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Background: Despite high response rates to initial therapy, most patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) experience relapsed or refractory (R/R) disease. Here, we report the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of the Phase 2, single-arm M20-075 study (NCT04477486) of ibrutinib and venetoclax combination therapy in Japanese patients with R/R MCL., Methods: Patients received 560 mg ibrutinib and 400 mg venetoclax (after a 5-week ramp-up from 20 mg) once daily for up to 104 weeks. Primary endpoint was complete response (CR) rate by independent review committee (IRC). Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), undetectable minimal residual disease (uMRD) rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), safety including dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) assessment in the first six patients, and pharmacokinetic parameters. Full analysis set (FAS) comprised all treated patients. Per protocol set (PPS) excluded treated patients with non-evaluable disease at baseline by IRC., Results: Thirteen patients were treated (FAS n = 13; PPS, n = 12). Median age was 71 years, patients had a median of two prior treatments. After a median follow-up of 9.6 months, IRC-assessed CR rate and ORR were both 83% (PPS). All six MRD-evaluable patients had uMRD. Median DOR, PFS, and OS were unreached. The most common Grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was neutropenia (23%); 1 patient discontinued due to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. No DLTs, tumor lysis syndrome, or deaths related to TEAEs were observed., Conclusion: Ibrutinib plus venetoclax exhibited high response rates and a well-tolerated safety profile in Japanese patients with R/R MCL., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: In a Phase 3 international clinical trial (VIALE-C), venetoclax plus low-dose cytarabine improved the response rate and overall survival versus placebo plus low-dose cytarabine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who were ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. After the enrollment period of VIALE-C ended, we conducted an expanded access study to provide preapproval access to venetoclax in combination with low-dose cytarabine in Japan., Methods: Previously, untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia who were ineligible for intensive chemotherapy were enrolled according to the VIALE-C criteria. Patients received venetoclax (600 mg, Days 1-28, 4-day ramp-up in Cycle 1) in 28-day cycles and low-dose cytarabine (20 mg/m2, Days 1-10). All patients took tumor lysis syndrome prophylactic agents and hydration. Safety endpoints were assessed., Results: Fourteen patients were enrolled in this study. The median age was 77.5 years (range = 61-84), with 78.6% over 75 years old. The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse event was neutropenia (57.1%). Febrile neutropenia was the most frequent serious adverse event (21.4%). One patient developed treatment-related acute kidney injury, leading to discontinuation of treatment. Two patients died because of cardiac failure and disease progression that were judged not related to study treatment. No patients developed tumor lysis syndrome., Conclusions: The safety outcomes were similar to those in VIALE-C without new safety signals and were well managed with standard medical care. In clinical practice, more patients with severe background disease are expected, in comparison with in VIALE-C, suggesting that it is important to carefully manage and prevent adverse events., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press.)

We examined the cell proliferation activity of kidney in young growing rats using flash and cumulative labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Rats were subjected to the study at the age of 6 weeks, and cumulative labeling was carried out for periods of 7 to 28 days. BrdU-positive cells were observed after flash labeling and were increased by cumulative labeling. The positive epithelia were mainly distributed in the cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla and were scarce in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and inner medulla throughout all labeling periods. In the tubular epithelium, the majority of positive cells were found in the proximal tubule. In the proximal tubule, positive epithelia were abundant in the medullary rays and in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. In the intermediate tubule to collecting duct, positive epithelia were rare. In the renal corpuscle, positive nuclei were mainly found in the endothelial cells and the mesangial cells and were scarce in the parietal cells of the Bowman's capsule. BrdU-positive nuclei were not observed in podocytes. These results indicate that renal tubules actively grow relative to epithelial proliferation, and that the endothelial cells, the mesangial cells and the parietal cells in the renal corpuscle also proliferate at the age of 6 to 10 weeks in rats. For assessment of renal toxicity using young growing rats, not only the morphologic and physiologic features unique to the kidney but also the growing process of the kidney should be taken into account.

Miniature swine (minipigs) are often used in non-rodent toxicity studies. However, unlike other animal species, the parathyroid glands of minipigs are often covered with thymic tissue and are similar in color, making macroscopical identification difficult. We investigated a method for sampling and tissue preparation of the parathyroid glands using 5- to 7-month-old minipigs. The glands were identified by finding the insertion site of a branch from the carotid artery into the cervical part of the thymus. Then the glands were marked and sampled. In a preliminary study, the glands were macroscopically and microscopically detected in 3/8 animals. The glands were not identified macroscopically in 5/8 animals but were detected in 3 of these animals. In total, we succeeded in detection of the glands in 6/8 animals (75%). The method was applied in the main toxicity study, and we succeeded in 100% detection through technical advancement. The method described herein enables high rate of detection and is useful in the pathological evaluation of the parathyroid glands of minipigs.