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Assessing and monitoring the welfare of free-living mammals is not a usual process due to the logistical complications associated with their capture and sedation, collection and storage of biological samples and their release. In this context, non-invasive methods for monitoring wildlife constitute a good alternative approach for in situ conservation. Body condition index, as a measurement of health status, has been used in free-living mammals; its low value may be associated with negative effects on reproduction and survival. The present study aimed to generate an alternative and reliable non-invasive method and then determine the body condition index, based on previously-collected biometric measurements, without the need to capture and immobilise the animals. A total of 178 free-living Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766 were trapped, weighed and measured. Statistical methods were used, based on Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) using body mass, biometric measurements (body length, height and chest girth) and gender as explanatory variables. To assess the agreement between the real Body Condition Indices (BCIs) and the predicted values of BCIs, we explored the correlation between each model using the Bland-Altman method. This method showed a strong agreement between the predictive BRT models proposed (standardised residuals from a linear regression between body length and chest girth) and standardised residuals (linear regression between body mass and body length). The results obtained herein showed that BRT modelling, based on biometrical features, is an alternative way to verify the body conditions of coatis without the need to capture and immobilise the animals.

Nasua nasua is a carnivore belonging to the family Procyonidae and is widely distributed throughout South America. The details of its anatomy are fundamental to the application of antomy and understanding of its natural history. This study aimed to measure the average length, width, thickness, and volume of the kidneys; the average length of the renal artery and vein, and to describe the renal and vessel skeletopy in Nasua nasua. For this purpose, 32 kidneys and renal vessels of 16 cadaveric specimens (eight male and eight female) were dissected and measured using a digital caliper. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between the rostrum-sacral length and the renal and vessel variables. The kidneys had a “bean-shaped” aspect with smooth surfaces and were unipapilate. On average, the N. nasua kidneys measured 30 × 16 × 13 mm, with no significant difference between the sexes. The average right renal artery (1.74 ± 0.67 cm) was longer than the left (1.26 ± 0.43 cm), and the right renal vein (1.22 ± 0.34 cm) was shorter than the left renal vein (1.82 ± 0.46 cm) (p < 0.05). One male animal (6.8%) presented with a double right renal vein as an anatomical variation. Both the right and left kidney cranial poles prevailed at the level of the L2 vertebra, assuming a practically symmetrical position. There was a positive and moderate to high correlation between rostrum-sacral length and renal dimensions and renal vessel lengths. The present data may be useful for interpreting the diagnosis of nephropathies that affect renal dimensions in this species and may contribute to the comparative anatomy of carnivorans.

Objective To describe the diagnosis, management, and outcome of Heinz body hemolytic anemia in a South American coati (Nasua nasua) secondary to suspected leek (Allium ampeloprasum) toxicosis. Case summary A South American coati presented with Heinz body hemolytic anemia following addition of leeks to its diet for 2-5 days prior to initial presentation. Administration of a whole blood transfusion from an animal of the same species (conspecific) and supportive care resulted in immediate improvement in clinical signs. Normal behavior fully returned within 6 days of transfusion. Hematological evidence of anemia resolved by 4 weeks and there were no significant features of oxidative injury present by 8 weeks following initial presentation. New information provided This is the first reported case of Heinz body hemolytic anemia, suspected leek toxicosis, and administration of a blood transfusion in this species.

The South American coati Nasua nasua is a relatively common species throughout the Neotropical region. Despite this, ecological information on the species, including its biological interactions and habitat use, is scarce, especially for the Andes. In some regions, Nasua nasua is sympatric with other closely related species of the Procyonidae family, including the mountain coati Nasuella olivacea. Here, we assess the influence of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the occupancy of these two species and the spatial and temporal bases of their co-occurrence along an elevational gradient. Camera trapping (with 85 camera-trap stations) was conducted during the dry season of 2016 along elevations from 1600 to 3600 m above sea level (m. a. s. l.) in northern Peru. We observed a total of 244 detections for Nasua nasua and 17 for Nasuella olivacea over 9457 cumulative camera-days. Occupancy modelling (Royle-Nichols model) showed that Nasua nasua occupancy was significantly and negatively related to elevation but positively related to forest cover. In contrast, Nasuella olivacea occupancy was significantly and positively related to elevation. In addition, Nasuella olivacea was detected in only 5 of the 45 total sites occupied by Nasua nasua; therefore, spatial overlap was low. Consequently, co-occurrence modelling based on a Bayesian approach showed no evidence of avoidance between the two coati species. Additionally, activity patterns suggest low levels of temporal overlap; however, we consider this a preliminary finding due to the limited number of detections for Nasuella olivacea. Our results not only increase the understanding of the ecology of both Nasua nasua and Nasuella olivacea but also provide information towards their conservation in this part of their distribution range.

Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal Rural da Amaz?nia. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Zoonotic enteroparasitosis represent an important public health problem, and species of protozoa such as Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardiaspp. can reach high frequencies in regions where basic sanitation conditions are poor, which promotes outbreaks of diarrhea in humans and domestic and wild animals. Wild mammals such as the South American coati (Nasua nasua) feed on insects present in thesoil, fruits, and small vertebrates, and are susceptible to contamination by enteroparasites present in the environmental niche. The aimof the present studywastoinvestigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidiumspp. and Giardiaspp. in N. nasuafrom a region in the Brazilian Amazon. Fecal samples of 27 coatistwo from free-living and 25 from captivitywere collected in three different municipalities in the state of Par?, Brazil. The search for Giardiaspp. and Cryptosporidiumspp. in the collected samples were performed using the direct and Kinyoun methods, respectively, and a commercial immunological test (RIDA?QUICK Cryptosporidium/GiardiaCombi. ?R-Biopharm) was used to detect antigens from both parasites. Cryptosporidiumspp. oocysts were found in 11.1% (3/27) of the samples; one from a free-living animal and two from captive animals. Giardiaspp. cysts were found in 11.1% (3/27) of the samples, all from captive animals. This is the first report of infection by these protozoans in this coati's species in the North region of Brazil; the South American coati may be participating as maintainers and disseminators of infectious agents to the environment and other hosts.

Fragmentation and habitat loss are top threats to tropical forest biodiversity and the Atlantic Forest is no exception. Over 80% of Atlantic Forest remnants in Brazil are < 50 ha and lack resident populations of large predators (jaguars, Panthera onca , and pumas, Puma concolor ). Mesopredators with opportunistic life-history characteristics (e.g., ocelots, Leopardus pardalis ) are now hypothesized to be the dominant competitor(s) in these systems and may negatively affect the spatial or temporal distribution of other sympatric mesocarnivores. We used camera-trap data, occupancy models, and temporal overlap indexes to explore whether ocelot occurrence influenced the habitat use or activity patterns of 6 mesocarnivores in reserves of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ocelot occurrence did not influence the habitat use of these mesocarnivores. Moreover, the ability of some mesocarnivore species, especially the little spotted cat ( L. guttulus ), to adjust their activity patterns to avoid direct contact with ocelots may facilitate their coexistence in these Atlantic Forest remnants. Ocelot occurrence did not influence the activity pattern of 2 nocturnal species (the crab-eating fox, Cerdocyon thous , and the crab-eating raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus ), suggesting that these species are more tolerant of ocelots than other mesocarnivores. The probability of occupancy varied among species, with tayra ( Eira barbara ) and South American coati ( Nasua nasua ) having the highest occupancy estimates; overall, occupancy by mesocarnivores correlated negatively with reserve size. Because mesocarnivores are important drivers of ecosystem function, structure, and dynamics and may occupy unique roles that cannot be filled by larger carnivores, future studies should assess environmental factors influencing the use of these small remnants of Atlantic Forest by each mesocarnivore species. A fragmentacao e a perda de habitat sao as principais ameacas para a biodiversidade da floresta tropical e a Mata Atlântica nao e excecao. Mais de 80% dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no Brasil sao < 50 ha e nao tem populacoes residentes de grandes predadores (oncas-pintadas, Panthera onca , e oncas-pardas, Puma concolor ). Uma hipotese atual indica que mesopredadores com caracteristicas oportunistas de historia de vida (ex., jaguatiricas, Leopardus pardalis ) sao os competidores dominantes nestes sistemas, podendo afetar negativamente a distribuicao espacial ou temporal de outros mesocarnivoros simpatricos. Nos utilizamos dados de armadilhas fotograficas, modelos de ocupacao e indices de sobreposicao temporal para explorar se a ocorrencia da jaguatirica influencia o uso do habitat ou o padrao de atividade de 6 mesocarnivoros em reservas da Mata Atlântica brasileira. Nossos resultados indicam que a ocorrencia da jaguatirica nao influenciou o uso do habitat por estes mesocarnivoros. Alem disso, a capacidade de algumas especies de mesocarnivoros, especialmente o gato-do-mato ( L. guttulus ), de ajustar os seus padroes de atividade para evitar um contato direto com as jaguatiricas pode facilitar a coexistencia destas especies nestes remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. A ocorrencia da jaguatirica nao influenciou o padrao de atividade de 2 especies noturnas (o cachorro-do-mato, Cerdocyon thous , e o mao-pelada, Procyon cancrivorus ), sugerindo que estas especies sao mais tolerantes a jaguatirica que outros mesocarnivoros. A probabilidade de ocupacao variou entre as especies, com a irara ( Eira barbara ) e o quati sul americano ( Nasua nasua ) apresentando as estimativas mais altas de ocupacao. No geral, a ocupacao do habitat pelos mesocarnivoros correlacionou negativamente com o tamanho da reserva. Visto que os mesocarnivoros sao importantes direcionadores da funcao, da estrutura e das dinâmicas do ecossistema e podem ocupar papeis unicos que nao podem ser preenchidos por carnivoros maiores, estudos futuros devem avaliar os fatores ambientais que estao infuenciando o uso destes pequenos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica por cada especie de mesocarnivoro.

