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Proximity social interactions are crucial for infectious diseases transmission. Crowded agglomerations pose serious risk of triggering superspreading events. Locations like transportation hubs (airports and stations) are designed to optimize logistic efficiency, not to reduce crowding, and are characterized by a constant in and out flow of people. Here, we analyze the paradigmatic example of London Heathrow, one of the busiest European airports. Thanks to a dataset of anonymized individuals' trajectories, we can model the spreading of different diseases to localize the contagion hotspots and to propose a spatial immunization policy targeting them to reduce disease spreading risk. We also detect the most vulnerable destinations to contagions produced at the airport and quantify the benefits of the spatial immunization technique to prevent regional and global disease diffusion. This method is immediately generalizable to train, metro and bus stations and to other facilities such as commercial or convention centers.

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a major cofactor required by most marine microbes, but only produced by a few prokaryotes in the ocean, which is globally B12-depleted. Despite the ecological importance of B12, the seasonality of B12 metabolisms and the organisms involved in its synthesis in the ocean remain poorly known. Here we use metagenomics to assess the monthly dynamics of B12-related pathways and the functional diversity of associated microbial communities in the coastal NW Mediterranean Sea over 7 years. We show that genes related to potential B12 metabolisms were characterized by an annual succession of different organisms carrying distinct production pathways. During the most productive winter months, archaea (Nitrosopumilus and Nitrosopelagicus) were the main contributors to B12 synthesis potential through the anaerobic pathway (cbi genes). In turn, Alphaproteobacteria (HIMB11, UBA8309, Puniceispirillum) contributed to B12 synthesis potential in spring and summer through the aerobic pathway (cob genes). Cyanobacteria could produce pseudo-cobalamin from spring to autumn. Finally, we show that during years with environmental perturbations, the organisms usually carrying B12 synthesis genes were replaced by others having the same gene, thus maintaining the potential for B12 production. Such ecological insurance could contribute to the long-term functional resilience of marine microbial communities exposed to contrasting inter-annual environmental conditions

To overcome the challenges of reconstructive microsurgery, a teleoperated robot called ASTEMA was built to help surgeons performing microanastomoses. The surgeons’ needs are first analyzed then the design steps are summarized. This robot is composed of three orthogonal linear actuators and a spherical wrist with its remote center of motion at the instrument tip. Geometric model of the spherical wrist was calibrated through mathematical optimization in order to compensate for imperfections of machining and assembling. Two preliminary experiments were carried out to assess the ASTEMA performance. The first was performed with a simple circular position trajectory. The second was a complex angular trajectory. Results show a significant improvement of gesture precision with respect to manual trajectory execution. They also show that subjects instinctively compensate the errors from the non-ideal wrist, thanks to visual feedback from microscope.

Background: More than a symptom, dyspnoea is an existential experience shaping the lives of those afflicted, particularly when its persistence despite maximal pathophysiological treatments makes it pervasive. It is, however, insufficiently appreciated by concerned people themselves, family members, healthcare professionals and the public (dyspnoea invisibility), limiting access to appropriate care and support. Aim: To provide a better understanding of dyspnoea experiences and its invisibility. Design: Interpretative phenomenological analysis of data collected prospectively through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Setting/Participants: Pulmonary rehabilitation facility of a tertiary care university hospital; 11 people (six men, five women) with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (stages 3 and 4 of the 4-stage international GOLD classification) admitted for immediate post-exacerbation rehabilitation. Results: We identified several types of dyspnoea invisibility depending on temporality and interlocutors: (1) invisibility as a symptom to oneself; (2) invisibility as a symptom to others; (3) invisibility as an experience that cannot be shared; (4) invisibility as an experience detached from objective measurements; (5) invisibility as an experience that does not generate empathic concern. The notion of invisibility was present in all the identified experiential dimensions of dyspnoea. It was seen as worsening the burden of the disease and as self-aggravating through self-isolation and self-censorship. Conclusions: The study confirmed that dyspnoea invisibility is a reality for people with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It shows dyspnoea invisibility to be a multifaceted burden. Future research should aim at identifying individual and collective measures to overcome dyspnoea invisibility.

Optogenetic therapy opens new horizons in treating blindness. To successfully implement it and restore vision, scientists use an ever-evolving set of physical methods that optically stimulate cells in the retina. This master thesis report presents a summary of the eye and retina functioning in view of optogenetic blindness therapy, as well as different techniques for retina illumination, including computer generated holography. The aim of the master thesis is to enhance an optical strategy for studying the neural connections in the retina. A light modulator was successfully integrated into the set-up, and its spatial resolution was studied. This is an important step in recreating retinal functionality with optogenetics therapy.

