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Summary The live birth rate following embryo transfer is comparable between spontaneous, stimulated and artificial cycles. However, the pregnancy loss rate appears elevated with hormonal therapy, possibly due to luteal insufficiency. This study aimed to determine whether the serum progesterone level on transfer day differed according to the endometrial preparation method for frozen embryo transfer (FET). Twenty spontaneous cycles (SC), 27 ovarian stimulation cycles (OS) and 65 artificial cycles (AC) were retrospectively studied from May to December 2019 in a single French hospital. The primary endpoint was the level of serum progesterone on the day of FET between the three endometrial preparation methods. The mean serum progesterone level on transfer day was 29.47 ng/ml in the OS group versus 20.03 ng/ml in the SC group and 14.32 ng/ml AC group (P < 0.0001). Progesterone levels remained significantly different after logistic regression on age and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level. There was no significant difference in demographic and hormone characteristics (age, body mass index, embryo stage of embryo, type of infertility, basal follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and AMH levels), endometrial thickness, number and type of embryos transferred, duration of infertility, pregnancy rate, live birth rate and pregnancy loss rate. No difference was found in serum progesterone levels between clinical pregnancy with fetal heartbeat and no clinical pregnancy (no pregnancy or pregnancy loss, 17.49 ng/ml vs 20.83 ng/ml, respectively, P = 0.07). The lower serum progesterone level found on FET day in the AC group should be further investigated to see whether this difference has a clinical effect on the live birth rate.

Les îles anglo-normandes n’ont jamais aboli le droit coutumier normand hérité de l’époque où elles faisaient partie du duché de Normandie (933-1204). Ce droit normand est un droit très conservateur du bien familial qui protège particulièrement la propriété contre les ventes. Par ailleurs, ces îles à la fiscalité avantageuse sont très peuplées et entendent faciliter l’accès à la propriété pour les autochtones. L’objet de cet article est de détailler les différents moyens mis en œuvre dans les îles pour acquérir et protéger la propriété. Since the Norman conquest, the Channel Islands have kept the customary law of the Duchy of Normandy (933-1204). This law is a very conservative family property law which protects property from being sold. Moreover, in these densely populated islands, the law helps its natives to access property. The purpose of this article is to present how property can be acquired and protected in Jersey and Guernsey.

Background: Live birth rate following embryo transfer is comparable between natural cycle and hormonal therapy. However, pregnancy loss rate appears elevated with hormonal therapy, possibly due to luteal insufficiency, characterised by a low level of serum progesterone in the luteal phase. The primary objective of this study, was to determine whether serum progesterone level on transfer day differed according to endometrial preparation method in patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer (FET). Secondary objectives were to compare the clinical pregnancy with foetal heartbeat rate and pregnancy loss rate according to endometrial preparation method and to compare the level of serum progesterone on the transfer day between pregnancy loss and pregnancy with foetal heartbeat.Methods: Forty-seven natural/stimulated cycles and 68 artificial cycle FET were retrospectively studied from May to December 2019 from a single French hospital. The primary endpoint was the level of serum progesterone on the day of FET. The type of infertility, aetiology, serum basal FSH, LH, oestradiol and AMH dosage, endometrial thickness, clinical pregnancy rate, pregnancy loss rate, and maternal and embryo characteristics were compared between natural/stimulated cycle (OS group) and artificial cycle (AC group). Results: Mean serum progesterone level on embryo transfer day was 25.47 ng/mL in the OS group versus 14.32 ng/mL AC group (p Conclusions: Serum progesterone level on FET day is lower with endometrial preparation with artificial cycle than with a natural/stimulated cycle. Further research is necessary to determine if this difference has any relation with higher pregnancy loss rate with artificial cycle.

