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This paper examines the extent to which the level of personalization in advertisements on social networking sites from four online sources affects source attitudes. Based on the privacy-calculus theory, the trade-off between perceived personal relevance and perceived creepiness is tested. We also examine the moderating role of source type. We used a factorial survey by setting up a 3 (level of personalization: low vs. moderate vs. high) x 4 (source type: health vs. governmental vs. commercial vs. news) between-subjects design. We tested a moderated mediation model with perceived creepiness and relevance as competing mediating variables and source type as the moderating variable based on the privacy calculus theory and social exchange theory. The results indicate that perceived creepiness negatively explains personalization perceptions. The tipping point can be found between the low and moderate level: a moderate (vs. low) level of personalization increases perceived creepiness, but high personalization does not increase it further. Contrary to our expectations, perceived relevance does not act as a positive explanatory mechanism. Finally, our findings demonstrate that source type is important: the privacy calculus for each personalization level differs for different online sources.

Convenience sampling dominates social science research. But there is a paucity of studies comparing the impact of sample source type based on composite-based theoretical model relationships. This s...

This study explores the impact of source type (expert, experienced, and layperson) and message relevance (high versus low relevance) on message processing and persuasion in the context of health po...

The knowledge of crack type and dislocation orientation is helpful for the lifetime prediction of thin plates on aircrafts. The moment-tensor inversion utilizes the Acoustic Emission (AE) signals to detect cracks and the source mechanisms can be interpreted by the decomposition of moment tensors. Since the traditional moment-tensor inversion is implemented for the AE sources inside infinite elastic bodies, the inversion needs to be modified for the cracks in thin plates. In this study, the moment tensors of cracks in thin plates are derived and the inversion equation is provided based on the Green's function of second kind. A method of modifying the moment tensors to adapt to the existing decomposition processes and source-type plots is provided. By employing the Finite Element Method (FEM), the wave fields generated by the AE sources are computed. The AE sources continuously changing from pure tensile type (Model I) to shear type (Model II) are achieved in the FE models and the moment tensors are recovered. By the comparison between the reference values and recovered solutions, the source type can be accurately identified in the source-type plot and the applicability of the moment-tensor inversion for cracks in thin plates is confirmed.

This paper examines the extent to which the level of personalization in advertisements on social networking sites from four online sources affects source attitudes. Based on the privacy-calculus theory, the trade-off between perceived personal relevance and perceived creepiness is tested. We also examine the moderating role of source type. We used a factorial survey by setting up a 3 (level of personalization: low vs. moderate vs. high) x 4 (source type: health vs. governmental vs. commercial vs. news) between-subjects design. We tested a moderated mediation model with perceived creepiness and relevance as competing mediating variables and source type as the moderating variable based on the privacy calculus theory and social exchange theory. The results indicate that perceived creepiness negatively explains personalization perceptions. The tipping point can be found between the low and moderate level: a moderate (vs. low) level of personalization increases perceived creepiness, but high personalization does not increase it further. Contrary to our expectations, perceived relevance does not act as a positive explanatory mechanism. Finally, our findings demonstrate that source type is important: the privacy calculus for each personalization level differs for different online sources.

Particulate matter (PM) deposition on urban green enables the collection of particulate pollution from a diversity of contexts, and insight into the physico-chemical profiles of PM is key for identifying main polluting sources. This study reports on the morphological and elemental characterization of PM2-10 deposited on ivy leaves from five different environments (forest, rural, roadside, train, industry) in the region of Antwerp, Belgium. Ca. 40,000 leaf-deposited particles were thoroughly investigated by particle-based analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and their physico-chemical characteristics were explored for PM source apportionment purposes. The size distribution of all deposited particles was biased towards small-sized PM, with 32% of the particles smaller than 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) and median diameters of 2.80-3.09 mu m. The source type influenced both the particles' size and morphology (aspect ratio and shape), with roadside particles being overall the smallest in size and the most spherical. While forest and rural elemental profiles were associated with natural PM, the industry particles revealed the highest anthropogenic metal input. PM2-10 profiles for roadside and train sites were rather comparable and only distinguishable when evaluating the fine (2-2.5 mu m) and coarse (2.5-10 mu m) PM fractions separately, which enabled the identification of a larger contribution of combustion-derived particles (small, circular, Fe-enriched) at the roadside compared to the train. Random forest prediction model classified the source type correctly for 61-85% of the leaf-deposited PM. The still modest classification accuracy denotes the influence of regional background PM and demands for additional fingerprinting techniques to facilitate source apportionment. Nonetheless, the obtained results demonstrate the utility of leaf particle-based analysis to fingerprint and pinpoint source-specific PM, particularly when considering both the composition and size of leaf-deposited particles.