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info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Plankton imaging systems supported by automated classification and analysis have improved ecologists' ability to observe aquatic ecosystems. Today, we are on the cusp of reliably tracking plankton populations with a suite of lab-based and in situ tools, collecting imaging data at unprecedentedly fine spatial and temporal scales. But these data have potential well beyond examining the abundances of different taxa; the individual images themselves contain a wealth of information on functional traits. Here, we outline traits that could be measured from image data, suggest machine learning and computer vision approaches to extract functional trait information from the images, and discuss promising avenues for novel studies. The approaches we discuss are data agnostic and are broadly applicable to imagery of other aquatic or terrestrial organisms.

Widespread overprinting of early high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) subduction stages due to subsequent collisional or late-orogenic tectono-metamorphic events is a common feature affecting the interpretation of geochronologic data from HP/LT orogens. The Betic-Rif orogen is exemplary in this connection as a great majority of published radiometric ages are found to cluster around 20 Ma. This clustering is commonly interpreted as reflecting a short, yet complex, succession of tectono-metamorphic events spanning only over a few Myr, including back-arc extension and overthrusting of the Internal Zones on the External Zones. An alternative explanation consists in the poor preservation of a much earlier HP/LT metamorphic event, presumably Eocene, coeval with subduction and crustal thickening in the Internal Zones, and particularly the Alpujárride Complex. However, this age is vividly debated due to widespread resetting by the Early Miocene HT/LP overprint. In this study, we provide new Ar/Ar evidence from white micas selected along an E-W section of the Internal Betics, from the central to the eastern Alpujárride Complex. Our new data show (a) that exceptionally well-preserved HP/LT parageneses in this unit retain a well-defined Eocene age around 38 Ma, and (b) that widespread 20 Ma ages recorded all along the section correspond to a regional stage of exhumation, coeval with a major change in the kinematics of back-arc extension. Our study provides conclusive evidence that Ar/Ar dating of carefully targeted HP/LT associations can overcome the problem of extensive late-orogenic overprinting, testifying for an Eocene HP event around 38 Ma in the Betic-Rif orogen.

A mass mortality event (MME) affecting the fan mussel Pinna nobilis was first detected in Spain in autumn 2016 and spread north- and eastward through the Mediterranean Sea. Various pathogens have been blamed for contributing to the MME, with emphasis in Haplosporidium pinnae, Mycobacterium sp. and Vibrio spp. In this study, samples from 762 fan mussels (necropsies from 263 individuals, mantle biopsies from 499) of various health conditions, with wide geographic and age range, taken before and during the MME spread from various environments along Mediterranean Sea, were used to assess the role of pathogens in the MME. The number of samples processed by both histological and molecular methods was 83. The most important factor playing a main role on the onset of the mass mortality of P. nobilis throughout the Mediterranean Sea was the infection by H. pinnae. It was the only non-detected pathogen before the MME while, during MME spreading, its prevalence was higher in sick and dead individuals than in asymptomatic ones, in MME-affected areas than in non-affected sites, and it was not associated with host size, infecting both juveniles and adults. Conversely, infection with mycobacteria was independent from the period (before or during MME), from the affection of the area by MME and from the host health condition, and it was associated with host size. Gram (-) bacteria neither appeared associated with MME.

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been holding the world hostage for several years now. Mobility is key to viral spreading and its restriction is the main non-pharmaceutical interventions to fight the virus expansion. Previous works have shown a connection between the structural organization of cities and the movement patterns of their residents. This puts urban centers in the focus of epidemic surveillance and interventions. Here we show that the organization of urban flows has a tremendous impact on disease spreading and on the amenability of different mitigation strategies. By studying anonymous and aggregated intra-urban flows in a variety of cities in the United States and other countries, and a combination of empirical analysis and analytical methods, we demonstrate that the response of cities to epidemic spreading can be roughly classified in two major types according to the overall organization of those flows. Hierarchical cities, where flows are concentrated primarily between mobility hotspots, are particularly vulnerable to the rapid spread of epidemics. Nevertheless, mobility restrictions in such types of cities are very effective in mitigating the spread of a virus. Conversely, in sprawled cities which present many centers of activity, the spread of an epidemic is much slower, but the response to mobility restrictions is much weaker and less effective. Investing resources on early monitoring and prompt ad-hoc interventions in more vulnerable cities may prove helpful in containing and reducing the impact of future pandemics.

Remote deep-ocean sediment (DOS) ecosystems are among the least explored biomes on Earth. Genomic assessments of their biodiversity have failed to separate indigenous benthic organisms from sinking plankton. Here, we compare global-scale eukaryotic DNA metabarcoding datasets (18S-V9) from abyssal and lower bathyal surficial sediments and euphotic and aphotic ocean pelagic layers to distinguish plankton from benthic diversity in sediment material. Based on 1685 samples collected throughout the world ocean, we show that DOS diversity is at least threefold that in pelagic realms, with nearly two-thirds represented by abundant yet unknown eukaryotes. These benthic communities are spatially structured by ocean basins and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from the upper ocean. Plankton DNA reaching the DOS originates from abundant species, with maximal deposition at high latitudes. Its seafloor DNA signature predicts variations in POC export from the surface and reveals previously overlooked taxa that may drive the biological carbon pump

