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6. Evidence of Cenozoic environmental and ecological change from stable isotope analysis of sirenian remains from the Tethys-Mediterranean region

Author

Clementz, Mark T., Sorbi, Silvia, and Domninq, Daryl P.

Subjects
Mediterranean region -- Natural history, Sirenia -- Discovery and exploration, Mammals, Fossil -- Discovery and exploration, Earth sciences
Abstract

Sirenians (sea cows: manatees and dugongs) have been primary consumers in tropical and subtropical shallow-water marine ecosystems for more than 50 m.y. Though fossils of the earliest sirenians have been recovered from the Caribbean, sirenians are thought to have originated in the Tethys-Mediterranean region, which underwent significant climate change over the course of the Cenozoic. Application of stable isotope analysis can provide new insight into how diet and habitat preferences were affected by climate change and how these ecological changes correlate with diversity patterns for this region. Tooth enamel was sampled from 57 specimens of sirenians from the Tethys-Mediterranean and adjacent seas spanning the Eocene to Pliocene. Enamel [[delta].sup.13]C values across this time interval were consistently high and indicative of diets composed mostly of marine seagrasses. In contrast, enamel [[delta].sup.18]O values showed significant change over time and across the region. Sirenians from southern sites (i.e., Egypt, Libya) had significantly higher mean [[delta].sup.18]O values than specimens from most European locations, suggesting variation in salinity within the Tethys-Mediterranean. The range in enamel [[delta].sup.18]O values increased from the Paleogene through the Neogene, but enamel [[delta].sup.13]C values remained steady, indicating that changes in environmental conditions did not necessarily coincide with major changes in dietary preferences. Declines in sirenian taxonomic diversity in the late Miocene were likely due to the rapid climate and oceanographic changes during the latter half of the Cenozoic and their impacts on available dietary resources. Elevated [[delta].sup.13]C and [[delta].sup.18]O values in Mediterranean sirenians during the Messinian salinity crisis corroborate the hypothesis of ecophenotypic dwarfing in these animals.

Published
2009

9. New record of Metaxytherium (Mammalia, Sirenia) from the lower Miocene of Manosque (Provence, France)

Author

Sorbi, Silvia

Subjects
Mammalia, Animalia, Dugongidae, Biodiversity, Chordata, Sirenia, Taxonomy
Abstract

