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Ficha catálogo exposición: 2.11. David Roberts, The Tower of the Giralda, Seville, 1837

Ficha catálogo exposición: 3.29. Genaro Pérez Villaamil, Interior of Seville Cathedral, 1838

X ray microspectroscopy is a powerful analytical method in geoscientific and environmental research as it provides a unique combination of nanoscale imaging with high spectroscopic sensitivity at relatively low beam related sample damage. In this study, classical scanning transmission soft X ray microscopy STXM with X ray absorption spectroscopy and the recently established soft X ray ptychography are applied to the analysis of selected rock varnish samples from urban and arid desert environments. X ray ptychography enhances the spatial resolution relative to STXM by up to 1 order of magnitude. With its high chemical sensitivity, it can resolve nanoscale differences in valence states of the key varnish elements manganese Mn and iron. Our results emphasize the complex nanoarchitecture of rock varnish as well as the diverse mineralogy of the Mn oxy hydroxide matrix and its embedded dust grains. In contrast to the fast growing urban varnish, the slow growing arid desert varnish revealed a remarkable nanoscale stratification of alternating Mn valence states, providing hints on the layer wise and still enigmatic growth process

Conserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, are eighteen drawings of the architecture of Andalusia and seven of Portugal made by Cecilia Montgomery (1792-1879) during a journey to the Iberian Peninsula in May and June of 1838. The works arguably make her the first female artist-traveller in the south of Spain. The drawings are more thansimply mementos; rather they are depictions of architectural themes, and their historical significance can be ascribed to their originality. Some drawings are the earliest known representations of certain views, while others are unique records of lost buildings. Montgomery travelled with her husband, George Augustus Montgomery (1793-1842), who refurbished the church where he was rector with sculpture acquired in Spain on this journey. Consequently, the drawings are interpreted through the Montgomerys’ religious and architectural ideas. El Museo Ashmolean de Oxford, Inglaterra, conserva dieciocho dibujos de arquitectura de Andalucía y siete de Portugal realizados por Cecilia Montgomery (1792-1879) durante un viaje por la península ibérica entre mayo y junio de 1838. Estas fechas tan tempranas posiblemente hacen de Montgomery la primera mujer artista-viajera de la que tenemos constancia en el sur de España. Sus dibujos son algo más que simples recuerdos, más bien son representaciones de temas arquitectónicos. Su importancia histórica se puede adscribir a su singularidad; algunos de ellos son las representaciones más antiguas de ciertos encuadres mientras que otros son los únicos documentos existentes de edificios desaparecidos. Debe destacarse la figura de su marido y compañero de viaje, George Augustus Montgomery (1793-1842), que rehabilitó la iglesia donde era rector con esculturas adquiridas en este viaje. Las ideas del matrimonio Montgomery, tanto arquitectónicas como religiosas, servirán en este artículo para interpretar dichos dibujos.

Backround This study was designed to analyse the value of preoperative Cone Beam CTs (CBCT) prior to the surgical removal of complex lower third molars. Furthermore, the aim was to assess injuries to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) bundle and postoperative neurological disorders depending on the position of the lower third molar and the inferior alveolar nerve bundle. Methods In this retrospective examination preoperative Cone Beam CTs and Orthopantomographs (OPT) of 324 patients were analysed concerning the location of the lower third molars in relation to the mandible and the inferior alveolar nerve bundle. Surgery protocols of all patients who underwent the surgical removal of at least one complex lower third molar were analysed concerning patient data, length of surgery, intraoperative haemorrhage, intraoperative exposure of the inferior alveolar nerve bundle, postoperative swelling and postoperative neurological disorders. The data was then compared to data from international studies. Results In all 324 patients a permanent neurological damage was not found. Temporary neurological damage was recorded in 13 cases (2.6%). A caudal nerve position with no measurable distance to the root of the lower third molar was associated with the highest risk of a temporal neurological damage. A vestibular touching nerve route also correlated with postoperative sensitivity impairment. If a mesioangulation (Winter) or a Pell and Gregory Type IIIC appears in the OPT, risk of neurological damage is at its highest. Conclusions Three-dimensional radiographic imaging, in our patient group, does not significantly affect the risk for complications during the surgical removal of complex lower third molars. Therefore, it should only be utilized for risk assessment, especially in cases of symptom-free lower third molars. A preoperative orthopantomogram still can be accepted as standard for radiographic imaging. An intraoperative exposure of the IAN bundle does not necessarily predict simultaneous neurological damage. Exposure of the IAN bundle is no indication for a discontinuation of the surgery.

Driver assistance systems based on radar are available today in series production in consumer vehicles. The radar sensor based automotive applications already help to reduce road accidents but is usually limited to highway scenarios. However, there are too many fatalities in public roads. Most of them involve pedestrians and happen in urban road situations. For assisting drivers in those cases, a novel 24 GHz Radar Sensor has been developed within the EU-funded project ARTRAC. The main focus of this paper is to present the pedestrian classification scheme that is incorporated within this sensor. Additionally, the derived requirements and the role of the classification process within the cognitive collision mitigation system is pointed out.