The Variational Quantum Cloning algorithm uses machine learning to obtain through optimization a circuit capable of generating approximate clones from unknown input quantum states. We adapt this algorithm to a boson sampling photonic platform formed exclusively by phase-shifters and beam-splitters, which is not universal but it still allows us to achieve quantum advantage. We have been able to obtain results through simulations reaching optimal fidelities for 1 to 2 universal cloning and also 1 to 2 and 1 to 3 phase-covariant cloning. This project demonstrates the capabilities of this type of photonic platforms and it can be used as a reference to adapt other variational algorithms to them., El algoritmo de clonación cuántica variacional hace uso de aprendizaje automático para obtener a través de optimización un circuito capaz de generar clones aproximados desde estados cuánticos de entrada desconocidos. Adaptamos este algoritmo a una plataforma fotónica de muestreo de bosones formada por divisores de haz y cambiadores de fase, la cual no es universal pero permite alcanzar ventaja cuántica. Se han obtenido resultados a través de simulaciones alcanzando fidelidades óptimas para clonación universal 1 a 2 y también para clonación de fase covariante 1 a 2 y 1 a 3. Este proyecto demuestra las capacidades de este tipo de plataformas fotónicas y puede ser utilizado como referencia para adaptar otros algoritmos variacionales en ellas., L'algorisme de clonació quàntica variacional fa servir aprenentatge automàtic per obtenir a través d'optimizació un circuit capaç de generar clons aproximats des d'estats quàntics d'entrada desconeguts. Adaptem aquest algorisme a una plataforma fotònica de mostreig de bosons formada per divisors de feix i canviadors de fase, la qual no és universal però ens permet assolir avantatge quàntic. S'han obtingut resultats a través de simulacions assolint fidelitats òptimes per a clonació universal 1 a 2 i també per a clonació de fase covariant 1 a 2 i 1 a 3. Aquest projecte demostra les capacitats d'aquest tipus de plataformes fotòniques i pot ser utilitzat com a referència per adaptar-hi altres algorismes variacionals.

We report on the first subpicometer interferometer flown in space. It was part of ESA's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Pathfinder mission and performed the fundamental measurement of the positional and angular motion of two free-falling test masses. The interferometer worked immediately, stably, and reliably from switch on until the end of the mission with exceptionally low residual noise of 32.0-1.7+2.4 fm/Hz, significantly better than required. We present an upper limit for the sensor performance at millihertz frequencies and a model for the measured sensitivity above 200 mHz.

Assessing the impact of mobility on epidemic spreading is of crucial importance for understanding the effect of policies like mass quarantines and selective re-openings. While many factors affect disease incidence at a local level, making it more or less homogeneous with respect to other areas, the importance of multi-seeding has often been overlooked. Multi-seeding occurs when several independent (non-clustered) infected individuals arrive at a susceptible population. This can lead to independent outbreaks that spark from distinct areas of the local contact (social) network. Such mechanism has the potential to boost incidence, making control efforts and contact tracing less effective. Here, through a modeling approach we show that the effect produced by the number of initial infections is non-linear on the incidence peak and peak time. When case importations are carried by mobility from an already infected area, this effect is further enhanced by the local demography and underlying mixing patterns: the impact of every seed is larger in smaller populations. Finally, both in the model simulations and the analysis, we show that a multi-seeding effect combined with mobility restrictions can explain the observed spatial heterogeneities in the first wave of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in five European countries. Our results allow us for identifying what we have called epidemic epicenter: an area that shapes incidence and mortality peaks in the entire country. The present work further clarifies the nonlinear effects that mobility can have on the evolution of an epidemic and highlight their relevance for epidemic control.

LISA Pathfinder is a technology demonstrator space mission, aimed at testing key technologies for detecting gravitational waves in space. The mission is the precursor of LISA, the first space gravitational waves observatory, whose launch is scheduled for 2034. The LISA Pathfinder scientific payload includes two gravitational reference sensors (GRSs), each one containing a test mass (TM), which is the sensing body of the experiment. A mission critical task is to set each TM into a pure geodesic motion, i.e. guaranteeing an extremely low acceleration noise in the sub-Hertz frequency bandwidth. The grabbing positioning and release mechanism (GPRM), responsible for the injection of the TM into a geodesic trajectory, was widely tested on ground, with the limitations imposed by the 1-g environment. The experiments showed that the mechanism, working in its nominal conditions, is capable of releasing the TM into free-fall fulfilling the very strict constraint imposed on the TM residual velocity, in order to allow its capture on behalf of the electrostatic actuation. However, the first in-flight releases produced unexpected residual velocity components, for both the TMs. Moreover, all the residual velocity components were greater than maximum value set by the requirements. The main suspect is that unexpected contacts took place between the TM and the surroundings bodies. As a consequence, ad hoc manual release procedures had to be adopted for the few following injections performed during the nominal mission. These procedures still resulted in non compliant TM states which were captured only after impacts. However, such procedures seem not practicable for LISA, both for the limited repeatability of the system and for the unmanageable time lag of the telemetry/telecommand signals (about 4400 s). For this reason, at the end of the mission, the GPRM was deeply tested in-flight, performing a large number of releases, according to different strategies. The tests were carried out i

