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Résumé : Le présent article intitulé les pronoms spécificatifs du yaana aborde les critères morphosyntaxiques et sémantiques des pronoms spécificatifs dans le dialecte yaana. Il y est question de recenser et de clarifier ces pronoms spécificatifs sur la base de ces critères. L’analyse des données met en exergue l’ordre linéaire et la mobilité des pronoms dans la phrase. Ce qui nous a permis d’identifier les différents spécificatifs des pronoms, de décrire les marques distinctives et de découvrir les critères de pertinence les plus fins. Le choix de ce sujet est d’abord de produire les données actualisées et fiables qui serviront à l’étude de la morphologie des pronoms du yaana d’une part et servir de base pour ceux qui envisagent travailler dans cette langue d’autre part. L’objectif visé est d’inventorier les pronoms spécificatifs et de déterminer les caractéristiques morphologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques. La méthodologie utilisée est celle élaborée par Houis dans la description des langues africaines. Au terme de notre analyse, ce travail a révélé que les spécificatifs occupent la position de déterminant dans les syntagmes de détermination et assument les fonctions sujet, objet et circonstant de lieu quand ils sont des pronoms. Mots-clés : sémantique, pronom, fonction, spécificatif, morphosyntaxique.

The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics occurs mainly by the production of β-lactamases. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of β-lactamase genes and integrons in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates recovered from food. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using the agar diffusion method. Detection of β-lactam resistance genes and integrons was performed with the 53 confirmed MDR strains (42 E. coli and 11 Salmonella spp.) by PCR. High resistance rates of 92.5 %, 60.4 %, and 54.7 % against ampicillin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid were observed, respectively. Two β-lactamase genes blaTEM (37.7 %) and blaSHV (28.3) were detected among E. coli and Salmonella isolates. High rate of isolates (85 %) exhibited class 1 integrons was observed. These isolates can act as sources of antimicrobial resistance genes and promote the spread of these resistance determinants to other commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, preventive measures and clean environments are recommended to prevent food contamination with resistant microorganisms.

Abstract Malaria is a major health threat in sub-Sahara Africa, especially for children under five. However, there is considerable heterogeneity between areas in malaria risk reported, associated with environmental and climatic. We used data from Togo to explore spatial patterns of malaria incidence. Geospatial covariate datasets, including climatic and environmental variables from the 2017 Malaria Indicator Survey in Togo, were used for this study. The association between malaria incidence and ecological predictors was assessed using three regression techniques, namely the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), spatial lag model (SLM), and spatial error model (SEM). A total of 171 clusters were included in the survey and provided data on environmental and climate variables. Spatial autocorrelation showed that the distribution of malaria incidence was not random and revealed significant spatial clustering. Mean temperature, precipitation, aridity and proximity to water bodies showed a significant and direct association with malaria incidence rate in the SLM model, which best fitted the data according to AIC. Five malaria incidence hotspots were identified. Malaria incidence is spatially clustered in Togo associated with climatic and environmental factors. The results can contribute to the development of specific malaria control plans taking geographical variation into consideration and targeting transmission hotspots.

The ACE2 gene polymorphisms (rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116) in infected and noninfected persons by SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina Faso. Our cross-sectional study population comprised 137 SARS-CoV-2 infected persons and 181 non-infected persons. Three ACE2 gene polymorphisms rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116, were genotyped using the real-time PCR standard TaqMan allelic discrimination technique. The association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the polymorphisms were evaluated by a binary logistic regression. There was no association between the polymorphisms rs143936283, rs4646116 haplotypes, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in our study population. However, in the female population, the heterozygous genotype CT of rs146676783 increased by two and half the risk (OR=2.58 95%CI (1.2-5.48), p= 0.014) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, carrying the homozygous minor allele (genotype TT) of rs146676783 increased by more than five and half the risk (OR=5.57 95%CI (1.64-18.78), p=0.006) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 among females. This study showed that the ACE2 gene variant rs146676783 was associated with an increased risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in females, suggesting a need for further investigation to contribute to a better understanding of the African COVID-19 enigma.