Fil: Lima, Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Lima, Fernando. Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; Brasil. Fil: Beca, Gabrielle. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Lara Muylaert, Renata de. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Jenkins, Clinton N. Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; Brasil. Fil: Lages Perilli, Miriam Lucia. Instituto para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais; Brasil. Fil: Paschoal, Ana Maria de Oliveira. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Lima Massara, Rodrigo. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Pereira Paglia, Adriano. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Garcia Chiarello, Adriano. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto. Departamento de Biologia; Brasil. Fil: Graipel, Maurício Eduardo. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Brasil. Fil: Cherem, Jorge José. Caipora Cooperativa para a Conservação da Natureza; Brasil. Fil: Regolin, André Luis. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Rodrigues Oliveira Santos, Luiz Gustavo. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Instituto de Biologia. Departamento de Ecologia; Brasil. Fil: Brocardo, Carlos Rodrigo. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Brocardo, Carlos Rodrigo. Instituto Neotropical Pesquisa e Conservação; Brasil. Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Paviolo, Agustín Javier. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina. Fil: Moraes Scoss, Leandro. Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network. Terrestrial Vertebrate. Bicho do Mato Instituto de Pesquisa; Brasil. Fil: Lopes Rocha, Fabiana. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental; Brasil. Fil: Fusco-Costa, Roberto. Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia; Brasil. Fil: Fusco-Costa, Roberto. Universidade Federal do Paraná. Programa de Pós-Doutorado em Ecologia e Conservação; Brasil. Fil: Alves da Rosa, Clarissa. Instituto Alto Montana da Serra; Brasil. Fil: Hufnagel, Ludmila. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Marques Santos, Paloma. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Teixeira Duarte, Gabriela. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Neves Guimarães, Luiza. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Bailey, Larissa Lynn. Colorado State University. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology; Estados Unidos. Fil: Guimarães Rodrigues, Flávio Henrique. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Departamento de Biologia Geral; Brasil. Fil: Morais Cunha, Heito. Sete Soluções e Tecnologia Ambiental; Brasil. Fil: Moreli Fantacini, Felipe. Instituto Ambiental Brüderthal; Brasil. Fil: Oliveira Batista, Graziele. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis; Brasil. Fil: Bogoni. Juliano André. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia; Brasil. Fil: Tortato, Marco Adriano. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação; Brasil. Fil: Micheli Ribeiro Luiz. Instituto Felinos do Aguaí; Brasil. Fil: Peroni, Nivaldo. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Brasil. Fil: Volkmer de Castilho, Pedro. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca; Brasil. Fil: Bernardes Maccarini, Thiago. Rua Martim Stahl; Brasil. Fil: Picinatto Filho, Vilmar. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva; Brasil. Fil: De Ángelo, Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: De Ángelo, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: De Ángelo, Carlos. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, Paula. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Cruz, Paula. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Verónica. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Fil: Varela, Diego. Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Fil: Cintra Cavalcanti, Sandra Maria. Instituto para Conservação dos Carnívoros Neotropicais; Brasil. Fil: Camargo Martensen, Alexandre. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva; Brasil. Fil: Maggiorini, Erica Vanessa. Prefeitura da Estância Turística de Salto. Secretaria de Meio Ambiente; Brasil. Fil: Ferreira Keesen, Fabíola. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Biomas Tropicais, Brasil. Fil: Valle Nunes, André. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação; Brasil. Fil: Mendes Lessa, Gisele. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Mastozoologia; Brasil. Fil: Cordeiro-Estrela, Pedro. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia. Laboratório de Mamíferos; Brasil. Fil: Guimarães Beltrão, Mayara. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia. Laboratório de Mamíferos; Brasil. Fil: Guimarães Beltrão, Mayara. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas; Brasil. Fil: Figueiredo de Albuquerque, Anna Carolina. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia. Laboratório de Mamíferos; Brasil. Fil: Figueiredo de Albuquerque, Anna Carolina. Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas; Brasil. Fil: Ingberman, Bianca. Instituto de Pesquisas Cananéia; Brasil. Fil: Righetto Cassano, Camila. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação; Brasil. Fil: Cullen Junior, Laury. Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas; Brasil. Fil: Ribeiro, Milton Cezar. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Fil: Galetti, Mauro. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecología; Brasil. Our understanding of mammal ecology has always been hindered by the difficulties of observing species in closed tropical forests. Camera trapping has become a major advance for monitoring terrestrial mammals in biodiversity rich ecosystems. Here we compiled one of the largest datasets of inventories of terrestrial mammal communities for the Neotropical region based on camera trapping studies. The dataset comprises 170 surveys of medium to large terrestrial mammals using camera traps conducted in 144 areas by 74 studies, covering six vegetation types of tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of South America (Brazil and Argentina), and present data on species composition and richness. The complete dataset comprises 53,438 independent records of 83 species of mammals, includes 10 species of marsupials, 15 rodents, 20 carnivores, eight ungulates and six armadillos. Species richness averaged 13 species (±6.07 SD) per site. Only six species occurred in more than 50% of the sites: the domestic dog Canis familiaris, crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous, tayra Eira barbara, south American coati Nasua nasua, crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus and the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus. The information contained in this dataset can be used to understand macroecological patterns of biodiversity, community, and population structure, but also to evaluate the ecological consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and trophic interactions.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes toxoplasmosis in humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Although there is serological evidence of T. gondii infection in wild animals, little is known about the role of wildlife in the epidemiological chain of this parasite. The South American coati (Nasua nasua) is an omnivorous species capable of adaptation to different environments. It can be found throughout Brazil, and in anthropized environments it can come into close contact with domestic animals. The present study found occurrences of T. gondii antibodies in South American coatis living in the Tietê Ecological Park, in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, through the modified agglutination test (MAT). In total, 99 samples were obtained and 70.70% (n = 70) were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies, with titers that ranged from 50 to 3200. The data from this study indicate that South American coatis are exposed to this parasite. Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário parasita intracelular obrigatório que causa a toxoplasmose em humanos, animais domésticos e selvagens. Apesar das evidências sorológicas da infecção por T. gondii em animais selvagens, pouco se sabe sobre o papel da vida selvagem na cadeia epidemiológica deste parasito. Os quatis (Nasua nasua) são uma espécie onívora capaz de se adaptar em diferentes ambientes. Eles são encontrados em todo território brasileiro, e em ambientes antropizados podem apresentar um contato próximo com animais domésticos. O presente estudo verificou a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii em quatis habitantes do Parque Ecológico do Tietê, São Paulo, Brasil, pelo Teste de Aglutinação Modificada (MAT). No total, 99 amostras foram obtidas das quais 70,70% (n = 70) foram positivas para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos de anticorpos que variaram de 50 a 3200. Os dados obtidos neste estudo indicam que quatis sul-americanos são expostos a este parasito.

