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6. Collective entrepreneurship in low-income communities: The importance of collective ownership, collective processes and collective goods.

Author

Cairns, Iain, Southern, Alan, and Whittam, Geoff

Subjects
POOR communities, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, COLLECTIVE action, CULTURAL capital, SOCIAL capital
Abstract

By focusing on individualised theories of entrepreneurship, mainstream entrepreneurship literature often marginalises entrepreneurship as a product of collaborative action. Addressing this limitation, our emphasis on collective entrepreneurship is contextualised in the setting of low-income communities and draws out three important components: collective ownership, collective processes and collective goods. Through our qualitative research into two community organisations in the West of Scotland, we demonstrate the important interplay of each component. We provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics at play as collective forms of entrepreneurial behaviour result in community actors empowered to pursue a commercial activity, negotiate with the state and exploit existing and newly emerging social and cultural capital. Our theoretical contribution explains the linkages and connections of the three components to better understand collective entrepreneurship in low-income communities and entrepreneurial processes more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Shaping the space of flows : local economies and information and communication technologies

Author

Southern, Alan

Subjects
381, Local governance, Partnerships, Technology
Abstract

Technological and economic development have long since been associated. From the archaeological discoveries of urban living to the cities of the future; from Babylon to places such as Singapore, technology and life are entwined. Much preoccupation today is with information and communications technologies (ICTs) and misguided notions of 'cyberspace' and 'information superhighways' and of course, life in the informational age. The hype that goes with this often conjures up images of endless potential for marginalised groups, or in turn, reinforces the powers of dominant groups during a most challenging period for capitalism. Yet there is a need for research into the way technology, and in particular ICTs, interacts with the social, political, cultural and economic complexity that forms the basis of place. This thesis attempts to address that need by focusing on the role of ICTs in local economies. Based on an extensive overview of the North East, and followed by an intensive approach of investigation into a small number of case studies, this work looks at the political processes that go hand-in-hand with technology and place. Specifically, the thesis pays attention to locally based partnerships that have taken form to build up the ICTs potential of local economies, and it seeks to understand the reasons why these have occurred at this particular moment in time. The research has identified a number of points in the local economy that appear to be emerging as areas for ICTs application. In effect, these are the key points from which the local economy is connected to the global economy. It is argued that local economies are falling in line behind a more global shift towards what Manuel Castells refers to as the informational mode of development. The role of local ICTs partnerships is crucial in enabling such development and the mechanics behind this are investigated. Again, by drawing on the work of Castells, it is contended that these groups are trying to condition the dynamics of the informational age and the logics of that age. That is, local ICTs partnerships, at the level of place, are attempting to shape the space of flows. Four cases are considered in detail. There is the work of the Sunderland Telematics Working Group who have developed a strategic path for the application of ICTs in the city. There is the work of the Wansbeck Initiative, focused on an emerging set of methods to deal with local economic decline and peripheralisation. There is the work of the County Durham Informatics Partnership, led by the county-wide Training and Enterprise Council and supported by the local University, the County Council and a number of local district authorities. And then there is Teesside, a place that has had a number of false starts in commencing on the road to informationalism, due in part to a lack of cohesion in the partnership building process. There is also the work of Northern Informatics who act as part of the bigger regional picture, perhaps suggesting that as these groups take form there may be an ICTs 'turf-war' to consider. This work shows that there is indeed some level of contestation as local ICTs partnerships are formed. Fundamentally, we are at the beginning of something new here, and there can be no predetermined outcome of how local groups attempt to shape the space of flows.

Published
1999

11. Towards measuring food insecurity stigma

Author

Taylor, Natalie, Hardman, Charlotte, Boyland, Emma, Southern, Alan, and Davison, Robbie

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Public Health, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Abstract

Development and validation of a two-part scale to measure stigma experiences as a result of food insecurity and food support access.