Background: Many rapid antigen kits for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been developed and the results interpreted usually within 30 minutes. Antigen tests are recommended to be used in areas where access to the PCR method is limited, as is the case in Burkina Faso. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of "Standard TM Q COVID-19 Ag Test " in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Methods: The evaluation was performed using swabs samples collected between January 26 and March 31, 2021, from 201 subjects previously diagnosed by RT-PCR. The performance of the rapid test “Standard TM Q COVID-19 Ag Test was compared to the RT-PCR test “STANDARD M nCoV real-time detection kit”. Results: Of these 201 samples, 16 were positive for the COVID-19 RT-PCR, and 185 were negative. The sensitivity of the "Standard TM Q COVID-19 Ag Test" was 100% (IC95%: 34.24- 100) in symptomatic subjects with a symptom onset time of 1 to 5 days. This sensitivity decreased to 66.67% (IC95%: 20.77- 93.85) in symptomatic subjects with a symptom onset time of 1 to 7 days. The specificity, it was 95% (IC95%: 83.5-98.62) in all symptomatic subjects and 93.75% (IC95%: 79.85-98.2) in subjects whose symptoms appeared between 1 and 5 days. Conclusion: The " Standard TM Q COVID-19 Ag Test " was better in subjects with delayed symptoms up to 5 days. However, this kit was not suitable for COVID-19 detection in asymptomatic subjects.

Résumé : Le paysage associatif dans le champ de la médecine traditionnelle affiche un nombre important d’associations mixtes et dont la direction est majoritairement sous le contrôle des hommes. En revanche, ces associations mixtes sont fréquemment confrontées au problème de leadership et qui ne favorise pas la cohésion interne. Dans un tel contexte, il n’est pas surprenant qu’il soit difficile pour la femme d’exprimer ouvertement son leadership dans un espace public. Ces associations mixtes sont régies par des normes sociales traditionnelles dans lesquelles la femme est astreinte à un second rôle. Par contre, l’émergence récente d’associations féminines de tradithérapeutes dans l’univers associatif burkinabè, révèle une nouvelle figure de l’identité de la femme tradithérapeute : dirigeantes d’associations. Celles-ci tentent à côté d’une prédominance masculine imposante de promouvoir et valoriser l’art médical traditionnel. Comment des dirigeantes d’associations féminines de tradithérapeutes ont-elles pu tracer leur trajectoire ? Qu’est-ce qui les caractérise ? Comment le leadership féminin est perçu et construit socialement dans l’univers des tradithérapeutes? L’étude s’inscrit dans une approche qualitative. L’observation directe ainsi que les entretiens individuels et de groupes semi-dirigés sont les techniques mobilisées dans le cadre de cette recherche. Notre population d’enquête était constituée de membres d’associations féminines et mixtes de tradithérapeutes. Au total, 44 entretiens ont été réalisés et 3 entretiens de groupes. De plus, la théorie du jeu d’acteurs est l’ancrage théorique autour duquel sont bâties nos analyses. La question du genre et partant, du leadership féminin est une préoccupation du moment pour les gouvernants. En effet, le leadership féminin est confronté à d’importantes difficultés qui prennent sources dans des stéréotypes socioculturels. La présente contribution vise à analyser les différentes perceptions sur cette catégorie de femmes qui affirment leur leadership à travers la direction et la gestion d’associations féminines de tradithérapeutes. Cette étude montre un désir de changements dans un milieu assez conservateur des normes coutumières. Ces nouvelles figures féminines du changement osent et entreprennent des actions et des initiatives. Des traits caractéristiques distinguent cette catégorie de femmes. Mots-clés : association, identité, leadership, genre, femme, trajectoire.