The importance of Clostridium perfringens for most wild animal species remains unclear. This study aimed to isolate and genotype C. perfringens in stool samples from free-living South American coati (Nasua nasua) in Brazil. Forty-six free-living N. nasua were trapped and stool samples were collected. Two different protocols for C. perfringens isolation were tested: direct plating onto selective agar and pre-enrichment in broth followed by plating in selective agar. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from 15 (32.6%) animals by direct plating and 36 (78.3%) animals by broth PE, and the rate of isolation was significantly different between these two methods (P < 0.01). Twelve of the 36 (33.3%) isolated strains by the PE protocol were positive for the β-2 toxin-encoding gene (cpb2) whereas the enterotoxin-encoding gene (cpe) and necrotic enteritis like-B toxin gene (netb) were not found. These results suggest that C. perfringens is commonly part of the microbiota of free-living coatis. Additionally, the use of a PE protocol appears to be essential for studies on C. perfringens in this species.

The course of an experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in coatis (Nasua nasua, carnivora, Procyonidae) was followed for 262 days. Hematological analysis of the infected coatis revealed a marked decline in hemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and total erythrocyte count. An intense anemia followed the first wave of parasitemia and persisted until the end of the experimental period. Biochemical analysis showed increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and decreased albumin. The main histopathological features consisted of myocarditis with the presence of degenerate cardiac fibers and meningoencephalitis. This study has shown that coatis infected with T. evansi develop a chronic disease.

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize Clostridium difficile strains in stool samples from a wild urban mammal, a South American coati (Nasua nasua) in Brazil. Forty-six free-living N. nasua were trapped, and stool samples were collected. C. difficile was isolated from three (6.5%) sampled animals, two strains were toxigenic (A+B+CDT−, PCR ribotype 014/020 and 106) and one was non toxigenic (A−B−CDT−, PCR ribotype 053). The present work confirms that ring-tailed coati (N. nasua) could harbor C. difficile strains, including those PCR ribotypes commonly reported in C. difficile infection in humans.

A 14-mo-old South American coati (Nasua nasua) was submitted for necropsy to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The coati had a history of progressive neurologic signs beginning 3 mo prior to euthanasia. At necropsy, the coati was in thin body condition, but no other significant findings were evident. Histopathologic findings included moderate distension of neuronal cell bodies by finely vesiculated cytoplasm within the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord, and intestinal ganglia. Hepatocytes and macrophages in the lung, spleen, and liver were similarly affected. Transmission electron microscopy showed numerous electron-dense membranous cytoplasmic bodies, swirls, and vesicular profiles within neuronal lysosomes in the brain. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a naturally occurring congenital glycogen storage disease in a South American coati and the family Procyonidae.

Three of six captive South American coatis (Nasua nasua) presented with respiratory distress and died despite treatment. Postmortem examination performed on two of these animals revealed granulomatous pleuropneumonia associated with acid-fast bacilli. Because of the possible diagnosis of mycobacterial infection, the three remaining asymptomatic coatis were anesthetized. Tracheal washes were sampled and submitted for microbiology, and the animals were euthanatized and postmortem examinations performed. One of these asymptomatic adult males had whitish granulomas in multiple organs and tissues. Additionally, the isolate from this male's tracheal wash was identified as Mycobacterium kansasii by molecular analysis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of M. kansasii infection in Nasua nasua.