Published
2022
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19. Can information and communication technologies support regeneration? (Policy Review Section)

Author

Southern, Alan

Subjects
Information technology -- Social aspects, Communication -- Social aspects, Neighborhood -- Social aspects, Community -- Analysis, Social networks, Regional focus/area studies
Abstract

Recent initiatives by the New Labour administration have brought together the role of information and communication technologies and regeneration. Concerns about the digital divide and social exclusion have been considered in the context of neighbourhood renewal and access to mainstream services, such as education, training and employment. This article asks the question of whether information and communication technologies (ICT) can really support regeneration. Despite a growing interest in this field, three aspects are raised that have rarely been considered. The first concerns the association between ICT and regeneration. It is argued that the relationship between the two is vague and that value-laden judgements lie behind the idea of technology addressing complex matters of regeneration. The second related point is about the evidence base for evaluating local ICT initiatives. It is suggested here that the notion of ICT providing a net benefit for communities is unsubstantiated. This leads to the third poin t, that the political-administrative arrangements of and within ICT projects require serious attention. The article is likely to be of interest to academics and practitioners alike who are concerned with the application and local administration of ICT projects in 'poorer' neighbourhoods. Regeneration ICT communities Technology

Published
2002

22. Anchoring the social economy at the metropolitan scale: Findings from the Liverpool City Region.

Author

Thompson, Matthew, Southern, Alan, and Heap, Helen

Subjects
*NONPROFIT sector, *ECONOMIES of scale, *URBAN community development, *URBAN research, *RATINGS of cities & towns
Abstract

This article revisits debates on the contribution of the social economy to urban economic development, specifically focusing on the scale of the city region. It presents a novel tripartite definition – empirical, essentialist, holistic – as a useful frame for future research into urban social economies. Findings from an in-depth case study of the scale, scope and value of the Liverpool City Region's social economy are presented through this framing. This research suggests that the social economy has the potential to build a workable alternative to neoliberal economic development if given sufficient tailored institutional support and if seen as a holistic integrated city-regional system, with anchor institutions and community anchor organisations playing key roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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23. Public policy and devolved governance: Facilitating the social and solidarity economy in the Liverpool City Region

Author

Heap, Helen, Southern, Alan, and Thompson, Matt

Subjects
Politik, Sozialwirtschaft, ddc:330, Soziale Werte, Liverpool
Abstract

National policy support in the United Kingdom for the social and solidarity economy is complex, often caught between central and local interventions, both direct and indirect. According to the authors, there has been legislation, underpinned by an ideology of business deregulation and a more enterprising mindset, that has stimulated a very particular idea of the social economy at the national level. At the same time, two further pieces of legislation have impacted local-level SSE: the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012, which required public service providers to consider economic, social and environmental value in their procurement decisions, and thus provided opportunities for local governments to support the SSE; and the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. The authors discuss the importance of devolution for the SSE in the Liverpool City Region. The SSE has been recognized as an important part of efforts to build a more inclusive economy. The Metro Mayor considers the SSE a necessary partner in achieving city-region objectives, and the Combined Authority has implemented new means of collaboration. New governance arrangements have produced a political voice for the sector through the Liverpool City Region SSE Reference Panel. Collaboration has also led to a finance initiative that delivers better forms of social investment into the sector. Overall, however, the authors conclude that the UK remains a highly centralized state and much remains to be done to face the needs that exist in the city region - both the needs of communities, and the help required to ensure the development and successful growth of the SSE.

Published
2020

24. Políticas públicas y gobernanza descentralizada: Facilitar la economía social y solidaria en la Región de la Ciudad de Liverpool

Author

Heap, Helen, Southern, Alan, and Thompson, Matt

Subjects
Kommunalpolitik, Sozialwirtschaft, ddc:330, Liverpool, Dezentralisierung
Abstract