Le quatrième volume de la collection « Passage des disciplines » appréhende la manière dont la discipline de l’histoire de l’art s’est constituée au Collège de France en nouant un lien privilégié avec le musée du Louvre. Georges Lafenestre, André Michel, Paul Vitry, René Huyghe furent conservateurs au département des peintures et des dessins ou à celui des sculptures du Moyen Âge, de la Renaissance et des Temps modernes, avant d’enseigner au Collège dans le cadre de la chaire d’Esthétique et histoire de l’art, créée en 1878, renommée « Histoire de l’art français » (1920-1925), ou de la chaire municipale, financée par la ville de Paris, « Psychologie des arts plastiques » (1951-1976). En élisant ainsi plusieurs conservateurs à ses chaires, le Collège de France occupe-t-il une place à part dans la cartographie des lieux d’enseignement de l’esthétique et de l’histoire de l’art ? Quelles logiques sont à l’œuvre dans le recrutement des conservateurs ? Dans quelle mesure l’expérience muséale des candidats pèse-t-elle sur leur nomination ? Une fois élus, quels liens ces derniers entretiennent-ils avec le Louvre ? Transfèrent-ils les débats du musée concernant l’esthétique ou la méthode historique dans leurs leçons du Collège de France ? Circulation d’hommes et parcours professionnel, débat disciplinaire, le musée : un laboratoire du cours ? telles sont les lignes principales que les auteurs de ce volume souhaitent explorer, en exploitant les archives des différentes institutions.

Le quatrième volume de la collection « Passage des disciplines » appréhende la manière dont la discipline de l’histoire de l’art s’est constituée au Collège de France en nouant un lien privilégié avec le musée du Louvre. Georges Lafenestre, André Michel, Paul Vitry, René Huyghe furent conservateurs au département des peintures et des dessins ou à celui des sculptures du Moyen Âge, de la Renaissance et des Temps modernes, avant d’enseigner au Collège dans le cadre de la chaire d’Esthétique et histoire de l’art, créée en 1878, renommée « Histoire de l’art français » (1920-1925), ou de la chaire municipale, financée par la ville de Paris, « Psychologie des arts plastiques » (1951-1976). En élisant ainsi plusieurs conservateurs à ses chaires, le Collège de France occupe-t-il une place à part dans la cartographie des lieux d’enseignement de l’esthétique et de l’histoire de l’art ? Quelles logiques sont à l’œuvre dans le recrutement des conservateurs ? Dans quelle mesure l’expérience muséale des candidats pèse-t-elle sur leur nomination ? Une fois élus, quels liens ces derniers entretiennent-ils avec le Louvre ? Transfèrent-ils les débats du musée concernant l’esthétique ou la méthode historique dans leurs leçons du Collège de France ? Circulation d’hommes et parcours professionnel, débat disciplinaire, le musée : un laboratoire du cours ? telles sont les lignes principales que les auteurs de ce volume souhaitent explorer, en exploitant les archives des différentes institutions.

Par bien des côtés, Maurice Barrès (1862-1923) aurait pu être un dévot de Ruskin : amateur d’art formé par les esthètes de Londres, lecteur assidu de l’ouvrage de Rio, De l’art chrétien, écrivain de Venise, homme politique évoluant vers le traditionalisme, défenseur des églises de France, un des pères de la loi sur le patrimoine de 1913. Pourtant, Barrès résiste aux idées de Ruskin, en raison de son penchant pour la Renaissance italienne, de son affinité plus grande avec les goûts et la sensibilité de Walter Pater et de Stendhal, et peut-être en réaction à un phénomène de mode comme le montre sa satire des pèlerins de Ruskin. Pour répondre à Ruskin, il ne met pas en place un essai théorique sur l’art, mais insère au sein de romans ou d’écrits de voyage de brèves méditations polémiques, où la connaissance du texte de première main gagne du terrain au fil du temps et qui portent pour l’essentiel sur la place à accorder à la Renaissance italienne et sur la représentation de Venise. Barrès joue ainsi un rôle paradoxal dans la diffusion de Ruskin en France : il contribue à le faire connaître — il est l’un des premiers et rares à le nommer dans un roman et, en 1904, il incite Proust à traduire St Mark’s Rest —, tout en devenant un modèle de la résistance à Ruskin : Rebell, Daudet et Vaudoyer illustrent la manière dont Barrès a servi de chef de file, ou du moins de caution, à la réaction anti-ruskinienne en France.

L'article étudie la manière dont la discipline de l’histoire de l’art s’est constituée au Collège de France en nouant un lien privilégié avec le musée. Le profil du conservateur-professeur s’impose en art au Collège de France à partir de Lafenestre, qui contribue à la circulation du savoir entre trois établissements : un musée et deux lieux d’enseignement de statut différent.