Sorbi, Silvia (2008): New record of Metaxytherium (Mammalia, Sirenia) from the lower Miocene of Manosque (Provence, France). Geodiversitas 30 (2): 433-444, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5376713, {"references":["BAJPAI S. & DOMNING D. P. 1997. - A new dugongine sirenian from the early Miocene of India. Journa-l of Vertebra-te Pa-leontology 17 (1): 219-228.","BIANUCCI G. & LANDINI W. 2003. - Meta-xytherium medium (Mammalia: Sirenia) from upper Miocene sediments of the Arenaria di Ponsano Formation (Tuscany, Italy). Rivista- Ita-lia-na- di Pa-leontologia- e Stra-tigra-fia- 109 (3): 567-573.","BIANUCCI G., CARONE G., DOMNING D. P., LANDINI W. & ROOK L. 2004. - Peri-Messinian dwarfing in Mediterranean Meta-xytherium (Mammalia: Sirenia): evidence of habitat degradation related to Mediterranean desiccation. Abstra-cts, Third Symposium on Geology of Ea-st Libya-, Benghazi, Nov. 21-23: 21.","BLAINVILLE H. M. D. DE 1844. - Osteographie ou description iconographique comparee du squelette et du systeme dentaire des mammiferes recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie, in BERTRAND A. (ed.), Des la-ma-ntins (Buffon), (Ma-na-tus, Scopoli), ou gra-vigra-des a-qua-tiques. J. B. Bailliere & Fils, Paris, 140 p.","CARONE G. & DOMNING D. P. 2007. - Meta-xytherium serresii (Mammalia: Sirenia): new pre-Pliocene record, and implications for Mediterranean paleoecology before and after the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Bollettino della- Societa Pa-leontologica- Ita-lia-na- 46 (1): 55-92.","COTTREAU J. 1928. - Le Meta-xytherium cuvieri du Golfe de la Loire. Anna-les de Pa-leontologie 17: 1-20.","DEPERET C. & ROMAN F. 1920. - Felsinotherium serresi des sables Pliocenes de Montpellier et les rameaux phyletiques des Sireniens fossiles de l'Ancien Monde. Archives du Musee d'Histoire na-turelle de Lyon 12: 1-56.","DOLLO L. 1889. - Premiere note sur les sireniens de Boom (resume). Societe belge de Geologie, Pa-leontologie et Hydrologie 3: 415-421.","DOMNING D. P. 1988. - Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. I - Meta-xytherium florida-num Hay, 1922. Journa-l of Vertebra-te Pa-leontology 8 (4): 395-426.","DOMNING D. P. 1994. - A phylogenetic analysis of the Sirenia, in BERTA A. & DEMERE T. A. (eds), Contributions in marine mammal Paleontology honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the Sa-n Diego Society of Na-tura-l History 29: 177-189.","DOMNING D. P. 1996. - Bibliography and index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia. Smithsonia-n Contributions to Pa-leobiology 80: 1-611.","DOMNING D. P. & THOMAS H. 1987. - Meta-xytherium serresii (Mammalia: Sirenia) from the Early Pliocene of Libya and France: a reevaluation of its morphology, phyletic position, and biostratigraphic and paleoecological significance, in BOAZ H., EL- ARNAUTI A., GAZIRY A. W., HEINZELIN J. DE & BOAZ D. (eds), Neogene Pa-leontology a-nd Geology of Sa-ha-bi. Alan R. Liss, New York: 205-232.","DOMNING D. P. & PERVESLER P. 2001. - The osteology and relationships of Meta-xytherium kra-huletzi Deperet, 1895 (Mammalia: Sirenia). Abha-ndlungen der Senckenbergischen Na-turforschenden Gesellscha-ft 553: 1-89.","ESTEVENS M. 2003a. - Mamiferos marinhos do Miocenico da peninsula de Setubal. Ciencia-s da- Terraesp-5: 60-63.","ESTEVENS M. 2003b. - Mamiferos marinhos do Miocenico de Lisboa. Ciencia-s da- Terra- esp-5: 64-67.","FITZINGER L. J. 1842. - Bericht uber die in dem Sandlagern von Linz aufgefundenen fossilen Reste eines urweltlichen Saugers, (Ha-litherium Christolii). Bericht Museum Fra-nco-Ca-rolinum, Linz 6: 61-72.","HEAL G. J. 1973. - Contributions to the Study of Sirenia-n Evolution. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, UK, 285 p.","LARTET E. 1866.