El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer valores de referencia para el suero de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), bilirrubina (total y directa), fosfatasa alcalina, proteínas totales y albúmina en cautiverio coatí sudamericano (Nasua nasua). Un total de 19 coatíes (11 hombres y 8 mujeres) de dos parques zoológicos en la zona de Lima, Perú se tomaron muestras de sangre. Los coatíes se le impidió químicamente usando clorhidrato de ketamina (10 mg / kg de peso corporal) y xilacina clorhidrato (1 mg / kg de peso corporal) por vía IM. sangre muestras (4 ml) se recogieron a través de punción de la vena femoral utilizando tubos vacutainer sin anticoagulante. Los valores de química sanguínea obtenidos fueron ALT: 94,0 ± 48,5 UI / L, AST: 124,7 ± 49,4 UI / L, bilirrubina total: 0,72 ± 0,55 mg / dl, bilirrubina directa: 0,19 ± 0,21 mg / dl, bilirrubina indirecta: 0,52 ± 0,52 mg / dl, fosfatasa alcalina: 46,8 ± 26,4 UI / l, proteínas totales: 8,0 ± 1,1 g / dl y albúmina: 3,9 ± 0,5 g / dl., The objective of this study was to establish reference serum values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (total and direct), alkaline phosphatase, total proteins and albumin in captive South American coati (Nasua nasua). A total of 19 coatis (11 males and 8 females) from two zoo parks in the area of Lima, Peru were blood sampled. The coatis were chemically restrained using ketamine clorhidrate (10 mg/kg body weight) and xilacine clorhidrate (1 mg/kg body weight) via IM. Blood samples (4 ml) were collected through femoral vein puncture using vacutainer tubes without anticoagulant. The blood chemistry values obtained were ALT: 94.0 ± 48.5 UI/L, AST: 124.7 ± 49.4 UI/L, total bilirubin: 0.72 ± 0.55 mg/dl, direct bilirubin: 0.19 ± 0.21 mg/dl, indirect bilirubin: 0.52 ± 0.52 mg/dl, alkaline phosphatase: 46.8 ± 26.4 UI/L, total proteins: 8.0 ± 1.1 g/dl, and albumin: 3.9 ± 0.5 g/dl.

The course of Trypanosoma evansi infection in coatis (Carnivora, Procionidae) was followed for 262 days. Parasites were detected in all infected animals from day 2 post infection until the end of the study. No correlation between temperature and parasitemia was observed. Animals of the infected group demonstrated depression, weakness, lethargy and pale mucous membranes. Indirect fluorescent antibody tests detected anti-T. evansi antibodies within 7 to 14 days post infection and showed high levels until the end of the experimental period. The persistent parasitemia in coati and their relative tolerance to clinical signs suggested that this species develops a chronic disease and plays an important role in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis due to T. evansi in enzootic regions.

SUMMARY A newborn South American coati, Nasua nasua (Linn.), acquired an intractable and eventually fatal Microsporum gypseum infection from the soil in its cage at the Zoo. The final picture of a hepatorenal syndrome with shock developed. The disease was neither relieved nor evidently aggravated by griseofulvin therapy. Fungal resistance developed to the drug in vitro. It was thought that the infection persisted initially because of neonatal immune tolerance. The pathogenesis of M. gypseum infection was also studied in the guinea-pig while comparing the virulence of the strains isolated.

Background: Placental research in carnivores has concentrated on domestic species, which have zonary, labyrinthine placentas with an endotheliochorial barrier. Although the coati, Nasua nasua, is a widely distributed species in South America, data on the development of the placenta and the fetal membranes in this species are very sparse. Findings: Four placentas from mid-gestation to near term were collected from wild individuals and were investigated based on gross morphology, histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The available data support the concept that the ancestral condition of placentation in carnivores is phylogenetically characterized by a zonary and labyrinthine placental type with an endotheliochorial fetomaternal barrier, comprising extended epitheliochorial and haemochorial zones, such as hemophagous organs for iron supply and histiotrophe uptake and a yolk sac placenta. Conclusions: Because of the foundational mechanisms that lead to the considerable complexity of fetomaternal contact zones in carnivores have not been studied, carnivores are interesting animal models for interhaemal barrier differentiation.