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We establish L 𝔮 {L^{\mathfrak{q}}} convergence for Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithms. More specifically, under mild conditions for the associated Hamiltonian motion, we show that the outputs of the algorithms converge (strongly for 2 ≤ 𝔮 < ∞ {2\leq\mathfrak{q} and weakly for 1 < 𝔮 < 2 {1 ) to the desired target distribution. In addition, we establish a general convergence rate for an L 𝔮 {L^{\mathfrak{q}}} convergence given a convergence rate at a specific q * {q^{*}} , and apply this result to conclude geometric convergence in the Euclidean space for HMC with uniformly strongly logarithmic concave target and auxiliary distributions. We also present the results of experiments to illustrate convergence in L 𝔮 {L^{\mathfrak{q}}} .

The suitability of different printing processes for the direct or indirect printing of microneedle arrays, as well as the modification of their surface with drug-containing coatings, has been investigated. 3D printing refers to a group of technologies that use numerically controlled apparatus to create a physical object from a virtual representation. The transdermal route has been introduced as an alternative to the bolus system. The skin is also identified to pose a barrier to permit molecules. The loss that occurred is compensated by transdermal delivery. 3D printing has several advantages in terms of waste reduction, design flexibility, and lowering the high cost. The compatibility of 3D printing techniques with printed medicine products is a factor in their selection. The variety of printable materials that are presently being used or could be utilized for 3D printing of transdermal drug delivery (TDD) devices. 3D printing has the potential to change today's "one size fits all" production and be used across the medication development process. 3D printing technology in the field of transdermal drug development as the system can be advanced in such as way that concentration can be increased or decreased with various drugs used in the printed featuring layers to enhancement of therapeutic efficacy. The impact and limitations of using 3D printing as a production process for transdermal drug delivery devices are required to be evaluated. This review discusses the present and future overlook of 3D printing technology of transdermal drug delivery systems and some advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing technology over conventional drug delivery approach.

Colon-targeted drug delivery is a wonderful drug delivery system targeting the lower parts of the GI tract to treat several colonic diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases subdivided as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amoebiasis, chronic diarrhea, colon cancer, vaginal infection, and bacterial infections, etc. A conventional drug delivery system can be referred to as a release of the drug, particularly to the targeted organ with a predetermined rate in a controlled manner. To achieve the prolonged therapeutic effect with predictable drug release kinetics, reduction of fluctuation in the steady-state concentration, increasing the therapeutic efficacy that convenient to patient and reduction of the patient compliance. Conventional drug delivery systems have some disadvantages which can be overcome by target-specific drug delivery systems. A targeted drug delivery system is a wonderful approach to target the pharmacological and therapeutical active moiety to target a specific region, and not to target non-targeted areas such as organ or tissue and accumulate to the targeting region only to show pharmacological activities. Some important criteria can be noticed under targeted drug delivery such as they are selectively and effectively targeting local as well as systemic regions and also involved in the pre-identified target can be set to deliver the active moiety, increase or enhancement of therapeutic concentration at the targeting region and accumulation of the active moiety to the target region and show high concentration, targeted drug delivery can enhancement of therapeutic activity with less adverse effect with less adverse events. The review discusses the advancement of targeted drug delivery over conventional drug delivery targeting the colonic environment to treat colonic diseases.

Current drug treatments are focused on pharmacological and chemotherapeutical treatment such as controlling the acute and chronic aggravation of diseases, maintaining remission, treating specific complications, and reducing the toxic effects. Several drugs are inappropriate for long-term therapy due to high toxicity levels and the inability to maintain remission of the therapy. An inflammatory bowel disease is a group of idiopathic, chronic, and pathological conditions which pursue protracted relapsing and remitting course cause prolonged inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, anemia, and weight loss due to dysregulated immune response. Several drugs have been come to the market to treat inflammatory bowel disease, but they are not potential to the patient due to their higher toxicity rate and low therapeutic activity. Ozanimod is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective oral selective modulator of sphingosine-1-phosphate selectively targeting inflammatory bowel disease like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease and is also involved in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. There is no serious adverse effect, as well as adverse events such as cardiac events, serious infections, or macular edema, was found in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The conventional drug delivery of ozanimod has severe adverse effects, which can be reduced by nanocarrier and stability and bioavailability can be enhanced. This review discusses the Pharmacological and therapeutical insight of Ozanimod for targeting inflammatory bowel diseases like Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease as well as Multiple Sclerosis and the importance of nanocarriers for Ozanimod to target the colon region and recent advancement technology introduced to Ozanimod.