This study investigates the framing of immigration by political actors in US election news from 2006 to 2014 and how they present the issue as a problem (for society, for immigrants, no problem fra...

Mexico has an important number of cities recognized by the UNESCO as World Heritage Site. Many of them have highway and railway bridges with an important historical value product of the constructio...

This study describes a significant upgrade to the particulate matter (PM) size disaggregation profile library used for preparing emissions files for the GEM-MACH (Global Environmental Multiscale-Modelling Air-quality and CHemistry) chemical transport model (CTM). This model uses a sectional (bin) approach to represent the PM size distribution, where one configuration employs 12 size bins to disaggregate PM

A new equation for predicting Japanese instrumental seismic intensities at arbitrary surface sites in Japan for Mw 5.4–8.7 and distances ranging from 10 to 1000 km was derived from approximately 30,000 observed intensities for various types of earthquakes. The equation incorporates the differences in the subsurface characteristics immediately beneath each site using VS30. The equation can also predict the abnormal intensities (which are indispensable in Japan) due to subducting slabs using the depth of the slab surface beneath each site from the Crustal Activity Modeling Program standard plate model. The prediction equation can be applied to five source types: Pacific Ocean plate (PAC) interplate, PAC intraplate, very shallow crustal, shallow (≤50 km) Philippine Sea plate (PHS) intraplate, and intermediate-depth (>50 km) PHS intraplate earthquakes. Although the equation is applicable at various magnitudes and distances, the standard deviations (σ) are 0.5–0.6, which are smaller than those of other equations with narrower distance ranges. Smaller σ values were achieved by the inversion of 29,837 Japanese instrumental seismic intensities from 68 selected earthquakes of five source types with a common site effect at each station. A deep Mw 7.9 earthquake that occurred at a depth of 680 km in 2015 near the Ogasawara Islands and subjected all of Japan to long-duration shaking due to waves propagating through the mantle was effectively employed to constrain the VS30 term of the equation. The equations for PAC interplate and very shallow earthquakes were validated by seven earthquakes that were not used for the inversion; the standard deviations for these earthquakes fell in the range of 0.41–0.53. The formula for very shallow crustal earthquakes is also able to predict the intensities of PHS interplate earthquakes. Hence, this equation is useful not only for engineering applications but also for historical seismology to distinguish the source types of ancient earthquakes.

The experimental results of evaluating levels of air pollution with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention at Amderma and Tiksi stations in 2015–2017 are presented. The list of POPs includes polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The ranges of the POP concentration are revealed and the statistical characteristics (mean, median) over the observation period are calculated. Based on the analysis of diagnostic ratios and temperature dependences, the features of global transport sources are considered. A wide range of variations in the concentration of POPs is shown that depends on environmental factors and the source type (local sources or global transport).

PurposeThrough two experiments, this study assessed source and message effects of Instagram-based pro-veganism messages.Design/methodology/approachExperiment 1 (N = 294) examined effects of organization (brand vs nonprofit) and message types (egoistic vs altruistic) on consumer responses to Instagram-based pro-veganism content. Experiment 2 (N = 288) examined effects of source type (celebrity vs noncelebrity) and message valence (positive vs negative) on consumer responses to Instagram-based pro-veganism content.FindingsResults demonstrated significant main effects of organization type, with consumers indicating more positive attitudes and higher credibility toward the brand. Significant main effects of message type were also found, with altruistic messages eliciting higher perceived information value than egoistic messages. Subjective norms had moderating effects on attitude toward the organization, while attitude toward veganism had moderating effects on perceived information value. Results also indicated significant main effects of message valence on perceived information value of pro-veganism Instagram posts and significant interaction effects of the two manipulated factors on intention to spread electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) about pro-veganism.Originality/valueImplications for use of Instagram-based health marketing communication about veganism were discussed. Specifically, organizations looking to use social media to influence attitudes and behavioral intentions toward health issues should seek to reach their target audiences through selecting endorsers and messages that will optimally present the health issue in a relatable and engaging way.

