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Objectif : La transmission mère-enfant du VIH durant l’allaitement est un problème de santé publique. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer l’intérêt du suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique des femmes allaitantes sous ARV et leurs enfants à Bamako. Méthodes : Les patientes ont été recrutées du 1er septembre 2015 au 30 septembre 2016 suite à l’obtention de leur consentement éclairé. Les mères et leur enfant ont été suivis dans le service de pédiatrie du CHU Gabriel Touré. Les charges virales plasmatiques ont été réalisées à l’UCRC de Bamako. La détermination des concentrations plasmatiques des médicaments a été réalisée au laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique de Toulouse. Les données ont été saisies et analysées sur le logiciel SPSS version 20. Résultats : L’âge moyen des mères était de 29ans±75 [19-41ans]. A J0, une seule des patientes avait une charge virale plasmatique détectable soit 3,33%(6610copies/ml) et 73,91% des mères avaient un taux de CD4 supérieur à350cellules/mm3. Après 6mois, nous avions trouvé 3 mères qui avaient une charge virale détectable (200copies/ml ; 72copies/ml et 4777 copies/ml) et 86,36% des mères avaient un taux de CD4 supérieur à350cellules/mm3. Les concentrations plasmatiques médianes mères du lopinavir, de l’efavirenz à 3 mois étaient respectivement de 5770ng/ml ; 3505ng/ml et à 6 mois de 5850ng/ml ; 3245ng/ml. Tous les nourrissons avaient une PCR négative à 3 mois et 6 mois de suivi. Conclusion : La mesure des paramètres biologiques constitue un maillon essentiel dans la prise en charge des femmes allaitantes VIH positif au Mali.

Introduction : La majorité des médicaments anticancéreux actuels sont pro-apoptotiques alors que dans les cancers l’apoptose est dérégulée ou inhibée expliquant en partie leur inefficacité. C’est pourquoi, trouver des médicaments d’origine végétale activant des types de mort cellulaire autres que l’apoptose pourrait constituer une alternative prometteuse. Le présent travail vise à démontrer les propriétés anticancéreuses des extraits de Erythrina senegalensis, une plante médicinale africaine utilisée dans le traitement des infections, de l’inflammation, de la douleur, de l’asthénie et des fibromes Matériels et méthodes : L’effet cytotoxique des extraits d’écorce de tronc au dichlorométhane, au dichlorométhane / méthanol (1 :1) et au méthanol a été évalué via le test MTT et la vidéomicroscopie quantitative (VMQ). L’apoptose et de la cinétique du cycle cellulaire ont été étudiées via la technique TUNEL/PI. Les marqueurs fluorescents (acridine orange, LysoTracker, MitoTracker et ER-Tracker) ont permis de caractériser l’origine de la vacuolisation cytoplasmique. Résultats : Les extraits testés étaient cytotoxiques. La VMQ et le TUNEL/PI ont révélé une mort cellulaire non-apoptotique ni autophagique (LysoTracker (-)). La vacuolisation du cytoplasme provenait du réticulum endoplasmique (ERTracker (+)) avec gonflement de mitochondrie (MitoTracker (+)), marqueurs de la parapoptose. Conclusion : E. senegalensis induit la parapoptose sur des cellules cancéreuses multirésistantes à l’apoptose.

A robust, well-functioning immune system is the cornerstone of good health. Various factors may influence the immune system’s effectiveness, potentially leading to immune system failure. This review aims to provide an overview of the structure and action of immunomodulators isolated from African medicinal plants. The research was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Full-text access research articles published in English up to December 2023, including plant characteristics, isolated phytochemicals, and immuno-modulatory activities, were screened. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were generated using ChemDraw® (version 12.0.1076), and convergent and distinctive signaling pathways were highlighted. These phytochemicals with demonstrated immunostimulatory activity include alkaloids (berberine, piperine, magnoflorine), polysaccharides (pectin, glucan, acemannan, CALB-4, GMP90-1), glycosides (syringin, cordifolioside, tinocordiside, aucubin), phenolic compounds (ferulic acid, vanillic acid, eupalitin), flavonoids (curcumin, centaurein, kaempferin, luteolin, guajaverin, etc.), terpenoids (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, boswellic acids, corosolic acid, nimbidin, andrographolides). These discussed compounds exert their effects through various mechanisms, targeting the modulation of MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and NF-kB. These mechanisms can support the traditional use of medicinal plants to treat immune-related diseases. The outcomes of this overview are to provoke structural action optimization, to orient research on particular natural chemicals for managing inflammatory, infectious diseases and cancers, or to boost vaccine immunogenicity.