Objective: The pH dependent solubility of Dipyridamole was made to select as a model drug for the formulation of gastroretentive drug delivery system. Dipyridamole is highly soluble in acidic pH and as the pH increases the solubility of the drug decreases. The study was planned to formulate, characterize with in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation in human volunteers. Method: In this study floating mini matrix tablets of Dipyridamole was formulated using HPMC grade polymers by wet granulation method and prepared multiple units equivalent to one dose were filled in one 000 size empty gelatin capsule. The prepared multiple units were subjected to physical evaluation, in-vitro drug release, and stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The in-vivo radiographic studies were conducted for determining the residence time of dosage form in human subjects. Results: All the prepared batches showed good physical properties and in-vitro buoyancy. The optimized FD7 formulation remained buoyant for more than 12 h with drug release of more than 90% in 12 h. The drug release kinetics for optimized formulation FD7 followed a first order kinetics with non fickian mechanism. Formulation FD7 was selected as the best formulation based on the in-vitro characteristics and subjected for stability and in-vivo radiographic studies. These studies revealed that the multiple units were stable during the stability period and remained in the stomach for upto 6 h in human subjects. Conclusion: Based on in-vitro characteristics and in-vivo radiographic studies, formulation FD7 was concluded as the best formulation among others. Due to increase in gastric retention time, by choosing floating mini matrix tablets we can improve patient compliance and ensure better disease management. Keywords: Dipyridamole, Mini matrix tablets, In-vitro buoyancy, Stability studies Radiographic Studies

Drugs targeting the colonic environment to treat various colonic diseases are the major challenges recently. Various drugs are available in the markets to targeting to the colonic region to treat diseases but due to premature drug releases, target specificity, the low concentration at the target site with high adverse effects which increase patients’ compliance day by day. Satranidazole is a promising drug that is particularly targeting the colonic environment and can break down microorganism DNA to involve the treatment of several diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases subdivided Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amoebiasis, chronic diarrhea, and reduction of pain due to inflammation. Conventional drug delivery of Satranidazole has some disadvantages such as target specificity, high dosing frequency, low therapeutic efficacy, and high adverse effects that can be overcome through targeted drug delivery systems. Satranidazole is successfully showing the efficacy against aerobic, microaerophilic as well as anaerobic bacterial and reduction of inflammation of inflammatory bowel diseases subdivided as Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. It is a much more potent drug than metronidazole and has fewer adverse effects. Satranidazole is more convenient for oral administration compared to other routes of administration to show activity. Researchers are giving much more attention to targeted drug delivery systems of Satranidazole to show high therapeutic activity with fewer side effects. The current review focus on the pharmacological and therapeutical insight of Satranidazole in the treatment of colonic diseases and recent advancement and the future aspects of Satranidazole targeting various diseases. Keywords: Satranidazole, Inflammatory bowel diseases, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Amoebiasis, Targeted drug delivery system, Future advancement, Colonic drug delivery systems.

Pharmacist is also known as chemist or druggist as health care professionals who practice in pharmacy deal with the field of medicine and provide proper medication and are also involved in the field of preparation, standardization, formulation, quality checking, inspection, compounding, and dispensing of the different types of drug of several dosage forms in such a way the medication preferable for a simplified route of administration in the treatment of local as well as chronic diseases. Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who worked in a wide variety of health care systems such as in the pharmaceutical industry for innovation (R&D), formulation, manufacturing, processing, quality checking, and maintaining proper safety and toxicity parameters. Pharmacists are involved in patient education and worked in collaboration with physicians and other health care professionals for the prevention of disease and the treatment of patients. This article discusses a review on the importance of the pharmacy practice in different fields and fundamental characteristics of involvement in day-to-day life and plays a to assure patient benefits from rational evidence-based medication and improvement of patient care. There is a need for a system of assuring the integrity of the medicine supply chain to assure the value of medicines used very important role during the Covid19 pandemic.

Communication in parallel systems imposes significant overhead which often turns out to be a bottleneck in parallel machine learning. To relieve some of this overhead, in this paper, we present EventGraD - an algorithm with event-triggered communication for stochastic gradient descent in parallel machine learning. The main idea of this algorithm is to modify the requirement of communication at every iteration in standard implementations of stochastic gradient descent in parallel machine learning to communicating only when necessary at certain iterations. We provide theoretical analysis of convergence of our proposed algorithm. We also implement the proposed algorithm for data-parallel training of a popular residual neural network used for training the CIFAR-10 dataset and show that EventGraD can reduce the communication load by up to 60% while retaining the same level of accuracy. In addition, EventGraD can be combined with other approaches such as Top-K sparsification to decrease communication further while maintaining accuracy., Published in Neurocomputing, Nov 2021