National policy support in the United Kingdom for the social and solidarity economy is complex, often caught between central and local interventions, both direct and indirect. According to the authors, there has been legislation, underpinned by an ideology of business deregulation and a more enterprising mindset, that has stimulated a very particular idea of the social economy at the national level. At the same time, two further pieces of legislation have impacted local-level SSE: the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012, which required public service providers to consider economic, social and environmental value in their procurement decisions, and thus provided opportunities for local governments to support the SSE; and the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. The authors discuss the importance of devolution for the SSE in the Liverpool City Region. The SSE has been recognized as an important part of efforts to build a more inclusive economy. The Metro Mayor considers the SSE a necessary partner in achieving city-region objectives, and the Combined Authority has implemented new means of collaboration. New governance arrangements have produced a political voice for the sector through the Liverpool City Region SSE Reference Panel. Collaboration has also led to a finance initiative that delivers better forms of social investment into the sector. Overall, however, the authors conclude that the UK remains a highly centralized state and much remains to be done to face the needs that exist in the city region - both the needs of communities, and the help required to ensure the development and successful growth of the SSE.

Published
2020

26. Politiques publiques et décentralisation: Soutien à l'économie sociale et solidaire dans la Région urbaine de Liverpool

Author

Heap, Helen, Southern, Alan, and Thompson, Matt

Subjects
Politik, Sozialwirtschaft, ddc:330, Soziale Werte, Liverpool
Abstract

National policy support in the United Kingdom for the social and solidarity economy is complex, often caught between central and local interventions, both direct and indirect. According to the authors, there has been legislation, underpinned by an ideology of business deregulation and a more enterprising mindset, that has stimulated a very particular idea of the social economy at the national level. At the same time, two further pieces of legislation have impacted local-level SSE: the Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012, which required public service providers to consider economic, social and environmental value in their procurement decisions, and thus provided opportunities for local governments to support the SSE; and the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016. The authors discuss the importance of devolution for the SSE in the Liverpool City Region. The SSE has been recognized as an important part of efforts to build a more inclusive economy. The Metro Mayor considers the SSE a necessary partner in achieving city-region objectives, and the Combined Authority has implemented new means of collaboration. New governance arrangements have produced a political voice for the sector through the Liverpool City Region SSE Reference Panel. Collaboration has also led to a finance initiative that delivers better forms of social investment into the sector. Overall, however, the authors conclude that the UK remains a highly centralized state and much remains to be done to face the needs that exist in the city region - both the needs of communities, and the help required to ensure the development and successful growth of the SSE.

Published
2020

27. The Essential Management and Finance Sourcebook

Author

Southern, Alan

Subjects
The Essential Management and Finance Sourcebook (Book), Books -- Book reviews, Business, Business, international
Abstract

The Essential Management and Finance Sourcebook is part of a series of three business sourcebooks published by Pitman which claim to be 'a vital management tool and asset to your [...]

Published
1997

28. Generative Anger: From Social Enterprise to Antagonistic Economies

Author

North, Peter, Nowak, Vicky, Southern, Alan, Thompson, Matt, North, Peter, Nowak, Vicky, Southern, Alan, and Thompson, Matt

Abstract

This essay offers conceptual development for thinking diverse economies in terms of their relationship to antagonism. Rather than seeing antagonism as unhelpfully fueling capitalocentric thinking, the essay argues that antagonism can usefully recognize and engage with problematic forms of power and domination. Building on calls for a closer engagement of community-economies thinking with wider anticapitalist praxis, the essay explores how social and solidarity economy (SSE) practices sometimes reproduce, sometimes challenge, and sometimes build alternatives to forms of power that attempt to shape, obstruct, and obliterate attempts to create better worlds. The essay develops conceptualizations of social enterprise, the social economy, and solidarity economies before offering the novel concept of the antagonistic economy, arguably a site from which angry opposition to constraining power relations can generate a more productive politics of possibility. The conception of the antagonistic economy is developed by discussion of taking back labor through recovered factories and land through community land trusts.