Concerns about the potential environmental impacts of geophysical surveys using air gun sources, coupled with advances in geophysical surveying technology and data processing, are driving research and development of commercially viable alternative technologies such as marine vibroseis (MV). MV systems produce controllable acoustic signals through volume displacement of water using a vibrating plate or shell. MV sources generally produce lower acoustic pressure and reduced bandwidth (spectral content) compared to air gun sources, but to be effective sources for geophysical surveys they typically produce longer duration signals with short inter-signal periods. Few studies have evaluated the potential effects of MV system use on marine fauna. In this desktop study, potential acoustic exposure of marine mammals was estimated for MV and air gun arrays by modeling the source signal, sound propagation, and animal movement in representative survey scenarios. In the scenarios, few marine mammals could be expected to be exposed to potentially injurious sound levels for either source type, but fewer were predicted for MV arrays than air gun arrays. The estimated number of marine mammals exposed to sound levels associated with behavioral disturbance depended on the selection of evaluation criteria. More behavioral disturbance was predicted for MV arrays compared to air gun arrays using a single threshold sound pressure level (SPL), while the opposite result was found when using frequency-weighted sound fields and a multiple-step, probabilistic, threshold function.

Facebook, a form of digital marketing tool acts as a valuable element to reach out to the people or potential communities which aids in generating millions of revenues for businesses. Facebook Marketing has become one of the famous online marketing tools besides Google Advertisement. Many businesses ranging from Small Medium Enterprises (SME) to large scale corporations rely on Facebook Marketing because the results yielded are extensively and impeccably lucrative for these businesses. This study aims to provide an overview of literature on Facebook Marketing for the years ranging between 2006 and 2020by using bibliometric analysis of research productivity viewed through Scopus database.The analysis captured the most influential document and source types during this period. It also captured the most significant countries who contributed to the publications, the most productive authors and the most noticeable institutions involved with the related documents. The main method used was searching within the Scopus database,Visualisation of Similarities (VOSviewer) software and Harzing’s Perish software. The results of the analysis revealed that of the 1888 document source type, Journal is the preferred source type for publication with 66.21% (1250 sources). This is followed by Conference Proceeding with 21.21% (408 sources), Book Series covers 5.93% (112 sources), Book covers 5.24% (99 sources), and Trade Journal covers 1.01% (19 sources).

espanolLos debates electorales han sido extensamente estudiados en los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, no se conoce ningun estudio dedicado a analizar y evaluar la investigacion sobre debates electorales en Espana. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el estado actual de la investigacion sobre este campo. Para ello, se utilizo el analisis bibliometrico de los articulos de revistas, los capitulos de libros, los libros, las actas de congresos y las tesis publicados en los ultimos veinticinco anos (1993-2018). Se consultaron cinco bases de datos: Dialnet, ISOC, Teseo, Scopus y Web of Science. El numero de documentos fue de 107. Se analizaron la tipologia documental, la autoria, la evolucion temporal de las publicaciones y el idioma. En cuanto a los articulos, se estudio la distribucion por revistas, los centros de adscripcion, las principales lineas de investigacion, el debate mas investigado, las disciplinas, el tipo de investigacion y la tecnica mas utilizada. Los resultados muestran, entre otras cuestiones, que la investigacion se difunde principalmente a traves de los articulos de revistas cientificas; la colaboracion entre autores es poco frecuente; la lengua mas utilizada es el espanol, y la presencia en revistas con factor de impacto es muy baja. EnglishElectoral debates have been subjected to extensive study in the United States. However, there is a lack of studies analysing and assessing electoral debates in Spain. Hence, this project seeks to assess the current situation of research in this field. To this end, a bibliometric analysis of journal articles, book chapters, books, congress proceedings and theses, published in the last twenty-five years (1993-2018), was used. Five databases: Dialnet, ISOC, Teseo, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) were examined. 107 documents were found. The source type, the authorship, the language and the development over time of publications were analysed. As regards journal articles, the following items were studied: the source of the journal, the affiliations, the main research focus, the main debate examined, the subject area, the type of research and the technique most commonly used. The results reveal that, first, the research is mainly disseminated by means of scientific journal articles; second, collaboration between authors is unusual; third, the language most widely used is Spanish, and, fourth, it rarely appears in impact factor journals.