Der Artikel bietet einen Überblick über die junge Forschungsrichtung der automatisierten motorischen Rehabilitation nach Schlaganfall. Der Einsatz intelligenter Maschinen zielt auf eine Steigerung der Therapieintensität, eine Entlastung der Therapeuten und die Gewährung einer nachvollziehbaren und auf die individuellen Bedürfnisse abgestimmten Therapie. Beispiele im Bereich der oberen Extremität sind der "MIT-Manus" und der "MIME"-Roboter für eine ungehinderte Schulter-Ellenbogen-Bewegung in der Horizontalen sowie der "Bi-Manu-Track" für das bilaterale, passive und aktive Üben einer Unterarmdreh- und Handgelenkscharnierbewegung. In der Gangrehabilitation werden der "Lokomat®" als angetriebenes Exoskeleton in Verbindung mit dem Laufband sowie der elektromechanische Gangtrainer "GT I" als Modell mit angetriebenen Fußplatten verwandt. Klinische Studien zu den einzelnen Geräten werden aufgeführt.

Restoration of gait is a major concern of rehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury. Modern concepts of motor learning favour a task-specific repetitive approach, i.e. "whoever wants to learn to walk again must walk." However, the physical demands this places on the therapist, is a limiting factor in the clinical routine setting. This article describes a robotic walking simulator for gait training that enables wheelchair-bound subjects to freely carry out repetitive practicing of an individually adapted gait pattern under simulation of the manual guidance of an experienced therapist. The technical principle applied makes use of programmable footplates with permanent foot/machine contact in combination with compliance control. The solution chosen comprises a planar parallel-serial hybrid kinematic system with three degrees of freedom that moves the feet in the sagittal plane. Gait analysis while floor walking and stair climbing, clinical practicability and safety aspects were the basis for the design. A variable compliance control enables man-machine interaction, ranging from purely position controlled movement to full compliance during swing phase above a virtual ground profile. In full compliance mode the robotic walking simulator behaves like a haptic device. The concept presented offers new prospects for individualized gait rehabilitation.

The restoration of gait is a key goal after stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Conventional training methods, e.g. treadmill training, require great physical effort from the therapists to assist the patient. After the successful development and application of a mechanised gait trainer, a new research project of constructing a sensorised robot gait trainer is under way. The aim of this project is to build a robotic device which enables the therapist to let the machine move the patients feet, fixed on two footplates, on programmable foot trajectories (e.g. walking on the ground, stepping stairs up and down, disturbances during walking). Furthermore impedance control algorithms will be incorporated for online adaptation of the foot trajectories to the patients walking capabilities. Another important feature is the compliance control to simulate virtual ground conditions, i.e. the machine acts as a haptic foot device. Due to the partially high dynamic foot movements during normal walking, conventional industrial robots are not suitable for this task. This paper describes development aspects and problems that have to be dealt with during the design process of the robotised gait training machine.

Restoration of gait is a major concern of rehabilitation after stroke or spinal cord injury. Modern concepts of motor learning favour a task-specific repetitive approach, i.e. "whoever wants to learn to walk again must walk." However, the physical demands this places on the therapist, is a limiting factor in the clinical routine setting. This article describes a robotic walking simulator for gait training that enables wheelchair-bound subjects to freely carry out repetitive practicing of an individually adapted gait pattern under simulation of the manual guidance of an experienced therapist. The technical principle applied makes use of programmable footplates with permanent foot/machine contact in combination with compliance control. The solution chosen comprises a planar parallel-serial hybrid kinematic system with three degrees of freedom that moves the feet in the sagittal plane. Gait analysis while floor walking and stair climbing, clinical practicability and safety aspects were the basis for the design. A variable compliance control enables man-machine interaction, ranging from purely position controlled movement to full compliance during swing phase above a virtual ground profile. In full compliance mode the robotic walking simulator behaves like a haptic device. The concept presented offers new prospects for individualized gait rehabilitation.

The restoration of walking capability is a key goal after stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. Conventional training methods, e.g. treadmill training, require great physical effort from the therapists to assist the patient. A robotic training machine would be desirable in order to improve the training and to relieve the therapists. In addition to the general robot kinematics design issues, the designer of such a machine has to take into account several considerations specific to patient treatment In a rehabilitation clinic. Such a robotic walking simulator for neurological rehabilitation has been designed by our group and a prototype is currently being built. It will enable the therapist to let the machine move the patients feet on programmable foot trajectories (e.g. walking on plane floor, stepping stairs up and down, walking on rough surfaces, disturbances during walking). Therefore the patients feet will be fixed on two separate footplates mounted on the robot endeffectors. The highly dynamic robotic system can be used as a universal walking simulator, not only for rehabilitation purposes, i.e. as a haptic foot device for a variety of virtual ground conditions.