Abstract: In a comparative approach, this article reports on the status of vowel length in Kasim, Samoma and Birifor. The purpose of this study is to highlight the similarities and differences that exist between these three languages regarding vowel quantity. Using a qualitative approach, the analysis was based on a corpus drawn largely from data from Bonvini (1974), Kedrebeogo (1989) and Tirogo (2018). Following the theory developed by Prieto (1954), the study reveals that vowel length in these three languages has no phonemic status. It receives a biphonematic interpretation. The vowel quantity is a combinatorial fact. It is a relevant contrastive and not oppositional trait. Based on observed facts, the CVV sequence in all three languages has two syllables. Each of the vowels in this sequence constitutes the nucleus of a syllable, the second having an empty attack. Keywords: vowel length, relevant feature, Kasim, Samoma, Birifor. LA LONGUEUR VOCALIQUE EN KASIM, EN SAMOMA ET EN BIRIFOR Résumé : Dans une approche comparatiste, cet article rend compte du statut de la longueur vocalique en kasim, sàmòmá et birifor. L’objet de cette étude est de mettre en exergue les similitudes et les différences qui existent entre ces trois langues au sujet de la quantité vocalique. A partir d’une démarche qualitative, l’analyse s’est appuyée d’un corpus tiré en grande partie des données de Bonvini (1974), Kédrébéogo (1989) et de Tirogo (2018). En s’inscrivant dans la théorie développée par Prieto (1954), l’étude révèle que la longueur vocalique dans ces trois langues n’a pas de statut phonématique. Elle reçoit une interprétation biphonématique. La quantité vocalique relève d’un fait combinatoire. Elle est un trait pertinent contrastif et non oppositionnel. Sur la base des faits observés, la séquence CVV dans les trois langues comporte deux syllabes. Chacune des voyelles de cette séquence constitue le noyau d’une syllabe, la deuxième étant à attaque vide. Mots clés : Longueur vocalique, trait pertinent, kasim, sàmòmá, birifor.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of ten (10) SARS-CoV-2 serological rapid diagnostic tests in comparison with the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA test in a laboratory setting. Materials and methods Ten (10) SARS-CoV-2 serological rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM were evaluated with two (2) groups of plasma tested positive for one and negative for the other with the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA. The diagnostic performance of the SARS-CoV-2 serological RDTs and their agreement with the reference test were calculated with their 95% confidence intervals. Results The sensitivity of serological RDTs ranged from 27.39 to 61.67% and the specificity from 93.33 to 100% compared to WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA test. Of all the tests, two tests (STANDARD Q COVID-19 IgM/IgG Combo SD BIOSENSOR and COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test (Zhejiang Orient Gene Biotech Co., Ltd)) had a sensitivity greater than 50%. In addition, all ten tests had specificity greater than or equal to 93.33% each. The concordance between RDTs and WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA test ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. Conclusion The SARS-CoV-2 serological RDTs evaluated show low and variable sensitivities compared to the WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA test, with however a good specificity. These finding may have implications for the interpretation and comparison of COVID-19 seroprevalence studies depending on the type of test used.

Abstract Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity among women due to Candida species. In the last decades, resistance to azoles, first-line antifungals has increased. One molecular mechanism of azole resistance by Candida involves mutations in the ERG11 gene encoding lanosterol 14-α-demethylase, the target enzyme. This study was conducted to identify the clinical Candida species associated in vulvovaginal candidiasis; to determine the rate of antifungal resistance among Candida albicans isolates and to determine mutated ERG11 gene at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Methods Antifungals susceptibility were performed using Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. ERG11 gene was detected using conventional PCR in C. albicans isolates resistant to at least one azole. Results Out of 262 clinical strains isolated, C. albicans accounted for 59.90%, followed by Candida glabrata 27.86%, Candida famata 7.25%, Candida tropicalis 3.05% and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1.91%. Resistance rate of fluconazole to C. albicans was 59.54%. ERG11 gene was found in 9.79% of 92 C. albicans strains resistant to azoles. Conclusions This detection of mutated ERG11 gene in C. albicans is the first in Burkina Faso and may be a cause of azole resistance in recurrent Candida vulvovaginitis.