The analytical and clinical performances of the new fluorescent immunoassay (CK‐MB mass Vidas‐BioMerieux) were examined and compared to the chemiluminescent test (CK‐MB mass Access‐Sanofi‐Pasteur). Assay precisions of the CK‐MB Vidas test within‐assay or between‐assay were less than 5.4 and 5.3%, respectively. Linearity was tested up to 214 μg/L. The CK‐MB Vidas test was free of interference with CK‐BB, CK‐MM, and macro‐CK. One hundred nineteen blood samples from patients with ischemic myocardial injury (IMI): acute myocardial infarction (AMI), suspected myocardial contusion (SMC), and unstable angina pectoris (UA), were tested using both immunoassays. In AMI, a good correlation was found (Y [CK‐MB Access] = 1.1372 × [CK‐MB Vidas] – 6.3902; r(2) = 0.96). In UA and SMC, low values were observed and both methods were well correlated (Y [CK‐MB Access] = 1.3662 × [CK‐MB Vidas] + 0.0671; r(2) = 0.97). Clinical data were in good agreement with both immunoassays. ROC analysis performed in AMI demonstrated that the clinical performances of the two assays were similar. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 14:43–47, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Circulating p53 antibodies (ELISA method), p53genetic alterations (SSCP), and protein overexpression(immunohistochemistry) were studied in 41 patients withcolorectal adenocarcinomas and 10 control patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrateantigen 19.9 (CA 19-9) were evaluated in parallel. Tenpatients with p53 antibodies and p53 overexpression wereselected. Tumor DNA extracts from these 10 patients were analyzed by SSCP. Of all 41patients, 10 (24%) showed significant levels of p53antibodies, and p53 accumulation was detected in 20(48%) patients. In six patients, p53 antibodieconcentrations decreased rapidly after surgery; in twopatients, these levels returned to normal values. Of the10 selected tumors, eight revealed TP53 gene mutations.Only two patients with high values of both CEA and CA 19-9 developed p53 antibodies. Inconclusion, beside classical tumor markers, circulatingp53 antibodies may be considered as additional markersfor the management of patients with colorectaladenocarcinomas.

Objective: to compare amino acid concentrations in healthy and malnourished elderly patients Method: plasma amino acid concentrations were examined in 24 men and women (80-100 years of age) with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and compared with those of 44 healthy, similarly-aged controls. Plasma samples were determined by using cation exchange columns with ninhydrin detection in an high performance liquid chromatography system. Results: essential amino acid and non-essential amino acid plasma concentrations were significantly decreased in PEM (0.01 < P < 0.0001). Branched-chain amino acids and urea cycle amino acid plasma concentrations fell significantly (P < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations of alanine and glutamic acid + glutamine were also significantly reduced (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: in underweight elderly patients, the plasma amino acid pattern reflects the severity of the metabolic disturbance.

En janvier 1431 s’ouvre le premier procès de Jeanne d’Arc, son procès de condamnation. Le contexte est éminemment politique dans la mesure où Jeanne est jugée à Rouen, alors tenue par les Anglais. Et de fait, les soupçons d’impartialité qui pèsent sur le jugement seront corroborés par la tenue d’un second procès, vingt-cinq ans plus tard, qui désavoue les premiers juges en réhabilitant la Pucelle. Cette contribution entend examiner ce premier procès sous un angle juridique, à l’aune des règles qui prévalent en matière inquisitoriale. En effet, le procès fait à Jeanne fut avant tout un procès d’inquisition obéissant à des règles précises. Il s’agit donc de savoir si ses juges ont offert à Jeanne « un beau procès », comme le souhaitait son principal juge, Pierre Cauchon, ou si, inversement, le caractère politique de l’enjeu les a conduits à prendre certaines libertés par rapport à la procédure d’inquisition. In January 1431 opened the first trial of Joan of Arc, the condemnation trial. The context is eminently political considering the fact that the trial takes place in Rouen, which is at the time occupied by the English. And indeed, suspicions of impartiality facing the judgment will be corroborated by the conduct of a second trial, twenty-five years later, which disavows the first judges and rehabilitate the Pucelle. This contribution intends to examine this first trial from a legal perspective, by the yardstick of the rules prevailing in an inquisitorial way. Indeed, the trial against Joan was primarily an Inquisition trial obeying particular rules. It is therefore whether its judges offered Joan “a beautiful trial,” as the main judge, Pierre Cauchon, wanted or if, conversely, the political nature of the issue has led them to take certain liberties with the Inquisition procedure.

