animal remains have been identified at the site, originating from five domestic and two wild species. Cattle is predominant in terms of the number of bones. A recalculation of the number of bones for the volume of meat products gives ground to say that the basis of the meat ration of the village’s inhabitants was beef and horse meat. In general, the reviewed material does not give reason to say that the arrival of the Ubalar population had a significant influence the economic structure of the Kara-Abyz tribes.

The first results of U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating of 150 detrital zircon grains from the Upper Permian sandstone of the Boyevaya Gora section (Orenburg region, the Southern Cis-Urals) are presented. 95 conditional zircon U-Pb isotopic dates form two age peaks – 381 and 529 Ma. It is assumed that clastic material entered the sedimentation basin mainly due to erosion of the Early Hercynian Ural complexes and relics of the Protouralian-Timanian orogen.

t. Goals. The article discusses results of studies that dealt with osteological collections obtained during excavations at Ufa-2 hillfort in 2013 and 2016. Special attention is paid to the dynamics in livestock structure during the period of the monument’s functioning. Results. Analysis of the bone material distribution in the cultural layer of the once inhabited part of the monument makes it possible to clarify the consistent pattern revealed earlier through materials of 2017 excavations. The lower stratum of the cultural layer (stage 1) is dominated by bones of sheep and goats, while the upper ones (stage 2) witness a decrease in the share thereof accompanied by a gradual increase in the number of horse bones. Stage 3 identified in 2017 is not clearly distinguishable in the materials obtained in 2013, which might be due to a violation of the cultural layer integrity in the area and employed methods of osteological materials selecting. 2016 archaeological survey of the moat gave rise to a hypothesis that the fortification (moat) was built in the 3rd–4th centuries AD and functioned for one or two centuries only to be further repeatedly filled with soil taken from the inhabited part of the site. Conclusions. Analysis of osteological collections from undisturbed layers of the moat (backfilling stages 1 and 2) shows that chronologically stage 1 can be correlated to an increase in the amount of Turbasli culture and Romanovka type ceramics in the cultural layer of the inhabited areas. And stage 2 may have taken shape by the middle or end of the chronological period. Thus, the findings confirm and clarify the hypothesis proposed on the basis of the analysis of archaeological data conducted

We describe aggregative microconchid (Lophophorata) tubes from the uppermost Permian (upper Changhsingian) and Lower Triassic (Olenekian) lacustrine and fluvial strata of the Tunguska and Kuznetsk basins and the southern Cis-Urals, Russia. These attach to clam shrimp carapaces, bivalve shells, terrestrial plant fragments and a horseshoe crab head shield, and also form their own monospecific agglomerations. Planispiral tubes of a wide size range (0.1–2.5 mm) create dense settlements on these firm substrates, which likely comprise multiple generations of the same species. These finds confirm that this extinct lophophorate group was inhabiting non-marine continental basins during latest Permian and earliest Triassic time, when they were major suspension feeders in such limnic ecosystems. Microconchids dispersed extensively and rapidly in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction into both marine and continental basins at low and moderately high latitudes, which were notably different in salinity, temperature, depth and redox conditions. This confirms that small lightly calcified microconchids were a genuine disaster eurytopic group, whose expansion may have been promoted by low predator pressure and low competition for substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the features of the soil cultural layers of the settlement monuments of the developed late Bronze Age of the XIX–XVII centuries. BC. (1930–1750 BC, 1890–1740 BC, 2830–2820 BC, 1875–1840 BC, 1820–1795 BC, 1780–1685 BC, 1670–1665 BC (Beta Analytic – 347344, 347343, 352489, 395800) of the Southern Urals after the population's withdrawal. Monuments are monogenetic, located in the middle reaches of the river Urshak, with its tributary the Belyi Kluch River, created by the population of Srubnaya and Alakul cultural communities. The cultural layers are exposed, that is, the duration of the processes of soil formation and transformation is more than 3,5 thousand years.

Reproductive features of the valuable medicinal herbs Glycyrrhiza glabra L., G. uralensis Fisch., and G. korshinskyi Grig. were investigated; an assessment was made of the state of the reproductive systems of populations located under introduction conditions in the Central Urals and in the zone contact of the species ranges in the southern cis-Urals. The states of the male and female reproductive systems, seed productivity elements, pollination features, and the viability of seeds produced by different pollination treatments were studied. For the three Glycyrrhiza species, the seed productivity indices were found to decrease considerably starting from the early stages of development of the female reproductive system and continuing to seed maturity. A quantitative analysis of seed productivity elements taking into account the flowering duration of the species showed that the seed production system of the species is very efficient; even in the introduced populations located north of the range, it is able to produce viable seeds in years with favorable growing conditions. Qualitative and quantitative indices of the reproductive system were used to characterize samples from the zone of contact between the ranges. Embryological analysis confirmed the possibility of interspecific hybridization and the prevalence of hybrid forms among the samples. A broad distribution of interspecific hybridization in Glycyrrhiza in various parts of the ranges is assumed. Glycyrrhiza species are characterized by seed and vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction is limited in space but efficiently ensures reproduction of individuals and formation of vegetative clones. Seed reproduction is characterized by indices such as amphimictic seed formation, strict entomophily, and interspecific compatibility. Seed reproduction is a factor that controls the possibility of wide propagation of the genetic material in space and, hence, the formation of mixed and hybrid populations leading to a higher intraspecific and interspecific diversity of the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]