Nakougou Mo&idigr;-bohm Biatougou,1 Muriel S Ouedraogo,2 Serge Theophile Soubeiga,3,4 Theodora Mahoukede Zohoncon,1,5 Paul Ouedraogo,5 Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah,6 Aziz Sidi Aristide Tapsoba,1 Touwendpoulimdé Isabelle Kiendrebeogo,1,3 Tani Sagna,4 Pascal Niamba,2 Adama Traore,2 Jacques Simpore1,3 1Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Department of Dermatology, Yalgado Ouedraogo Hospital University Centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Department of Biomedical Research, Biomolecular Research Centre Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 5Department of Medicine, Saint Thomas d’Aquin University (USTA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, GhanaCorrespondence: Serge Theophile Soubeiga, Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS), P.O. 03. BOX 7047, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Tel +226 70 01 30 58, Email theo.soubeiga@gmail.comIntroduction: Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) is the main etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma. This virus is frequently associated with immunocompromision. This study aimed to detect HHV-8 in people with compromised immune system.Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included 180 subjects: 179 HIV-infected patients and 1 patient with bullous pemphigoid. Blood samples were taken from all subjects, and swabs of lesions were then taken from individuals with symptoms of Kaposi’s sarcoma. Viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes count were performed for persons living with HIV and real-time PCR detection of HHV-8 DNA was performed in all subjects in the study.Results: Among HIV-infected persons, 13.41% had a viral load of more than 10,000 copies/mL, and 22.91% had a CD4+ T lymphocytes count of fewer than 350 cells/μL. A total of four (three HIV-1 infected patients and one patient with bullous pemphigoid) patients (2.22%) had apparent lesions of Kaposi’s sarcoma. In the plasmas and swabs from associated lesions, HHV-8 DNA was found in only two individuals, with an HHV-8 prevalence of 1.11% (2/180) with 0.55% (1/179) in an HIV-infected patient on antiretroviral therapy.Conclusion: These results exposing low prevalence levels of HHV-8 in HIV-infected patients could be due to the beneficial effect of antiretroviral drugs.Keywords: HIV, HHV-8, immunocompromised, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Burkina Faso

BackgroundDigital health interventions (DHIs) have increased exponentially all over the world. Furthermore, the interest in the sustainability of digital health interventions is growing significantly. However, a systematic synthesis of digital health intervention sustainability challenges is lacking. This systematic review aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators for the sustainability of digital health intervention in low and middle-income countries.MethodsThree electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) were searched. Two independent reviewers selected eligible publications based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and quality assessed by four team members. Qualitative, quantitative or mixed studies conducted in low and middle-income countries and published from January 2000 to May 2022 were included.ResultsThe sustainability of digital health interventions is very complex and multidimensional. Successful sustainability of digital health interventions depends on interdependent complex factors that influence the implementation and scale-up level in the short, middle and long term. Barriers identified among others are associated with infrastructure, equipment, internet, electricity and the DHIs. As for the facilitators, they are more focused on the strong commitment and involvement of relevant stakeholders: Government, institutional, sectoral, stakeholders' support, collaborative networks with implementing partners, improved satisfaction, convenience, privacy, confidentiality and trust in clients, experience and confidence in using the system, motivation and competence of staff. All stakeholders play an essential role in the process of sustainability. Digital technology can have long term impacts on health workers, patients, and the health system, by improving data management for decision-making, the standard of healthcare service delivery and boosting attendance at health facilities and using services. Therefore, management changes with effective monitoring and evaluation before, during, and after DHIs are essential.ConclusionThe sustainability of digital health interventions is crucial to maintain good quality healthcare, especially in low and middle-income countries. Considering potential barriers and facilitators for the sustainability of digital health interventions should inform all stakeholders, from their planning until their scaling up. Besides, it would be appropriate at the health facilities level to consolidate facilitators and efficiently manage barriers with the participation of all stakeholders.