La coutume normande fait partie des coutumes des provinces de l’Ouest dont les caractéristiques ont été si bien décrites par Jean Yver. Mais on sait aussi, qu’au sein même de ce groupe coutumier, la Normandie se distingue par son originalité, tant y sont mêlées une puissance matrimoniale forte, la prédominance des fils, l’absence de communauté conjugale par souci de conservation des biens dans le lignage d’origine, et, d’une manière générale, une extrême protection du patrimoine venu des ancê...

Cardiac troponins I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial cell injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of cTnI and cTnT with regard to creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) and to determine whether they can be used for early diagnosis of myocardial damage in rats, and to examine the relationship between cTnl and cTnT release with histological examinations, using isoprenaline-induced cardiac muscle damage as an experimental model in the rat. Eighteen Wistar rats per group were treated with a single dose of either isoprenaline (iso) or with normal saline as a control group. The anti-cTnI and cTnT monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) employed in the cTnI (Access) and cTnT (Elecsys) assays cross-react with cTnI and cTnT of the rat. A highly significant rise of cTnl or cTnT was found already 2 h after iso. The time-courses of cTnI and cTnT were monophasic in form. The highest cTnI (mean+/-S.D., 1.1+/-2.3 ng/ml) and cTnT (mean+/-S.D. 3.6+/-30 ng/ml) were found 4 h after iso. cTnI and cTnT significantly increased in iso-treated rats in comparison with controls whether the differences between 2-, 4- and 6-h levels and basal levels were considered or not. The areas under cTnl and cTnT curves (AUC) (0-6 h) and the maximal cTnI and cTnT (0-6 h) after iso were significantly different from the controls. For CK and LD, no elevation in comparison with controls could be detected (except a trend for LD whether or not the difference between 6-h levels and basal levels were considered (P=0.08) and for LD AUC (0-6 h) (P=0. 059)). Correlations between maximal cTnI and cTnT and AUC were 0.69 (P=0.0001) and 0.60 (P=0.0066), respectively. Histological examinations of iso-treated rats revealed acute focal or multifocal myofibrillar degeneration of the myocardial tissue in ten out of 14 rats and showed the earliest alterations 4 h after iso in one treated rat. Only four of the controls exhibited evidence of mild changes and slight mononuclear cell infiltration. cTnl and cTnT peak values to at least 0.35 and 1.3 ng/ml, respectively, were necessary to detect histological myocardial cell injury after iso. cTnI and cTnT were found to be early markers for diagnosing iso-induced myocardial damage in comparison with CK and LD. Elevations of cTnI and cTnT appeared to relate to the severity of histologic changes after myocardial injury. Although there was a difference in the absolute concentration of results between cTnI and cTnT assays, due to a lack of standardization and heterogeneity in the cross-reactivities of mAbs to various troponin I and T forms, cTnI and cTnT can be used as easily measurable target parameters for detection of cardiotoxic and/or cardiodegenerative effects in rats.

Background Few experimental studies report effects of direct contusion on cardiac enzyme release. Cardiac troponins I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) have been shown to be highly sensitive and specific markers of myocardial cell injury. This investigation was designed to determine and compare the acute effects of quantified magnitudes of blunt cardiac trauma upon release of cTnI and cTnT in comparison with creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD). Methods In 24 rabbit hearts prepared on a standard Langendorff apparatus, myocardial contusion (MC) was produced by a single blow with a ball falling from a predefined height, delivered directly to the surface of the heart. Hearts were divided into control (n = 6) and various quantified impacts: 75 mJoules (mJ) (n = 6), 100 mJ (n = 6), 200 mJ (n = 6). Coronary effluent samples for cTnI, cTnT, CK, and LD were collected at baseline, immediately after MC and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after MC. At the end of experiment, histologic condition was evaluated. Results The anti-cTnI and cTnT MAbs used in the cTnI (Access) and cTnT (Elecsys) assays cross-react with cTnI and cTnT of the rabbit. The time-courses of cTnI, cTnT, CK, and LD were monophasic in form. After MC, all parameters rose significantly compared with baseline and with control group. The maximal release occurred immediately after MC. The area under the cTnI curve and the maximal cTnI concentration were linked to the contusion energy when increased at 200 mJ. Maximal concentrations and areas under cTnT, CK, LD time activity curve were not linked to the contusion energy level and showed no between-energy group differences. The correlation found between maximal cTnI and maximal cTnT concentrations was 0.70 (p = 0.0001). Histologic examination showed cellular disruption and after the more severe impact, the extent of pathologic changes was more extensive. Conclusion After graded experimental MC, maximal cTnI concentration and area under cTnI curve increase with the power of impact kinetic energy. Levels of cTnI allow a much higher accuracy in detecting the extent of myocardial injury postMC in comparison with cTnT, CK, and LD in this experimental study. These results should be consistent with the more extensive cTnI release with more severe impact in patients with blunt chest trauma. Furthermore, because specificity and time-course of release, both cTnI and cTnT should have a role in the diagnosis and evaluation of such patients.