- Note sur deux nouveaux sireniens fossiles des terrains tertiaires du bassin de la Garonne. Bulletin de la- Societe geologique de Fra-nce 23 (2): 673-686.","MONCHARMONT ZEI M. & MONCHARMONT U. 1987. - Il Meta-xytherium medium (Desmarest) 1822 (Sirenia, Mammalia) delle arenarie tortoniane (Miocene sup.) di S. Domenica di Ricadi (Catanzaro, Italia). Memorie di Scienze Geologiche 39: 285-341.","MUIZON C. DE & DOMNING D. P. 1985. - The first records of fossil sirenians in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Bulletin du Museum na-tiona-l d'Histoire na-turelle, section C, 7 (3): 189-213.","PIA J. VON & SICKENBERG O. 1934. - Katalog der in den osterreichischen Sammlungen befindlichen Saugetierreste des Jungtertiars Osterreichs und der Randgebiete. Denkschriften Na-turhistoric Museum Wien, Geologische-Pa-leontologische Reihe 4: 1-544.","PILLERI G. 1987. - The Sirenia- of the Swiss Mola-sse with a- Descriptive Ca-ta-logue of the Fossil Sirenia- Preserved in Swiss collections. Brain Anatomy Institute, Ostermundigen, 114 p.","PILLERI G. 1988. - The Pliocene Sirenia of the Po Basin (Meta-xytherium suba-penninum (Bruno) 1839), in PILLERI G. (ed.), Contributions to the Pa-leontology of some Tethya-n Ceta-cea- a-nd Sirenia- (Ma-mma-lia-). Brain Anatomy Institute, Ostermundigen: 45-103.","PILLERI G., BIOSCA J. & VIA L. 1989. - The Tertia-ry Sirenia- of Ca-ta-lonia-. Brain Anatomy Institute, Ostermundigen, 98 p.","POUYET S., DAVID L., DEMARCQ G., LATREILLE G., CAR- BONNEL G., PRIEUR A., PHILIPPE M., LAURAIN M., PA- JAUD D., CAPPETTA H., BARBILLAT R. & CHEVALIER J.-P. 1984. - Le facies \" Marnes bleues \" du Burdigalien du bassin de Faucon-Mollans-Malaucene (Sud-Est de la France) : essai de synthese paleoecologique et paleogeographique. Geologie de la- Fra-nce 1-2: 123-130.","SENDRA J., MONTOYA P. & BELINCHON M. 1999. - Un craneo de sirenio en el Plioceno de Pilar de la Horadada (Alicante, Espana). Tema-s Geologico-Mineros 26: 350-355.","SICKENBERG O. 1928. - Eine Sirene aus dem Leithakalk des Burgenlandes. Denkschriften der Aka-demie der Wissenscha-ften in Wien. Ma-thema-tisch-na-turwissenscha-ftliche Kla-sse 101: 293-323.","SICKENBERG O. 1934. - Beitrage zur Kenntnis tertiarer Sirenen. Memoires du Musee roya-l d'Histoire na-turelle de Belgique 63: 1-352.","SIEGFRIED P. 1965. - Anomotherium la-ngewieschei n. g. n. sp. (Sirenia) aus dem Ober-Oligozan des Dobergs bei Bunde (Westfalen). Pa-la-eontogra-phica- A 124: 116-150.","TOLEDO P. M. DE & DOMNING D. P. 1991. - Fossil Sirenia (Mammalia: Dugongidae) from the Pirabas Formation (Early Miocene), northern Brazil. Boletim do Museu Pa-ra-ense Emilio Goeldi, Serie Ciencia-s da- Terra- 1 (2): 119-146.","WALLEZ M.-J., MAGNE J., GOURINARD Y. & DEMARCQ G. 1986. - Nouvelles grade-datations de sediments burdigaliens des regions rhodaniennes. Geologie mediterra-neenne 12-13 (1-2): 59-63.","ZIGNO A. DE 1875. - Sirenii fossili trovati nel Veneto. Memorie Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 18 (3): 427-456."]}

Published
2008
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11. Morphological and systematic re-assessment of the late Oligocene "Halitherium" bellunense reveals a new crown group genus of Sirenia.

Author

VOSS, MANJA, SORBI, SILVIA, and DOMNING, DARYL P.

Subjects
*GREENSAND, *INCISORS, *VERTEBRAE, *SIRENIA, *MOLARS
Abstract

"Halitherium" bellunense is exclusively known from a single individual from upper Oligocene glauconitic sandstone near Belluno, northern Italy. According to a review of its morphological basis, which consists of associated cranial elements, some vertebrae and ribs, this specimen is identified as a juvenile, because the first upper incisor (I1) and supposedly second upper molar (M2) are not fully erupted. However its juvenile status allowed only cautious conclusions on its taxonomy and systematic affinity. The presence of a nasal process of the premaxilla with a broadened and bulbous posterior end, and a lens-shaped I1, corroborate an evolutionarily-derived status of this species that places it well within the sirenian crown group Dugonginae. Considering these new data and in order to avoid continued misuse of the inappropriate generic name of Halitherium, a new generic name, Italosiren gen. nov., and emended species diagnosis are supplied for this taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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