Abstract Background In resource-limited countries, ABO, HLA, MNS, Kells, and hemoglobin electrophoresis are classic tests for the resolution of paternity disputes due to their affordable cost. The limitations of these tests in cases of disputed paternity require the use of Short Tandem Repeats (STR) for their certification. This study aimed to determine the biological fathers of children using ABO-rhesus/hemoglobin electrophoresis and STR assays in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Results Of the fourteen trios studied, the ABO-rhesus/hemoglobin electrophoresis analysis revealed ten probable inclusion cases, three exclusion cases, and one undetermined paternity. DNA STR analysis found five inclusions of paternity out of the ten probable inclusions with ABO-rhesus/hemoglobin electrophoresis assay versus nine exclusions of paternity. Conclusion This study showed that the implementation of the analysis of short tandem repeat is required to resolve increasing disputed filiation cases in Burkina Faso.

As COVID-19 vaccine acquisition and deployment accelerates, tensions also increase. This review aims to identify and understand the significance of population attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines in Africa. A systematic review was conducted. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Global Health databases. Database searches began on June 23, 2021, and the last search date was June 30, 2021. The methodological quality of the studies included in this review was assessed using the Mixed methods appraisal tool. A total of 609 articles were retrieved, and 23 met the eligibility criteria. All 23 included studies were cross-sectional. Three attitudes were identified: acceptance, reluctance, and refusal to be vaccinated. Acceptance of vaccination was motivated by confidence in the accuracy of the government’s response to COVID-19 and the fact that relatives had been diagnosed with or died from COVID-19. Reluctance was based on fear of vaccine quality and side effects, and insufficient clinical trials. Finally, refusal to be vaccinated was justified by reasons such as the unreliability of clinical trials and insufficient data regarding the vaccine’s adverse effects. This review revealed common attitudes of African populations toward COVID-19 vaccines. The results indicate that research needs to focus more on identifying facilitators of COVID-19 vaccination. However, they also provide essential elements for health personnel in charge of vaccination to develop strategies to achieve satisfactory coverage rates.

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.

A cluster of specialized KIR genes of specialized KIR genes has been shown to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections in humans. Therefore, this pilot study, this pilot investigation sought to determine the frequencies of KIR genes human immunodeficiency virus type 1( HIV-1) patients and establish their potential clinical involvement in disease progression and staging.