Published
2020

29. Re-grounding the city with Polanyi: From urban entrepreneurialism to entrepreneurial municipalism

Author

Thompson, Mathew, Nowak, Vicky, Southern, Alan, Davies, Jackie, Furmedge, Peter, Thompson, Mathew, Nowak, Vicky, Southern, Alan, Davies, Jackie, and Furmedge, Peter

Abstract

Conventional approaches to local economic development are failing to address deepening polarisation both within and between city regions across advanced capitalist economies. At the same time, austerity urbanism, particularly in the UK, presents challenges for urban authorities facing reduced budgets to meet increased demands on public services. Municipalities are beginning to experiment with creative responses to these crises, such as taking more interventionist and entrepreneurial roles in developing local economies, generating alternative sources of revenue or financialising existing assets. Rooted in a Polanyian perspective and building on the concepts of the entrepreneurial state and grounded city, we identify an embryonic alternative approach – what we call ‘entrepreneurial municipalism’ – as a policy pathway towards resolving enduring socioeconomic problems where neoliberal urban-entrepreneurial strategies have failed. We situate entrepreneurial municipalism as one strand in an assemblage of new municipalist interventions, between radical urban social movements and more neoliberal strategies such as financialised municipal entrepreneurialism. Drawing on original research on the Liverpool City Region, we explore how local authorities are working with social enterprises to harness placebased assets in ways which de-commodify land, labour and capital and re-embed markets back into society. Finally, we draw upon Polanyi as our guide to disentangle differences in approach amongst divergent forms of municipalist statecraft and to critically evaluate entrepreneurial municipalism as a possible trajectory towards the grounded city.

Published
2020

30. Multipartite attitudes to enterprise : a comparative study of young people and place

Author

Parkinson, Caroline, Nowak, Vicky, Howorth, Carole, Southern, Alan, Parkinson, Caroline, Nowak, Vicky, Howorth, Carole, and Southern, Alan

Abstract

The article examines young people’s attitudes towards enterprise, comparing prosperous and deprived neighbourhoods and two UK cities. Corpus linguistics analysis identified multi-layered attitudes and variations in how place prosperity and city affect attitudes. High interest in enterprise was associated with weaker place attachment and reduced social embeddedness. Young adults from prosperous neighbourhoods delegitimised other’s enterprises; the ‘deprived’ sub-corpus included more fluid notions of enterprise legitimacy. Liverpool accounts contained stronger discursive threads around self-determination; Bradford accounts included greater problematizing of entrepreneurship versus employment. An original Multipartite Model of Attitudes to Enterprise is presented consisting of four layers: attitudes to enterprise generally; attitudes legitimising particular forms of enterprise; attitudes to enterprise related to place; and attitudes to enterprise related to self. The conclusion explains why policies and research need to be fine-grained and avoid uni-dimensional conceptualisations of attitudes to enterprise or deterministic arguments relating entrepreneurship to specific types of places or backgrounds.

Published
2020

33. Growth, sustainability and purpose in the community business market in the Liverpool City Region

Author

Heap, Helen, Nowak, Vicky, Schwaller, Ellen, Southern, Alan, Thompson, Matt, Heap, Helen, Nowak, Vicky, Schwaller, Ellen, Southern, Alan, and Thompson, Matt

Abstract

This report builds an evidence base that demonstrates how growth can be achieved in the community business market in Liverpool City Region. Based on a database of community businesses, semi structured interviews and a survey, the report finds that the community business market in the region is significant. The authors call for further support to help grow the sector. This report was produced by Heseltine Institute for Public Policy, Practice and Place at the University of Liverpool who successfully won funding from Power to Change’s open call for research grants.

