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Con el presente artículo queremos describir mediante una revisión bibliográfica los aspectos que caracterizan los hábitos alimentarios en los deportistas y su relación con la optimización del rendimiento y el mantenimiento del estado de salud del deportista. Los factores que influyen en la educación alimentaria del deportista son varios: hábitos alimentarios de la infancia y adolescencia, suplementación en el deporte, trastornos del comportamiento alimentario y deportistas de alto rendimiento deportivo. Se valora principalmente la ingesta de nutrientes y alimentaria de estos, pero se necesitan conocer sus prácticas alimentarias durante entrenamiento-competición. Cobra importancia las recomendaciones de alimentación no realizadas por dietistas-nutricionistas, sino por padres y/o entrenadores que pueden ser incorrectas y perjudicar al deportista. Por ello, ha de considerar la valoración dietético-nutricional para conocer el contexto social del deportista, ayudándonos a realizar la mejor intervención en la mejora de la salud y rendimiento deportivo mediante la alimentación. In this article, we describe a literature review about the aspects that characterize the food habits in athletes, the athletic performance and the maintenance of health of the athlete. The factors that influence the athlete´s nutritional education are many: food habits of childhood and adolescence, sports supplements, eating disorders and athletes performance. Primarily, the studies evaluated dietary intake of athletes, but they need to know their dietary practices during training and competition. it is important the dietary recommendations carried ??by dietitians-nutritionists, because the recommendations by parents and/or coaches may be incorrect and damaging to the athlete. Therefore, it´s becomes important the dietary assessment to understand the social context of the athlete to make the best intervention to improve health and athletic performance through nutrition. Com esse estudo pretendemos descreve a través de uma revisão bibliográfica os aspectos de caracterizam os hábitos alimentares de esportistas e a relação com a otimização do rendimento esportivo e a manutenção do estado de saúde dos esportistas. Os fatores que influem na educação alimentar dos esportistas são vários: hábitos alimentares na infância e adolescência, suplementação no esporte, transtornos do comportamento alimentar e esportistas de alto rendimento esportivo. Valoriza principalmente a ingestão de nutriente y alimentar de estes, mas necessita conhecer suas praticas alimentares durante o treinamento e competição. Ganha importância às recomendações de alimentação não realizada por nutricionistas, e sim pelos pais ou treinadores que podem ser incorretas ou prejudiciais para o esportista. Para isso, há que considerar a avaliação de um dietético-nutricional para conhecer o contexto social do esportista, com isso ajudar-nos a realizar a melhor intervenção para a melhora da saúde e do rendimento esportivo mediante a alimentação.

[EN] Radioprotection with natural products may be relevant to the mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced damage in mammalian systems; in this sense, propolis extracts have shown effects such as antioxidant, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulant. We report for the first time a cytogenetic study to evaluate the radioprotective effect, in vitro, of propolis against radiation-induced chromosomal damage. Lymphocytes were cultured with increasing concentrations of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), including 20, 40, 120, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 ¿g mL-1 and then exposed to 2 Gy ¿-rays. A significant and concentration-dependent decrease is observed in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in samples treated with EEP. The protection against the formation of dicentrics was concentration-dependent, with a maximum protection at 120 ¿g mL-1 of EEP. The observed frequency of dicentrics is described as negative exponential function, indicating that the maximum protectible fraction of dicentrics is approximately 44. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities are the mechanisms that these substances use to protect cells from ionizing radiation. Copyright © 2011 A. Montoro et al., This research was supported in part by the Company Dieteticos Intersa S.A., U.P.V., and Hospital Universitario La Fe of Valencia and Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (2696/SRO). The authors express their appreciation to Dr. Pepe Perez (Hospital Universitario La Fe) and Dr. Alberto Yuste (U.P.V.).

[EN] Radioprotection with natural products may be relevant to the mitigation of ionizing radiation-induced damage in mammalian systems; in this sense, propolis extracts have shown effects such as antioxidant, antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulant. We report for the first time a cytogenetic study to evaluate the radioprotective effect, in vitro, of propolis against radiation-induced chromosomal damage. Lymphocytes were cultured with increasing concentrations of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), including 20, 40, 120, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 ¿g mL-1 and then exposed to 2 Gy ¿-rays. A significant and concentration-dependent decrease is observed in the frequency of chromosome aberrations in samples treated with EEP. The protection against the formation of dicentrics was concentration-dependent, with a maximum protection at 120 ¿g mL-1 of EEP. The observed frequency of dicentrics is described as negative exponential function, indicating that the maximum protectible fraction of dicentrics is approximately 44. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities are the mechanisms that these substances use to protect cells from ionizing radiation. Copyright © 2011 A. Montoro et al. This research was supported in part by the Company Dieteticos Intersa S.A., U.P.V., and Hospital Universitario La Fe of Valencia and Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (2696/SRO). The authors express their appreciation to Dr. Pepe Perez (Hospital Universitario La Fe) and Dr. Alberto Yuste (U.P.V.).

Introgression of genetic traits from wild apple germplasm (Malus spp.) into commercial apple cultivars is a painstakingly slow process. For e.g. introgression of the Vf gene from Malus floribunda 821 for resistance to apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, took more than 80 years due to genetic drag and the long juvenile period of apple. In order to speedup the classical breeding, molecular techniques can be applied to enrich existing commercial apple varieties with functional alleles from sexually compatible plants, preventing genetic drag and keeping the genetic makeup of the commercial cultivar. This concept is named “cisgenesis”. This paper describes several approaches and considerations for development of cisgenic apples and stacking of genes. Also we provide an overview of isolated alleles from apple available for cisgenesis at the moment and in the near future

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