The ACE2 gene polymorphisms (rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116) in infected and noninfected persons by SARS-CoV-2 in Burkina Faso. Our cross-sectional study population comprised 137 SARS-CoV-2 infected persons and 181 non-infected persons. Three ACE2 gene polymorphisms, rs143936283, rs146676783, and rs4646116, were genotyped using the realtime PCR standard TaqMan allelic discrimination technique. The association between SARSCoV-2 infection and the polymorphisms were evaluated by a binary logistic regression. There was no association between the polymorphisms rs143936283 rs4646116 haplotypes, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in our study population. However, in the female population, the heterozygous genotype CT of rs146676783 increased by two and half the risk (OR=2.58 95%CI (1.2-5.48), p= 0.014) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, carrying the homozygous minor allele (genotype TT) of rs146676783 increased by more than five and half the risk (OR=5.57 95%CI (1.64-18.78), p=0.006) of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 among females. This study showed that the ACE2 gene variant rs146676783 was associated with an increased risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 in females, suggesting a need for further investigation to contribute to a better understanding of the African COVID-19 enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laure Stella Ghoma Linguissi1,2 Tani Sagna3,4, Serge Théophile Soubeiga1,4, Luc Christian Gwom,5 Céline Nguefeu Nkenfou6,5, Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah,7 Abdoul Karim Ouattara1,4, Virginio Pietra,4 Jacques Simpore1,41Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique, Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Institut National de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSSA), Brazzaville, Republic of Congo; 3Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Centre de Recherche Biomoleculaire Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 5“Chantal Biya” International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/Aids Prevention and Management (CBIRC), Yaoundé, Cameroon; 6Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; 7Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, GhanaBackground: Burkina-Faso’s HIV/AIDS program is one of the most successful in Africa, with a declining HIV prevalence and treatment outcomes that rival those of developed countries. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) guidelines in Burkina-Faso, initiated in the year 2000, were revised in 2004, 2006 and 2010. The guideline document has since undergone several stages of improvement, largely based on recommendations from WHO, with adaptations by local experts in the field. Option B+ adopted since August 2014 in Burkina-Faso has enabled maintenance of mothers on longer treatment and increasing their survival and that of their children. Through this review, we describe the achievements and challenges of HIV PMTCT programs in Burkina-Faso.Aims of study: This study had the following objectives: 1) describing the historical perspective of PMTCT implementation in Burkina-Faso; 2) presenting the effectiveness of interventions at improving PMTCT service delivery and promoting retention of mothers and babies in care; and 3) determining the impact of male partner involvement on PMTCT in Burkina-Faso.Methodology: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google. Search terms included the following keywords: “HIV testing”; “prevention”; “mother”; “child”; “male partner”; “counseling”; “involvement”; “participation”; and the grouped terms “PMTCT and partners”; “VCT”; “barriers and/or factors”; “Male involvement in PMTCT”; and “Burkina-Faso”. Data collection took place from May to October 2015. The search was limited to articles published between January 2002 and December 2015. UNICEF and UNAIDS web sites were also used to find relevant abstracts and documents.Results: Studies have revealed that with PMTCT, HIV transmission rate moved from 10.4% in 2006 to 0% in 2015. The PMTCT program remains the best way to care for HIV-infected pregnant women and their babies. The current PMTCT policy is based on evidence that male partner involvement is associated with women’s completion of PMTCT.Conclusion: This study shows that the reduction in mother to child transmission of HIV in Burkina-Faso over the years is mainly due to the improvement of PMTCT programs. Efforts still need to be made about the involvement of male partners.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, PTMTCT, HAART, Burkina Faso

Abstract Background Qnr genes are known to confer a low-level resistance to fluoroquinolone in Enterobacteriaceae. They are often found on the same resistance plasmids as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and constitute the most common antibiotic resistance mechanism. This study aimed to detect the presence of qnr genes in ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Methods From May 2013 to July 2015, 91 E. coli and 64 Klebsiella spp. strains with phenotypic resistance to quinolone were collected from several specimens and analyzed for the detection of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS genes and the β-lactamase resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV) using simplex and multiplex PCR. Results In the present study, 107 (69%; 61 E. coli and 46 Klebsiella spp.) of 155 bacterial strains tested were found harboring at least one qnr gene consisting of 74 (47.74%) qnrB, 73 (47.10%) qnrS and 4 (2.58%) qnrA. Of the 107 strains encoding qnr genes, 102, 96 and 52 carried CTX-M1, TEM and SHV type ESBL respectively. Conclusion This study identified quinolone resistance (qnr) gene in ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in Togo. These finding which suggest a possible resistance to quinolone are of high interest for better management of patients and control of antimicrobial resistance in Togo.