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been holding the world hostage for more than a year now. Mobility is key to viral spreading and its restriction is the main non-pharmaceutical interventions to fight the virus expansion. Previous works have shown a connection between the structural organization of cities and the movement patterns of their residents. This puts urban centers in the focus of epidemic surveillance and interventions. Here we show that the organization of urban flows has a tremendous impact on disease spreading and on the amenability of different mitigation strategies. By studying anonymous and aggregated intra-urban flows in a variety of cities in the United States and other countries, and a combination of empirical analysis and analytical methods, we demonstrate that the response of cities to epidemic spreading can be roughly classified in two major types according to the overall organization of those flows. Hierarchical cities, where flows are concentrated primarily between mobility hotspots, are particularly vulnerable to the rapid spread of epidemics. Nevertheless, mobility restrictions in such types of cities are very effective in mitigating the spread of a virus. Conversely, in sprawled cities which present many centers of activity, the spread of an epidemic is much slower, but the response to mobility restrictions is much weaker and less effective. Investing resources on early monitoring and prompt ad-hoc interventions in more vulnerable cities may prove helpful in containing and reducing the impact of future pandemics.

Gravitational waves (GWs) were observed for the first time in 2015, one century after Einstein predicted their existence. There is now growing interest to extend the detection bandwidth to low frequency. The scientific potential of multi-frequency GW astronomy is enormous as it would enable to obtain a more complete picture of cosmic events and mechanisms. This is a unique and entirely new opportunity for the future of astronomy, the success of which depends upon the decisions being made on existing and new infrastructures. The prospect of combining observations from the future space-based instrument LISA together with third generation ground based detectors will open the way toward multi-band GW astronomy, but will leave the infrasound (0.1-10 Hz) band uncovered. GW detectors based on matter wave interferometry promise to fill such a sensitivity gap. We propose the European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-interferometric Research (ELGAR), an underground infrastructure based on the latest progress in atomic physics, to study space-time and gravitation with the primary goal of detecting GWs in the infrasound band. ELGAR will directly inherit from large research facilities now being built in Europe for the study of large scale atom interferometry and will drive new pan-European synergies from top research centers developing quantum sensors. ELGAR will measure GW radiation in the infrasound band with a peak strain sensitivity of 3.3 × 10-22/√Hz at 1.7 Hz. The antenna will have an impact on diverse fundamental and applied research fields beyond GW astronomy, including gravitation, general relativity, and geology.

Context. Until recently, camera networks designed for monitoring fireballs worldwide were not fully automated, implying that in case of a meteorite fall, the recovery campaign was rarely immediate. This was an important limiting factor as the most fragile - hence precious - meteorites must be recovered rapidly to avoid their alteration. Aims. The Fireball Recovery and InterPlanetary Observation Network (FRIPON) scientific project was designed to overcome this limitation. This network comprises a fully automated camera and radio network deployed over a significant fraction of western Europe and a small fraction of Canada. As of today, it consists of 150 cameras and 25 European radio receivers and covers an area of about 1.5 × 10km. Methods. The FRIPON network, fully operational since 2018, has been monitoring meteoroid entries since 2016, thereby allowing the characterization of their dynamical and physical properties. In addition, the level of automation of the network makes it possible to trigger a meteorite recovery campaign only a few hours after it reaches the surface of the Earth. Recovery campaigns are only organized for meteorites with final masses estimated of at least 500 g, which is about one event per year in France. No recovery campaign is organized in the case of smaller final masses on the order of 50 to 100 g, which happens about three times a year; instead, the information is delivered to the local media so that it can reach the inhabitants living in the vicinity of the fall. Results. Nearly 4000 meteoroids have been detected so far and characterized by FRIPON. The distribution of their orbits appears to be bimodal, with a cometary population and a main belt population. Sporadic meteors amount to about 55% of all meteors. A first estimate of the absolute meteoroid flux (mag < -5; meteoroid size ≥∼1 cm) amounts to 1250/yr/10km. This value is compatible with previous estimates. Finally, the first meteorite was recovered in Italy (Cavezzo, January 2020)

Corneal pain is considered to be a core symptom of ocular surface disruption and inflammation. The management of this debilitating condition is still a therapeutic challenge. Recent evidence supports a role of the opioid system in the management of corneal nociception. However, the functional involvement of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) underlying this analgesic effect is not known. We first investigated the expression of the MOR in corneal nerve fibers and trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons in control mice and a mouse model of corneal inflammatory pain. We then evaluated the anti-nociceptive and electrophysiological effects of DAMGO ([D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol] enkephalin), a MOR-selective ligand. MOR immunoreactivity was detected in corneal nerve fibers and primary afferent neurons of the ophthalmic branch of the TG of naive mice. MOR expression was significantly higher in both structures under conditions of inflammatory corneal pain. Topical ocular administration of DAMGO strongly reduced both the mechanical (von Frey) and chemical (capsaicin) corneal hypersensitivity associated with inflammatory ocular pain. Repeated instillations of DAMGO also markedly reversed the elevated spontaneous activity of the ciliary nerve and responsiveness of corneal polymodal nociceptors that were observed in mice with corneal pain. Finally, these DAMGO-induced behavioral and electrophysiological responses were totally blunted by the topical application of naloxone methiodide, an opioid receptor antagonist. Overall, these results provide evidence that topical pharmacological MOR activation may constitute a therapeutic target for the treatment of corneal pain and improve corneal nerve function to alleviate chronic pain.