There is little information about the relation between mild cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) increase after coronary interventions and late outcome. We therefore focused on the long-term outcome and the clinical, morphologic, and procedural correlates of elevation of cTn-I compared with cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB activity and mass, and myoglobin in 105 patients with successful elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for stable or unstable angina. Patients with myocardial infarction and those with unstable angina who had a detectable increase in serum markers before PTCA were excluded. Markers were measured before and after the procedure and for 2 days. Patients were followed up to record recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac death, repeat PTCA, or elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Procedure success was achieved in all cases. Elevation in cTn-I (or =0.1 microg/L) was observed in 23 of 105 patients (22%) (median peak: 0.25 microg/L); 18% had cardiac troponin T (cTn-T) release (or = 0.1 microg/L, median peak 0.21); 11.4% CK-MB mass (or =5 microg/L), and 7.6% myoglobin (or =90 microg/L) release. Five and 2 patients had elevated CK and CK-MB activity, respectively. Fourteen of 18 patients with cTn-T elevation had a corresponding elevation in cTn-I (kappa 0.68; p = 0.001). Patients positive for cTn-I had more unstable angina (p = 0.042) and heparin before PTCA (p = 0.046), and had longest total time (p = 0.004) and single inflation (p = 0.01). By multivariate logistic regression, predictors of postprocedure cTnI elevation were maximum time of each inflation (odds ratio 9.2; p = 0.0012), type B lesions (odds ratio 6.6; p = 0.013), unstable angina (p = 0.041), and ageor =60 years (p = 0.032). Clinical follow-up was available in 103 patients (98%) (mean 19+/-10 months). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that cTn-I elevation was not an important correlate of cardiac events (p = 0.34, by log-rank analysis). The incidence of recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac death, and repeat revascularization after 12 months was not different in patients positive or negative for cTn-I. We conclude that cTn-I elevation after successful PTCA is not associated with significantly worse late clinical outcome. Levels of cTn-I allow a much higher diagnostic accuracy in detecting minor myocardial injury after PTCA compared with other markers, but there is no association with periprocedural myocardial cell injury and late outcome when cTn-I and other markers are considered.

Poirey Sophie. Le retrait lignager normand dans les bailliages de Jersey et Guernesey. In: Annales de Normandie, 49ᵉ annee, n°1, 1999. Routes, reseau ferre. Histoire du droit et des institutions. pp. 80-81.

International audience; Le mouvement des Brigands de Normandie, sorte de guérilla rurale endémique à l'encontre des troupes d'occupation anglaise, a longtemps été soit exalté au rang de résistance patriotique contre l'envahisseur anglais, soit réduit au rang d'une criminalité ordinaire. En s'appuyant sur une comparaison du brigandage normand et d'autres révoltes rurales que connut le royaume de France pendant la guerre de Cent Ans – Jacquerie d'Île-de-France, Tuchinat auvergnat et languedocien – cet article entend montrer qu'il s'agit essentiellement d'une autodéfense des communautés paysannes face aux pillages des hommes d'armes. Le brigandage normand renoue avec les formes traditionnelles de la résistance paysanne à l'autorité et ne prend une coloration politique qu'en raison de la situation particulière de la Normandie anglaise.