In this paper, the author analyses a few examples of fraud in life and accident insurance. The cases that are the subject of this Article can be classified as "heavy frauds" according to the seriousness of the crime committed and as "external" according to the source type. The course and epilogue of the trials show how important it is to have the closest possible coordination between the judicial, police and insurance institutions and that the character of insurance frauds is becoming increasingly international, requiring stronger cross-border inter-institutional cooperation. Also, experts from a growing number of disciplines (from medicine, through mechanical engineering to technological sciences) do have a particularly notable role in discovering false insurance claims. Their expertise findings can make a decisive contribution to clarifying the circumstances of each and every case. The examples presented in this Article illustrate that closer cooperation between all the named participants and the use of advanced methods and technologies are the indispensable tool of a good and a more efficient fight against the insurance fraud.

Encrypting information with pre-agreed key is an effective method to ensure information security. With the increasing requirement for key rate, this paper investigates the problem of simultaneously generating a secret key (SK) and a private key (PK) over three legitimate terminals with a trusted helper via public discussion that a passive eavesdropper completely access to. The legitimate terminals and the helper observe the correlated source sequences from the outputs of discrete memoryless source (DMS). The legitimate terminals wish to generate an SK that is concealed from the eavesdropper, and two designated legitimate terminals want to generate a PK that needs to be additionally keep secret from the third legitimate terminal. Under this model, the SK-PK capacity region is fully characterized, and the source coding scheme is further provided to show that the region is achievable. The security performance of the generated keys is analyzed in terms of key leakage rate.

The article presents the results of the study of the additive technology of direct growing from aluminum wire using various energy sources - laser, arc and combined laser-arc, as well as their influence on the microstructure of walls grown from aluminum alloy AlMg6Zr. Keywords: high power laser, laser cladding, microstructure aluminum based alloys

Електромагнітні поля (ЕМП) можуть виникати як природно, так і внаслідок людської діяльності. У сучасних умовах стрімкого поширення набувають нові джерела штучних ЕМП через інноваційні технології зв’язку. Тому виникає потреба у дослідженні техногенних ЕМП і механізмів їх впливу на біосистеми. У роботі розглядається питання впливу штучних ЕМП на здоров’я людини, дов­кілля та біологічні об’єкти. Проаналізовано експериментальні та теоретичні роботи стосовно дії ЕМП. Наведено опис принципів нормування рівнів неспецифічних ЕМП і захисту від впливу техногенних ЕМП. Обговорюються можливі механізми дії ЕМП та електромагнітних випромінювань (ЕМВ) на біологічні об’єкти, в тому числі через накопичення біогенних магнітних наночастинок в організмі. Метою дослідження є огляд сучасних способів виявлення біологічних ефектів нетеплових неіонізуючих ЕМП і ЕМВ та визначення перспектив використання біологічних тест-систем для оцінки ефектів ЕМП. Найбільшу увагу приділено сенсорам ЕМП на основі культур мікроорганізмів. Запропоновано класифікацію існуючих тест-систем за критеріями: 1) життєздатності клітин; 2) рухової активності клітин; 3) біолюмінесценції та змін кольору під впливом ЕМП. Аргументовано потребу в розробці простих і надійних біологічних індикаторів різних видів ЕМП, насамперед надвисокочастотного випромінювання, у зв’язку з впровадженням технології 5G-зв’язку. Наголошено на необхідності стандартизованих протоколів випробувань для порівняння результатів досліджень. Показано, що опис відповідних експериментів доцільно супроводжувати такими ознаками: 1) назва культури клітин; нативні клітини або модифіковані; 2) фізичні характеристики ЕМП або ЕМВ (частота, потужність, модуляція, вид джерела); 3) тривалість впливу; 4) перелік досліджуваних параметрів; 5) методи дослідження; 6) абсолютні виміри і результати та відносна величина ефекту; 7) від чого залежить вплив (температура, вік культури клітин, склад живильного середовища); 8) успадковування змін у клітинах; 9) час релаксації ефекту. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) can occur both naturally and due to human activity. Nowadays, through the innovative communication technologies, the new sources of artificial EMFs are widely disseminated. Therefore, one needs to study the artificial EMFs and mechanisms of their influence on biosystems. The paper deals with the issues of the influence of artificial EMFs on human health, environment and biological objects. The experimental and theoretical investigations concerning an action of EMF are analyzed. The description of principles of standardization of non-specific EMFs and protection from the influence of man-made fields is presented. Possible mechanisms of EMF and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) action on biological objects, including those due to the accumulation of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in an organism, are discussed. The aim of the research is to review state-of-the-art methods for detecting the biological effects of non-thermal non-ionizing EMF and EMR and to determine the prospects of using biological test-systems for evaluation of effects of EMFs. Hereby, the main attention is drawn to EMF sensors based on the cultures of microorganisms. The classification of existing test-systems is proposed according to criteria: 1) vitality of cells; 2) motor activity of cells; 3) bioluminescence and color changes under the influence of EMF. The need to develop simple and reliable biological indicators for various types of EMFs, especially for ultrahigh-frequency radiation in connection with the introduction of 5G communications technology, is substantiated. The necessity of standardized test-protocols for comparison of research results is emphasized. It is shown that the description of corresponding experiments should be accompanied by the following features: 1) name of the cell culture; native or modified cells; 2) physical characteristics of EMF or EMR (frequency, power, modulation, source type); 3) exposure duration of; 4) list of parameters to be investigated; 5) research methods; 6) absolute measurements, results and the relative magnitude of an effect; 7) what does the influence depend on (temperature, age of cell culture, composition of the nutrient medium); 8) inheritance of changes in cells; 9) relaxation time of the effect. Электромагнитные поля (ЭМП) имеют как естественное происхождение, так и являются результатом человеческой деятельности. В современных условиях стремительное распространение получили новые источники искусственных ЭМП из-за появления инновационных технологий связи. Поэтому возникает потребность в исследовании техногенных ЭМП и механизмов их воздействия на биосистемы. В работе раскрыты вопросы влияния искусственных ЭМП на здоровье человека, окружающую среду и биологические объекты. Проанализированы экспериментальные и теоретические работы, касающиеся действия ЭМП. Приведено описание принципов нормирования уровней неспецифическихЭМП и защиты от влияния техногенных ЭМП. Обсуждаются возможные механизмы действия ЭМП и электромагнитных излучений (ЭМИ) на биологические объекты, в том числе в результате накопления биогенных магнитных наночастиц в организме. Целью исследования является обзор современных способов выявления биологических эффектов нетепловых неионизирующих ЭМП и ЭМИ и обозначение перспектив использования биологических тест-систем для оценки эффектов ЭМП. Наибольшее внимание уделено сенсорам ЭМП на основе культур микроорганизмов. Предложена классификация существующих тест-систем по критериям: 1) жизнеспособности клеток; 2) двигательной активности клеток; 3) биолюминесценции и изменения цвета под влиянием ЭМП. Аргументирована потребность в разработке простых и надежных биологических индикаторов разных видов ЭМП, прежде всего сверхвысокочастотного излучения, в связи с внедрением технологии 5G-связи. Подчеркнута необходимость стандартизованных протоколов испытаний для сравнения результатов исследований. Показано, что описание соответствующих экспериментов целесообразно сопровождать такими признаками: 1) название культуры клеток; нативные клетки или модифицированные; 2) физические характеристики ЭМП или ЭМИ (частота, мощность, модуляция, вид источника); 3) длительность влияния; 4) перечень исследуемых параметров; 5) методы исследований; 6) абсолютные значения, результаты и относительная величина эффекта; 7) от чего зависит влияние (температура, возраст культуры клеток, состав питательной среды); 8) наследование изменений в клетках; 9) время релак­сации эффекта.

Scientific journals are academic environments where the information produced is shared with the scientific network. The journals contribute to link the scientific communication system and to create the literature. For this reason, it is very important to examine scientific journals in terms of bibliometric characteristics. In this study the biometric profile of the The Journal of Values Education , which is the first scientific journal of its kind in the field of values education, will be analyzed. The research is designed as a qualitative case study. The research scope consists of 167 research articles published in The Journal of Values Education between 2009-2018. The data were analyzed by bibliometric analysis technique. According to the results obtained, it is found that the number of articles published in the journal is above a certain average each year and that the articles are mostly single-authored. The published manuscripts are between 21-30 pages and the institutions contributing the most to the Journal were Sakarya University, Ministry of National Education and Marmara University. Researchers who contributed most to the journal are holding Lecturer Dr./ Asst. Prof academic ranks. It was found that the publications sent to the journal were accepted in 1-3 months. 23.9% of the journal articles were never cited. The most cited source type in the journal is the article.

Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust. It can be harmful to human health when released in large quantities and/or converted to the neurotoxicant methyl mercury in aquatic ecosystems. This study analyzes global and regional trends in anthropogenic Hg releases to the atmosphere between 2010 and 2015, as well as the associated trends in modeled and measured Hg concentrations at sites around the world. In general, we find that global Hg emissions and concentrations have grown slightly in this period, as declines from the phase-out of commercial Hg use in the developed world have been more than matched by increases in Hg-related activities in the industrializing countries of the world. We estimate that global Hg emissions between 2010 and 2015 have grown at a rate of 1.8%/yr, from 2188 Mg (+44%/-20%, 80% C.I.) in 2010 to 2390 Mg (+42%/-19%, 80% C.I.) in 2015. Regionally, emissions declined over this period in the U.S. (−10%), OECD Europe (−5.8%), and Canada (−3.2%), while they increased in Central America (+5.4%), South Asia (+4.6%), and Eastern Africa (+4.0%). East Asia remained the largest emitting region at 1012 Mg in 2015, though growth there has slowed significantly in recent years. The production of Hg (+7.9%), caustic soda (+6.3%), and cement (+6.3%) showed the highest increases by source type, though artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) was the single largest source of emissions in 2015 (775 Mg). The commercial use of Hg in dental applications (−5.6%) and electrical equipment (−5.2%) continued to decline. These emission trends show a continuation of the regional and sectoral shifts that began in the 1970s, but with a resulting reversal in global trends, because the benefits from Hg phase-out in North America and Europe have been largely realized and industrial growth in developing countries has begun to dominate. The emission trends are in agreement with trends in modeled and measured concentrations, which show small declines in surface air total gaseous Hg concentrations in eastern North America and Western Europe between 2010 and 2015, but slight increases for much of the rest of the world, driven by the continued increases in emissions from Asia and from ASGM. Our results suggest that reductions of Hg in the North Atlantic region have been largely successful, and focus now needs to shift to Asia and to the continued practice of ASGM worldwide.

Three-loop antenna systems (TLASs) are one of the few sensors with the ability to simultaneously detect centrally located electric and magnetic dipole moment vectors. The theory of TLASs ignores the presence of ground planes and assumes that the responses comprise those of single dual-loaded loops in isolation. This paper investigates the ground plane proximity effects for the cases of centrally located electric or magnetic dipole moment sources, as a function ground plane separation distance. It is shown through simulations that the responses of the TLAS sensor are not significantly affected by the presence of a ground plane which is parallel to one of the loops. The only appreciable impact is that the margin of the source type discrimination decreases as the ground plane approaches the TLAS.

Around one third of the point-like sources in the Fermi-LAT catalogs remain as unidentified sources (UniDs) today. Indeed, these unIDs lack a clear, univocal association with a known astrophysical source identified at other wavelengths, or to a well-known source type emitting only in gamma rays (such as certain pulsars). If the dark matter (DM) is composed of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), there is the exciting possibility that some of these unIDs may actually be DM sources, emitting gamma rays by WIMPs annihilation. We propose a new search methodology that uses Machine Learning classification algorithms calibrated to a mixed sample of both experimental (known astrophysical objects) and theoretical (expected DM) data. With our methodology, we can correctly classify a promisingly high percent of astrophysical sources, opening a window to robustly search for DM source association among Fermi-LAT unIDs.

Objective Instagram and Twitter are two of the most popular social media platforms today. Beyond social communication, these platforms also have the potential to enhance medical education by providing early exposure and mentorship to students and residents in training. The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate orthopaedic surgery related content posted on Instagram and Twitter 2) to analyze who posts orthopaedic surgery related content and 3) to better understand how social media may be used to supplement medical education and exposure for students interested in orthopaedics. Design Three hashtags, #Orthopedics, #OrthopedicSurgery, and #OrthopedicSurgeon were searched on Instagram and Twitter from March 8 to March 18, 2020. Posts on both platforms were analyzed for the hashtag used, number of likes, source type (e.g. physician, company promoting a product), and type of post (e.g. advertisement, educational). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Setting This study was performed at the Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, by medical students, with guidance and supervision from faculty in the Tulane University Department of Orthopaedics. Results Data was collected from 212 (47.2%) Instagram and 237 (52.8%) Twitter posts over a 10-day period. Significantly more Instagram posts used the hashtags #Orthopedicsurgeon and #Orthopedicsurgery (P