Arzouma Paul Yooda,1–3 Salam Sawadogo,3 Serge Théophile Soubeiga,1,2 Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah,4 Koumpingnin Nebie,3 Abdoul Karim Ouattara,1,2 Birama Diarra,1,2 Abibou Simpore,3 Yetema Dieudonné Yonli,3 Abdoul-Guaniyi Sawadogo,3 Bia Emile Drabo,3 Seimbou Zalla,3 Anita Pierrette Siritié,3 Rodrigue Sosthène Nana,3 Honorine Dahourou,3 Jacques Simpore1,2 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LaBioGene), Training and Research Unit in Life and Earth Sciences, University Ouaga I Professor Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 2Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Center (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3National Blood Transfusion Center (NBTC), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 4Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, the high endemicity of blood-borne infections is a serious threat to transfusion safety. In order to improve transfusion safety, Burkina Faso has undertaken in recent years a reorganization of its blood-transfusion system through the creation of a National Blood Transfusion Center, which is the only blood operator in the whole country. This study aimed to estimate the residual risk of transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) by blood transfusion at the Regional Blood Transfusion Center (RBTC) of Ouagadougou.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at the RBTC of Ouagadougou between 2015 and 2017. Prevalence of infectious markers was calculated for first-time donors and incidence rates calculated for repeat donors who had made at least two donations of blood over the study period. Residual risks were estimated for the three viruses (HIV, HBV, and HCV) by multiplying the incidence rate per 100,000 person-years by the respective durations of serological windows.Results: Between 2015 and 2017, of a total of 84,299 blood donors, 68,391 (81.13%) were first-time donors compared to 15,908 (18.87%) repeat donors. The seroprevalence of HBV (8.56%) was twice that of HCV (4.40%) and fourfold that of HIV (1.80%). Incidence rates were 1,215, 2,601, and 1,599 per 100,000 donations for HIV, HCV, and HBV, respectively. In contrast, the estimated residual risk for HCV (1 in 213 donations) was double that of HBV (1 in 408 donations) and four times that of HIV (1 in 1,366).Conclusion: The residual risk of transmission of these viruses by blood transfusion remains high in repeat donors. An effective donor-retention and education policy could help to reduce this residual risk. Keywords: infectious diseases, prevalence, incidence, residual transfusion risk

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity in Burkina Faso using a population-based countrywide sample. We hypothesise that there is a significant burden related to overweight/obesity in Burkina Faso.Design Secondary analysis of a population-based countrywide cross-sectional study.Setting Burkina Faso, all the 13 regions including both rural and urban residential areas.Participants 4800 participants of both sexes, aged between 25 and 64 years.Main outcomes Overweight and obesity using body mass index cut-off levels of the WHO.Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Burkina Faso were 13.82% (95% CI: 12.25 to 15.55) and 4.84% (95% CI: 3.99 to 5.86), respectively. Among men, the proportional odds of overweight/obesity increase with urban residency (p

Recent genome-wide association studies and replication analyses have reported the association of variants of the exostosin- 2 gene (EXT2) and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in some populations, but not in others. This study aimed to characterize the variants rs1113132, rs3740878 and rs11037909 of EXT2 and to determine the existence of a possible correlation with T2D in Burkina Faso. It is a case-control study undertaken in Burkina Faso in the city of Ouagadougou at the Hospital of Saint Camille of Ouagadougou from December 2014 to June 2015. It relates to 121 type 2 diabetes cases and 134 controls. The genotyping of these polymorphisms was done by real-time PCR using the allelic exclusion method with TaqMan probes. The minor allele frequencies (MAFs) was almost identical in diabetic and control subjects for the all three Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) with no statistical significance, p0.05: rs1113132 (OR=0.89; p=0.82); rs11037909 (OR=0.89; p=0.74) and rs3740878 (OR=1.52; p=0.42). None of the three polymorphisms studied was associated with the risk of DT2. However, an association between the BMI, age and type 2 diabetes was noted. The variants of EXT2 would not be associated to the risk of T2D in the African black population of Burkina Faso.

The Tunisian Solar Plan, a renewable energy development plan elaborated by the government, foresees a 30% share of renewable in the electricity mix by 2030. The solar photovoltaic capacity that can be installed for pumping water for irrigation is estimated at 24 MW by 2030. The water pumping system in the agricultural sector is considered among the main processes requiring the use of photovoltaic solar energy particularly in areas without an electric grid. The Photovoltaic Water Pumping System (PVWPS) contributes, in addition to the optimization of water pumping, to improve their energy performance in order to reduce their water consumption for irrigation. In Tunisia, PVWPS was adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture as a trustworthy alternative solution to cover the potable water needs of people in faraway areas, particularly in southern Tunisia. A novel real-time monitoring system for a PVWPS is proposed in this paper. The purpose of the monitoring system is to provide a useful tool for the operation and management of the PVWPS using the MODBUS communication protocol and the SIM900 module connected to ARDUINO to extend the control of the PV inverter to a distance greater than 1800m.