Hybrid Electron Microscopy Normal Mode Analysis (HEMNMA) method was introduced in 2014. HEMNMA computes normal modes of a reference model (an atomic structure or an electron microscopy map) of a molecular complex and uses this model and its normal modes to analyze single‐particle images of the complex to obtain information on its continuous conformational changes, by determining the full distribution of conformational variability from the images. An advantage of HEMNMA is a simultaneous determination of all parameters of each image (particle conformation, orientation, and shift) through their iterative optimization, which allows applications of HEMNMA even when the effects of conformational changes dominate those of orientational changes. HEMNMA was first implemented in Xmipp and was using MATLAB for statistical analysis of obtained conformational distributions and for fitting of underlying trajectories of conformational changes. A HEMNMA implementation independent of MATLAB is now available as part of a plugin of Scipion V2.0 (http://scipion.i2pc.es). This plugin, named ContinuousFlex, can be installed by following the instructions at https://pypi.org/project/scipion-em-continuousflex. In this article, we present this new HEMNMA software, which is user‐friendly, totally free, and open‐source.

A textbook case of twisted structure due to hydrogen–hydrogen steric clash, the biphenyl molecule, has been studied in real space from a new perspective. Long-term discrepancies regarding the origin of the steric repulsion are now reconciled under the NCI (Non Covalent Interaction) method, which reflects in 3D the balance between attractive and repulsive interactions taking place in the region between the phenyl rings. The NCI method confirms that the steric repulsion does not merely come from the H–H interaction itself, but from the many-atom interactions arising from the Cortho–H region, therefore providing rigorous physical grounds for the steric clash. This method allows a continuous scan of all the subtle changes on the electron density on going from the planar to the perpendicular biphenyl structure. The NCI results agree with other topological approaches (IQA, ELF) and are in line with previous findings in the literature regarding controversial H–H interactions in steric clash situations: H–H interactions are attractive, but repulsion appears between (Cortho–H)⋯(Cortho–H), raising the intraatomic energy of the ortho H. ELF is also used to support these conclusions. Indeed, deformations are observed in compressed basins that allow to visualize the intraatomic effect of steric repulsion. These results can be easily extrapolated to systems with similar topological features in which steric clash is claimed to be the reason for instability.

Black holes in binary systems execute patterns of outburst activity where two characteristic X-ray states are associated with different behaviours observed at radio wavelengths. The hard state is associated with radio emission indicative of a continuously replenished, collimated, relativistic jet, whereas the soft state is rarely associated with radio emission, and never continuously, implying the absence of a quasi-steady jet. Here we report radio observations of the black hole transient MAXI J1820+070 during its 2018 outburst. As the black hole transitioned from the hard to soft state, we observed an isolated radio flare, which, using high-angular-resolution radio observations, we connect with the launch of bipolar relativistic ejecta. This flare occurs as the radio emission of the core jet is suppressed by a factor of over 800. We monitor the evolution of the ejecta over 200 days and to a maximum separation of 10″, during which period it remains detectable due to in situ particle acceleration. Using simultaneous radio observations sensitive to different angular scales, we calculate an accurate estimate of energy content of the approaching ejection. This energy estimate is far larger than that derived from the state transition radio flare, suggesting a systematic underestimate of jet energetics. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

We present the Global Rapid Advanced Network Devoted to the Multi-messenger Addicts (GRANDMA). The network consists of 21 telescopes with both photometric and spectroscopic facilities. They are connected together thanks to a dedicated infrastructure. The network aims at coordinating the observations of large sky position estimates of transient events to enhance their follow-up and reduce the delay between the initial detection and optical confirmation. The GRANDMA programme mainly focuses on follow-up of gravitational-wave alerts to find and characterize the electromagnetic counterpart during the third observational campaign of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. But it allows for follow-up of any transient alerts involving neutrinos or gamma-ray bursts, even those with poor spatial localization. We present the different facilities, tools, and methods we developed for this network and show its efficiency using observations of LIGO/Virgo S190425z, a binary neutron star merger candidate.We furthermore report on allGRANDMAfollow-up observations performed during the first six months of the LIGO-Virgo observational campaign, and we derive constraints on the kilonova properties assuming that the events' locations were imaged by our telescopes. © 2019 The Author(s).