Falsified drugs are of serious concern to public health worldwide, particularly for developing countries where quality control of drugs is inefficient. In law enforcement against such fake medicines, there is a need to develop reliable, fast, and inexpensive screening methods. In this work, the ability of an innovative low-cost handheld near-infrared spectrometer to identify falsifications among two antimalarial fixed dose combination tablets, dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, has been investigated. Analyzed samples were collected in Burkina Faso mainly in rural transborder areas that could be infiltrated by illicit drugs. A principal component analysis was applied on the acquired near-infrared spectra to identify trends, similarities, and differences between collected samples. This allowed to detect some samples of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine which seemed to be falsified. These suspicious samples were semiquantitatively analyzed by thin-layer chromatography using Minalab® kits. Obtained results allowed to confirm the falsifications since the suspected samples did not contain any of the expected active pharmaceutical ingredients. The capacity of the low-cost near-infrared device to identify specifically a brand name of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has been also studied using soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) in the classical and data driven versions. The built models allowed a clear brand identification with 100% of both sensitivity and specificity in the studied cases. All these results demonstrate the potential of these low-cost near-infrared spectrometers to be used as first line screening tools, particularly in resource limited laboratories, for the detection of falsified antimalarial drugs.

Although Erythrina senegalensis is a plant widely used in traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa, its biological properties have been poorly investigated to date. We first characterized by conventional reactions the composition of several stem bark extracts and evaluated in acellular and cellular assays their pro- or antioxidant properties supported by their high phenolic and flavonoid content, particularly with the methanolic extract. The pro- or antioxidant effects observed did not correlate with their IC50 concentrations against five cancer cell lines determined by MTT assay. Indeed, the CH2Cl2 extract and its ethyl acetate (EtOAc) subfraction appeared more potent although they harbored lower pro- or antioxidant effects. Nevertheless, at equipotent concentration, both extracts induced ER- and mitochondria-derived vacuoles observed by fluorescent microscopy that further led to non-apoptotic cell death. LC coupled to high resolution MS investigations have been performed to identify chemical compounds of the extracts. These investigations highlighted the presence of compounds formerly isolated from E. senegalensis including senegalensein that could be retrieved only in the EtOAc subfraction but also thirteen other compounds, such as 16:3-Glc-stigmasterol and hexadecanoic acid, whose anticancer properties have been previously reported. Nineteen other compounds remain to be identified. In conclusion, E. senegalensis appeared rich in compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties, supporting its use in traditional practice and its status as a species of interest for further investigations in anticancer drug research.

The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the substances isolated from the African medicinal plant Erythrina senegalensis, focusing on compounds harboring activities against cancer models detailed in depth herein at both in vitro and in vivo preclinical levels. The review was conducted through Pubmed and Google Scholar. Nineteen out of the forty-two secondary metabolites isolated to date from E. senegalensis displayed interesting in vitro and/or in vivo antitumor activities. They belonged to alkaloid (Erysodine), triterpenes (Erythrodiol, maniladiol, oleanolic acid), prenylated isoflavonoids (senegalensin, erysenegalensein E, erysenegalensein M, alpinumisoflavone, derrone, warangalone), flavonoids (erythrisenegalone, senegalensein, lupinifolin, carpachromene) and pterocarpans (erybraedine A, erybraedine C, phaseollin). Among the isoflavonoids called “erysenegalensein”, only erysenealenseins E and M have been tested for their anticancerous properties and turned out to be cytotoxic. Although the stem bark is the most frequently used part of the plant, all pterocarpans were isolated from roots and all alkaloids from seeds. The mechanisms of action of its metabolites include apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy and mitophagy via the modulation of cytoplasmic proteins, miRNA and enzymes involved in critical pathways deregulated in cancer. Alpinumisoflavone and oleanolic acid were studied in a broad spectrum of cancer models both in vitro and in preclinical models in vivo with promising results. Other metabolites, including carpachromen, phaseollin, erybraedin A, erysenegalensein M and maniladiol need to be further investigated, as they display potent in vitro effects.