Published
2019

39. Young people and entrepreneurial cultures in low-income communities

Author

Parkinson, Caroline, Southern, Alan, Howorth, Carole, and Nowak, Vicky

Abstract

Understanding how to support entrepreneurial cultures is critical for the future of places. Local entrepreneurial cultures are the shared views that determine how people in a place - or location -understand and experience the phenomenon of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurship literature has often attributed lack of enterprise in certain types of places, particularly ëdepletedí or ëlow income communitiesí to an entrepreneurial deficit and distance from enterprise culture. In UK policy, however, enterprise has long been promoted as panacea to deprivation in lowincome communities . Little is known about how entrepreneurial cultures develop differently within more and less deprived places. Particularly little is known about how young people ís attitudes to enterprise, as one element of those shared views, are affected by place, as they conceptualise it. Yet entrepreneurial responses might still be needed most in the places marginalised from the growth centres. Enterprise initiatives targeting young people as an alternative career route tend to be universal rather than place-based and take-up of enterprise remains low. How far the potential for enterprise within young people ís trajectories is influenced by place is unknown. This paper reports the findings of a research project exploring the links between place, enterprise and young people in Bradford and Liverpool, UK. The research combined interpretive, corpus linguistic and discourse analysis to examine how certain place factors affect young adults í attitudes to enterprise in low-income versus more prosperous neighbourhoods. Beyond various age-based commonalities, we found that where they live and deprivation status each has defined effects on how young adults construct enterprise within their own trajectories and the trajectories of their places. This paper challenges views that attribute simplistic place or person specific factors to an area ís propensity for enterprise. We argue for understanding how place-based factors, expressed and shaped by the attitudes of young members of those places, affect the future of entrepreneurial cultures. In this way, the paper bridges thinking on informal, youth and place-based entrepreneurship.

Published
2015

40. The crafting of an (un)enterprising community: context and the social practice of talk

Author

Parkinson, Caroline, Howorth, Carole, Southern, Alan, Parkinson, Caroline, Howorth, Carole, and Southern, Alan

Abstract

This article examines a ‘deprived’ UK community to identify how (dis)connections between context and enterprise are produced within accounts of a particular locality. We used a discursive psychological approach to examine how the community depicted itself as a context for enterprise. Our analysis identified three discursive repertoires mobilised by a range of voices in the community which combined to portray an unenterprising community and create a conceptual deadlock for enterprise. We suggest it is too deterministic to assume context is fixed and controls the potential for entrepreneurial development. Instead, we should consider social practices, including talk, that help construct the contexts in which entrepreneurship is expected to occur.

Published
2017

42. Community Land Trusts, affordable housing and community organising in low-income neighbourhoods.

Author

Engelsman, Udi, Rowe, Mike, and Southern, Alan

Subjects
LAND trusts, LOW-income housing, DEVELOPING countries
Abstract

Community Land Trusts (CLTs) offer a community-led response to housing problems and can provide affordable housing for low-income residents. Generally the academic work on CLTs remains underdeveloped, particularly in the UK, although some argue that they can be an efficient way in which to manage scarce resources while others have noted that CLTs can provide a focal point for community resistance. In this article we provide evidence on two active CLTs in inner urban areas in major US cities, New York and Boston. In Cooper Square, Lower East Side Manhattan and Dudley Street, south Boston, we see the adoption of different approaches to development suggesting that we should speak of models of CLTs rather than assuming a single operational approach. The cases we present indicate both radical and reformist responses to the state and market provision of housing and neighbourhood sustainability. They also suggest community activism can prove to be significant in securing land and the development of the CLT. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2018
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48. Community Land Trusts: A Radical or Reformist Response to The Housing Question Today?

Author

Engelsman, Udi, Rowe, Mike, and Southern, Alan

Subjects
COMMUNITY organization, HOME ownership, HOUSING developers, COMMUNITIES, PROPERTY rights
Abstract

Community Land Trusts (CLTs) can be a focal point of community organization in defence of neighbourhood space and in seeking to push back against powerful developers. Simultaneously, we also see CLTs that represent a reformist desire for self-help and petite bourgeois claims on home ownership. Through a study of three working class neighbourhoods, one each in Manhattan and Boston and the other in Liverpool, UK, we see evidence of radical agitation, reformist politicization and technocratic authority over the deployment of resources and the management of land and housing. The CLT is shown as a means by which communities become politicized, operating as a site of resistance to what Harvey would refer to as 'surplus absorption' through inner urban transformation. Yet, if as Engels suggests, the abolition of the capitalist mode of production is the only way to address inequality driven by private property rights and developer interests, he may also have argued that, while CLTs begin as radical instruments, their impact on the housing question will always remain reformist in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016

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