Le numéro thématique, issu d’une journée d’étude, analyse la réception du musée du Louvre par quelques écrivains. Il s’agit de ressaisir le rapport des écrivains aux arts en tenant compte de l’intermédiaire que constitue l’institution muséale : mesurer la place du Louvre dans la géographie artistique des écrivains, à une époque où la concurrence des musées étrangers et de province, des galeries d’art et des expositions, notamment universelles, est grande ; analyser la manière dont le musée constitue un lieu d’inspiration ; retracer l’intervention des écrivains dans les débats sur le musée ; étudier la réception de quelques œuvres et artistes, en lien avec l’histoire des collections. Comprise entre deux siècles, la période, qui commence en 1874, à la réouverture du Louvre fermé depuis la Commune, prend place après les grands travaux du Louvre par Napoléon III et avant la réorganisation du musée par le plan Verne (1926). Elle est marquée par la tension entre la mémoire du Louvre de Napoléon III, perceptible notamment dans les romans naturalistes de Zola, et l’appel au changement, lisible dans les critiques formulées sur les collections ou l’aménagement des salles.

où se situe le Louvre dans la cartographie de Barrès ? Comment comprendre le décalage entre la pratique du visiteur et la place faite dans les écrits ? En évoquant quelques promenades de Barrès au Louvre, je m’intéresserai tout d’abord aux liens entre le musée et la création romanesque, puis j’analyserai l’évolution de ses réflexions sur l’institution muséale.

Les neuf contributions réunies présentent quelques facettes de la réception du musée du Louvre par des écrivains français, au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles, plus précisément de la réouverture du Louvre après la Commune en 1874 aux années 1920.

[Background]: Ocular surface diseases are among the most frequent ocular pathologies. Ocular pain following corneal injury is frequently observed in clinic. Corneal sensory innervation is supplied by ciliary nerves derived from ophthalmic division of the trigeminal ganglion., [Methods & Results]: Extracellular activity of the mouse ciliary nerve was first used to investigate the corneal responsiveness to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimulations in order to specifically study the responses of polymodal nociceptors, mechano‐nociceptors and cold thermoreceptor in a control cornea. Then, in two models of corneal injury (repeated instillations of 0.02% benzalkonium chloride and corneal scraping), we first measured the corneal sensitivity to chemical (eye‐wiping test) and mechanical (von Frey filaments) stimulation. Thereafter, we evaluated whether these corneal injuries modified the spontaneous and chemical stimulation‐evoked activity of the ciliary nerve. Both models of injury induced a significant corneal chemical hypersensitivity correlated with an increase of the spontaneous activity of the ciliary nerve and a faster response of the ciliary nerve after a chemical stimulation., [Conclusions]: Overall, this study provides new insights into the functional aspects of corneal nerve fibre activity in mice after corneal injury. The increase in ciliary nerve activity may thus contribute to the development of ocular pain after corneal damage., [Significance]: This study highlights the parallel increase in ciliary nerve activity and corneal sensitivity after corneal injury in mice. The strategy of combining ex vivo electrophysiological recordings of the ciliary nerve in mice and corneal sensitivity measurements therefore helps to uncover the functional aspects of corneal pain.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Présentation de réflexions méthodologiques et théoriques sur les voyages à partir de mon travail de thèse.

Etat de l'art des travaux en littérature sur le musée.

[EN] Excavations at Córcoles, Guadalajara, Spain (MN 4) in October 1987, yielded a mandible and several isolated teeth of a strange suiform with tubulidentate cheek teeth, initially interpreted to be the remains of Tubulidentata. The specimens are complete enough to remove any doubt about which Order (Artiodactyla) and Superfamily (Suoidea) they belong to. They are here attributed to the Family Doliochoeridae, being related to the genera Bransatochoerus (MP 30) and Lorancahyus (MN 2) both of which have hypsorhizic cheek teeth, the latter with tubules in the teeth, but not to the fully-expressed extent seen in the fossils from Córcoles and the molars retain a distinct and large pulp cavity, which is absent in the Córcoles species. It is inferred that these suoids comprise an evolutionary lineage which went extinct in the early Miocene (ca MN 4b or MN 5) and that the dental specialisations imply ingestion of food to which soil was adhering, which caused excessive abrasion of the teeth, not only occlusally, but also on the lingual aspects of the cheek teeth. Examination of the occlusal and lingual surfaces of the teeth confi rm the presence of many pits and large scratches on them, in contrast to the buccal and distal surfaces of the teeth which have few scratches or none, respectively., [ES] Las excavaciones realizadas en el yacimiento de Córcoles, Guadalajara, España (MN 4) han suministrado una mandíbula y algunos dientes aislados de un extraño suido con los dientes yugales tubulidentados, que inicialmente fueron interpretados como pertenecientes a un Tubulidentata (cerdo hormiguero, Orycteropus). Los ejemplares son lo sufi cientemente completos como para que no hayan dudas de su pertenencia al Orden Artiodactyla, y dentro de él a la Superfamilia Suoidea. En este trabajo son atribuidos a la Familia Doliochoeridae, relacionándoles con los géneros Brasantochoerus (MP 30) y Lorancahyus (MN 2), ambos con dientes yugales hipsorrizos, éste último género con túbulos dentarios, pero que no alcanzan un desarrollo tan extenso como se aprecia en los fósiles de Córcoles, de manera que los molares aún retienen la cavidad pulpar, que está ausente en la especie de Córcoles. Se infi ere que estos suoideos formaron una línea evolutiva que se extinguió en el Mioceno inferior (MN 4 o MN 5) y que la especialización dentaria implicaba la ingesta de comida con particulas del suelo adheridas, lo que causaba una abrasión intensa de los dientes, no solo en el plano oclusal si no también en la muralla lingual de la serie dental. El examen de las superfi cies linguales y oclusales de los dientes confi rma la presencia de numerosos hoyos y grandes rayaduras, en contraste con las superfi cies labiales y distales de los dientes que tienen pocas o ninguna rayadura.

