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The Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) conducted an exploration and collection of plant genetic resources in Southwestern Cambodia in 2022 in cooperation with the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Japan. The exploration was conducted within the framework of the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia (PGRAsia) project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan. The team mainly explored cucurbitaceous vegetables in four provinces of Southwestern Cambodia (Kampot, Kampong Speu, Koh Kong, and Preah Sihanouk) and collected a total of 85 samples, including 22 accessions of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), 30 of melon (Cucumis melo), 5 of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), 3 of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), 1 of wax gourd (Benincasa hispida), 9 of eggplant (Solanum melongena), and 15 of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.). The seeds of each sample were divided into two parts: half were conserved in CARDI and the other half were transferred to the Research Center of Genetic Resources, NARO, using the standard material transfer agreement (SMTA)., カンボジア農業研究開発研究所（CARDI）と国立研究開発法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構（農研機構）が連携して，2022年にカンボジア南西部において植物遺伝資源の探索・収集を実施した．この探索は，農林水産省委託プロジェクト研究「海外植物遺伝資源の民間等への提供促進」（PGRAsiaプロジェクト）の予算により実施した．本探索ではカンボジア南西部の4つの州（Kampot, Kampong Speu, Koh Kong, Preah Sihanouk）において，合計85点の遺伝資源を収集した．その内訳はニホンカボチャ（Cucurbita moschata）が22点，メロン（Cucumis melo）が30点，キュウリ（C. sativus）が5点，スイカ（Citrullus lanatus）が3点，トウガン（Benincasa hispida）が1点，ナス（Solanum melongena）が9点，トウガラシ（Capsicum spp.）が15点である．収集した遺伝資源の種子の半分はCARDIに保管し，残りの半分は標準材料移転契約（SMTA）に基づいて農研機構遺伝資源研究センターに送付した．, Figure 1点, Table 3点, Photo 6点, Sample Photo 84点

The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) and Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) have collaborated since 2014 under the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia (PGRAsia) project to survey the vegetable genetic resources available in Cambodia. As part of this project, four field surveys of Solanaceae crops were conducted in November 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 in western, eastern, northern, and southern Cambodia, respectively. In November 2018, we conducted a fifth field survey in central and mid-western Cambodia, including the Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Kampong Chnang, