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Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a core component of a processor, is one of the thrust areas of the current research. Presently, ALU is designed by transistor-based CMOS technique and its individual components are placed in different layers. The current design is affected by the limitations of Moore’s law and design complexity. At present, ‘Quantum cellular automata electro-spin (QCA-ES)’ technology is widely accepted technology as an alternative of ‘CMOS’ to minimize the above discussed problems. In this research paper, the design of a novel multilayer portable, dynamic, fault-tolerant, power-efficient, thermally stable reversible ALU is proposed which is explored through QCA-ES. All the arithmetic and logical components of ALU are separately placed in different layers. Area density, delay, fault tolerance and thermal stability are investigated. A specific type of gate, known as reversible gate (modified 3:3 ‘TSG’ gate), is used in this proposed design with QCA technology to get the optimized design ALU with low occupied area, complexity, delay and power dissipation. Investigation of a fault-free design and saturated amplitude level (of output) change with respect to temperature increment in the proposed device are also discussed in this paper. Not only the thermal stability (up to 6 k temperature) but also an investigation on cell complexity of the 100% fault-free (against multiple cell-omission, cell-displacement, cell-orientation change and extra cell deposition), multilayer nano-device is represented in this work. ‘QCA-Designer’ software is used in this research work to design and develop layout of the proposed components in quantum-field and find out the occupied area, delay and complexity of proposed design. ‘QCA-Pro’ software is used for getting the value of dissipated power.

A dual-band stacked antenna integrated with a rescue helmet is proposed for WLAN applications. The cross slot aperture feeding technique enables the antenna to support dual-band operation at 2.4 and 5 GHz. On the ground plane, two slots are formed, perpendicular to each other and of different lengths. Four dielectric layers of different permittivity are stacked over this cross slot to attain the desired frequency bands. Under free space condition, the radiator yields 7% (2.31–2.48 GHz), 15.87% (5.12–6 GHz) 10 dB return loss bandwidth (BW). The use of low loss dielectric layers on the slots also provides a high antenna efficiency and moderate gain at both frequency bands. The small dimension of antenna encourages its use as a wearable helmet antenna. Antenna performances are observed under wearable condition. For assessing human exposure to RF electromagnetic fields, SAR evaluations are conducted at both 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN bands.

Quantum dot cellular automata with electro-spin (“QCA-ES”) nanotechnology is an effective alternative to today’s popularly used “CMOS” technique. Owing to the advancement of the proposed “QCA-ES” which is a more effective transistor-less nanotechnology, the optimization of area occupation, delay, energy dissipation and device complexity becomes easier. In this work, the “QCA-ES” nanotechnology is proposed for the design of an advanced 4-bit reversible adder, which is also known as ripple-carry-adder (“RCA”). Here, the proposed advanced adder is designed with multilayer 3D platform using multilayer inverter gate. A comparative study among the different other methods of full-adder design is shown in the paper, which shows that the delay, cell complexity and area occupation of multibit advanced full-adder structure can be minimized more by forming a multilayer 3D reversible “RCA” design, where multilayer inverter gates are used. Further, a comparative study is also presented between the proposed advanced multibit multilayer “RCA” design and other advanced multibit adder designs using the selected “QCA-ES” technology by varying the quantum cell size (18–16 nm). A brief discussion of high-temperature tolerance with proper output strength of the proposed advanced multibit multilayer “QCA-ES”-based design is also presented in this paper.

The ever-growing expectation for high data rates has led to the introduction of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies to wireless connectivity. Such a system requires an MIMO antenna with high isolation. At the same time, the MIMO dimension should not be compromised for achieving high isolation. Thus, isolation techniques that do not allow an increase in dimension need to be fostered for MIMO antenna design. In this paper, a novel low-profile, miniaturized MIMO antenna with high isolation was developed considering a split ring resonator (SRR)-based bandstop filter as a decoupling network. The bandstop filter was designed with a unit cell split ring resonator structure and was deployed between two closely spaced monopole MIMO antenna elements to obtain isolation as high as 39.25 dB at 2.61 GHz. Two open-circuit stub lines were attached with the MIMO feeding network to achieve good impedance matching at resonance frequency. The proposed antenna exhibited a peak gain of 3.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 84%. It had a low envelop correlation coefficient (ECC &lt, 0.12), high diversity gain (DG &gt, 9.95 dB), low mean effective gain ratio (MEG 1/MEG 2 &lt, 0.05 dB), and low channel capacity loss (CCL &lt, 0.042 bits/s/Hz) at resonance frequency. The overall antenna dimension was restricted to 44&nbsp, mm&nbsp, ×22&nbsp, (0.38&nbsp, λ0×0.19&nbsp, λ0) for its easy integration in compact wireless devices.

In present nano-technical world, the quantum cellular automata (QCA) is a novel widely used technology where electrons are used in the quantum cells for information storing and transmitting. The analytical and numerical designs of different type of combinational and sequential components with the help of QCA spin technology are now under process. The current research paper presents the design and characterization of low power reversible carry look-ahead adder (CLA) at high bit-rate by using “Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Spin Technique”. The proposed circuit is a multilayer, portable, cost-effective, energy efficient, and optimized fault tolerance which is designed by three input ‘TSG’ reversible gate with three input ‘MV’ (Majority voter). QCA-Designer is used for logic and circuit level design of proposed devices and QCAPro is used for its power calculation. Along with this, the complex CMOS design of proposed circuit is performed by Xilinx and validated through FPGA Spartan 3E kit. The outcome and comparative table established the superior performance of reversible CLA designed by QCA compared to CMOS design.

Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) is an emerging technology in the current nano-technical world where electrons are used in the quantum cells for information storing and transmitting. The analytical and numerical design of different types of combinational and sequential circuits with the help of QCA spin technology is now under process. In this paper, the design of a multilayer 3D Reversible “Full Adder-Subtractor” by using Quantum Cellular Spin Technology (‘QCST’) is explored under the consideration of different trade-offs. The trust area of this paper is to reduce the cell-complexity, occupied unit-area, and clock-zone (latency of the design). The dissipated power also calculated under the presence of multilayer wire crossing with reversible logic. In this proposed structure reversible 3 × 3 “Feynman Gate” is used and the garbage outputs are utilized to design carry out and borrow out in the proposed design. The 3 × 3 “Modified QR Gate” (Reversible gate also) is also used to provide a new extra logical expression that is used for super-computing. In this also cited the logical design and validate by Verilog Code using Xilinx.

In the upcoming smart world where billions of sensors, actuators, communication, and networking devices are expected to be connected with each other, these devices will be of various types. The volume of the data expected to be generated will be huge and due to the heterogeneity of the connected devices, there will be various types of data as well as the rate of data generation will be variable. This leads to a challenge of storage and processing these “Big data”. In this paper, development of a Hadoop prototype system is presented. The system is developed using HDFS and MapReduce techniques. Red Hat Linux, Windows 10 with Oracle VM VirtualBox are used as the platform to develop this system.

Lower cost and lower power consumption are two emerging issues in the deployment of household IoT systems. In this paper, design and development of a prototype IoT-based home security system has been proposed. The low-cost sensors, Arduino board, and Raspberry Pi board are used to provide 24 × 7 home securities. In this system development, event-driven strategy is adopted to conserve energy.

Indoor UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) communication may disturb the existing primary users of WiMax, WLAN/ DSRC. Thus, there is a strong need for bandstop filters to provide free passage to the primary users. Reconfigurability is an essential requirement of cognitive radio implementation. A robust F-shaped reconfigurable bandstop filter design is presented in this work and the design is validated using HFSS, CST-MWS, and ADS platforms.

An Ultra Wide Band (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) including defected ground structure (DGS) has been developed in this work. Two different simulations have been utilized to design the required filter. Simulation results of software on filter performance have been compared to come into a conclusion. Return loss exceeds 10 dB and the insertion loss falls less than 1.3 dB everywhere in between 3.04 and 10.6 GHz. This filter can find applications in indoor and outdoor communications for the use of radar technology, remote sensing, cancer detection, patient monitoring system, etc.

Telemedicine is a life-changing product of this era, which is used to distribute health and medical information and services over a given area. Low-cost sensors, wireless systems, and internet of things (IoT) based tele-health care brings about constant care and a comprehensive monitoring capability both at home and at work. Real-time monitoring and timely responses have helped to cater a wide array of patient needs. Telemedicine provides to patients, living in secluded areas, an opportunity to receive care from specialists practising far away without paying a physical visit to them. Hybridization of technologies can provide a universal platform to healthcare experts across the globe to share information and discuss patient issues irrespective of their geographical location. This paper aims to establish and simulate cloud-based integrated multilayer telemedicine diagnosis software which takes in certain symptoms from the user and provides a diagnosis by consulting databases at the local, regional and the national level.

Driverless vehicles will become the reality in upcoming days and will redefine the future mobility of travelers and goods. According to protagonists of autonomous vehicle (AV), the accidents caused by the manual error, which is regarded as the major cause of road accidents, would be eliminated completely. Thus, almost all automobile giants are working toward the improvement of AV. In this work, first, a case study on Google driverless car is presented. Motivated by this case study, the development of a miniaturized prototype AV has been presented in this work. This prototype AV is equipped with two ultrasonic sensors and featured with automatic maneuvering and parking.

Nowadays, advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) is one of the utmost emerging matters of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Many sensors, with their own advantages and limitations, are available in market, to be implanted in the vehicle to provide guidance to the driver. Such guidance enables the action of vehicle by providing drivers advanced control and better driving experience. But the choice of sensors among the available sensors is an important issue that needs to be addressed. This paper presents a method, considering multiple constraints, to provide ranking of those sensors to be used to design a robust, reliable, and cost-effective ADAS.

Mobile applications are gaining substantial interests in recent years in large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSN). To achieve uninterrupted functioning of WSN, it is essential to initiate handover from current wireless node to another suitable node. A proactive distance handover algorithm for WSN is presented in this work. The algorithm is successfully validated considering the case studies of different mobility pattern.

In this paper MTI filter based clutter rejection technique is presented. How clutter rejection ability increases with the increase in Delay line canceleres in the MTI filter structure is shown here. Feedback path increases the response of a MTI filter and using feedback path four different types of MTI recursive filters are designed and tested for Radar clutter rejection. Matlab (7.9) is used as the simulation platform.

This paper reviews the current sensor technologies and communication methods available for mine safety monitoring. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology use in recently developed mine safety monitoring systems is highlighted and compared with traditional wired monitoring systems.

Always best connected (ABC) communication is an essential requirement for intelligent transportation system. In this paper, we propose a cognitive vertical handover (CVHO) engine to ensure seamless connectivity on the move. Analytic hierarchy process and artificial neural network are used for the development of the algorithm and MATLAB is used as simulation platform. The CVHO engine, which is knowledge based context aware system, takes into account multiple relevant criteria and previous experiences. This system is capable of performing both voluntary and reflex actions. A detailed literature review is presented to compare this work with the conventional methods of vertical handover. A case study, considering the network selection in a typical highway traffic scenario, which consists of both peer-to-peer (P2P) and mobile networks, is presented for the validation of the design. Three radio access technologies, WLAN (P2P), UMTS and WiMAX (mobile networks), are considered for simulation. The results show that the presented model not only realistically optimizes the best available network on the move but also avoids unnecessary handovers. This algorithm is specific to vehicular communication system and hence variation in network selection with vehicle speed is shown.

This paper deals with application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for Radar Clutter rejection, function approximation method of supervised ANN is applied here using back propagation algorithm. The database used for training and testing the ANN has been collected from simulating a moving vehicle in MATALAB(version 7.9) to obtain the RCS values at range and cross-range profiles. This work is validated by comparing received signal after clutter rejection with the received signal in no clutter condition.

Next generation vehicular communication environment will consist of heterogeneous radio access networks (RAN). For seamless connectivity, vertical handover is a mandatory requirement. A novel context aware vertical handover algorithm is presented here. TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), which is a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) tool, is used for the development of algorithm and MATLAB/SIMULINK is used as simulation platform. The optimum network is selected, based on multiple factors such as network traffic load, velocity of mobile station, data rate, usage cost and initial delay of network, among the available networks such as WiMax, WLAN and UMTS. This algorithm has been tested by simulating a virtual road traffic scenario. Variations in optimum RAN selection with vehicle speed keeping network traffic load constant and RAN selection with network traffic load keeping vehicle speed constant are shown graphically. The proposed algorithm is very simple yet powerful compared to the existing VHO algorithms and hence requires less execution time. Index Terms— ITS, Vertical handover (VHO), MCDM, TOPSIS, V2V and V2I.

In recent days, the intelligent transportation system (ITS) become one of the major thrust areas in the field of electronics and communication engineering. Here an architecture of multi-channel cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed to encounter the challenges in ITS. Spectrum sensing, decision and data fusion are the three major activities performed by the CR. A novel model, using dynamic Bayesian network (DBN), for data fusion is developed and presented in this paper. Three types of sensor data, GPS, local radar and gyroscopic data are considered for fusion to provide accurate online measurements to avoid collision in road traffic scenarios.

This paper deals with the implementation of data fusion technique viz. Kalman Filter in the estimation of a precise value for a set of data taken from sensors measuring various environmental aspects such as temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure. Current research work going in this field is also discussed in brief, as well as their limitations.

This paper introduces a soft computing based signal processing approach that simplifies the analysis of clutter problem. This is done by using a fuzzy logic algorithm to mitigate low angle land clutter. The proposed clutter mitigation method will be helpful to address the problem of false alarm in vehicular safety application.

The principal objective of this paper is to encounter the safety related challenges in intelligent transportation system (ITS). The detection of nearby vehicle is an important task for the radar that is used for safety application in ITS. But the received signal, contains the target information, is corrupted by clutter. This is an important issue in out door radar detection. Thus in this paper a novel method, based on STAP, has been proposed to address this issue. The mathematical modelling of non-homogeneous clutter is also presented here. The proposed methodology has been validated with help of a case study in a utopian vehicular safety scenario.

Vertical handover (VHO) is an essential requirement to provide seamless connectivity in heterogeneous radio access networks (RAN) environment. Intelligent transportation system (ITS), which needs an “always best connected” communication to ensure vehicular safety, is an application of 4G that is characterized by heterogeneous RAN. A novel context aware vertical handover algorithm for vehicular communication is presented here. ANP (Analytic Network Process), which is a multi criteria decision making (MCDM) tool, is used for the development of algorithm and MATLAB/SIMULINK is used as simulation platform. The optimum network is selected, based on multiple factors such as network traffic load, velocity of mobile station, reliability, data rate, usage cost and initial delay of network, among the available networks such as WiMax, WLAN and UMTS. This algorithm is specific to vehicular communication system and hence variation in network selection with vehicle speed is shown considering five case studies.

Principal objective of this paper is to form the ISAR image of a complex target using 76GHz long range radar (LRR). Modeling of point target is done and the idea is extended to model a complex target (vehicle). Simulation is performed in MATLAB platform. The sample points are generated using Graphical User Interface (GUI) of MATLAB. These sample points are processed using Nearest Neighbor Approximation interpolation technique. This ISAR imaging can be used for object classification and will be applicable to intelligent transportation systems (ITS) for adaptive cruise control (ACC) and hence to avoid collision.

The channel estimation is an important issue for safety and non safety applications of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Communication would come to a standstill if there were no channel estimation. It is essential to know the channel characteristics before sending a signal so that we have a fair knowledge of how distorted our received signal could be. Hence proper estimation is a major requirement to avoid erroneous reception. In this work, channel estimation algorithms, viz., LMS, RLS, MMSE and Kalman filter, are compared from ITS perspective. Further a case study, on OFDM based system in a utopian transport scenario, is presented to evaluate the efficiency of these algorithms. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ SIMULINK platform.

Simulation of the spectrum sensing towards the development of cognitive short range radar (CSRR) is presented in this paper. Also, the classification of the moving objects, another important issue in ITS, is addressed here. A convenient way of object classification is on the basis of 2D radar imaging. As a first step, in this work an ISAR image formation is explained and simulated. Only Fourier transform based approach of the received signal is insufficient to develop the radar image of moving targets. The method of joint time-frequency transform is applied to the radar returned energy to get the focused image of a moving target. The imaging is performed by simulating 24GHz short range radar with 100ns pulse width. MATLAB/ SIMULINK are used as simulation platform.

Intelligent transport system (ITS) deals with the remote sensing as well as access to the Internet and multimedia on the move. There is a need for a system that supports both remote sensing and communication aspects with simple and reconfigurable hardware. In the present work MATLAB/SIMULINK based modeling of such a system is done based on DSSS. Hardware realization of this model is achieved through the signal wave software defined radio (SDR). From the simulation results two empirical formulae are developed for target detection.

Liquid phase epitaxial growth of lattice-matched In0·53Ga0·47As layers on InP substrates is investigated with particular emphasis on the role of interface defects on layer quality. By differential Hall measurements it is established that a bad interface, resulting from the thermal decomposition of InP substrate prior to growth, degrade the electron mobility in all parts of the layer and the effect is most pronounced at regions close to the interface. However layers with much better physical and electrical characteristics are grown following steps to ensure substrate surfaces free from any thermal damage.