We present a comprehensive study of the relations between gas kinematics, metallicity and stellar mass in a sample of 82 gamma-ray burst (GRB)-selected galaxies using absorption and emission methods. We find the velocity widths of both emission and absorption profiles to be a proxy of stellar mass. We also investigate the velocity-metallicity correlation and its evolution with redshift. Using 33 GRB hosts with measured stellar mass and metallicity, we study the mass-metallicity relation for GRB host galaxies in a stellarmass range of 10-10M and a redshift range of z~0.3-3.4. TheGRB-selected galaxies appear to track themass-metallicity relation of star-forming galaxies but with an offset of 0.15 towards lower metallicities. This offset is comparable with the average error bar on the metallicity measurements of the GRB sample and also the scatter on the mass-metallicity relation of the general population. It is hard to decide whether this relatively small offset is due to systematic effects or the intrinsic nature of GRB hosts. We also investigate the possibility of using absorption-line metallicity measurements of GRB hosts to study the mass-metallicity relation at high redshifts. Our analysis shows that the metallicity measurements from absorption methods can significantly differ from emission metallicities and assuming identical measurements from the two methods may result in erroneous conclusions.© 2018 The Author(s).

Network theory has played a dominant role in understanding the structure of complex systems and their dynamics. Recently, quantum complex networks, i.e. collections of quantum systems arranged in a non-regular topology, have been theoretically explored leading to significant progress in a multitude of diverse contexts including, e.g., quantum transport, open quantum systems, quantum communication, extreme violation of local realism, and quantum gravity theories. Despite important progress in several quantum platforms, the implementation of complex networks with arbitrary topology in quantum experiments is still a demanding task, especially if we require both a significant size of the network and the capability of generating arbitrary topology—from regular to any kind of non-trivial structure—in a single setup. Here we propose an all optical and reconfigurable implementation of quantum complex networks. The experimental proposal is based on optical frequency combs, parametric processes, pulse shaping and multimode measurements allowing the arbitrary control of the number of the nodes (optical modes) and topology of the links (interactions between the modes) within the network. Moreover, we also show how to simulate quantum dynamics within the network combined with the ability to address its individual nodes. To demonstrate the versatility of these features, we discuss the implementation of two recently proposed probing techniques for quantum complex networks and structured environments.

In the context of climate change, concern is raising about the negative effects of some pruning waste management practices. On the one hand, burning of pruning residue is seen as controversial regarding its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, chipping the wood and using it as mulch is seen as highly risky regarding pest and disease control. Considering these issues, it is important to try to understand how and why these practices are adopted. In this study, we conducted in-depth interviews and survey questionnaires in the olive-growing region of Sierra Mágina (Andalusia) in order to explore (1) which were the pruning waste management practices in place, (2) which had been these practices in the past, and (3) which were the factors influencing the choice of different practices. Since 2010, there has been a shift in pruning waste management practices in this region, from stubble burning to chipping. This change seems to be led by older/retired farmers that have young and noninherited groves. Moreover, this change is shown not to be necessarily a result of Bgreening^ in agriculture but rather a result of intensification and mechanization. These results are discussed regarding the processes of innovation adoption in the region and the possible unforeseen externalities that derive from this change in pruning waste management practices.

Le volume réunit une trentaine d’articles issus de trois années de réflexions d’un programme de recherches, dirigé scientifiquement par Didier Alexandre de 2010 à 2013, sur l’inscription de la querelle du cosmopolitisme et du nationalisme au sein de la littérature française. Après une première année de séminaire et une journée d’études consacrées à l’idée de roman « français », une seconde année, organisée sur le même modèle, fut dévolue au volet cosmopolite. Un colloque international en juin 2013 eut pour objectif d’élargir le champ de la recherche, en intégrant davantage les perspectives postcoloniales et contemporaines. La période d’investigation ainsi étendue de 1880 à 2010, de Paul Bourget à Jean Philippe Toussaint, permet de saisir les variations définitionnelles et les reconfigurations du couple cosmopolitisme-nationalisme au gré des évènements historiques.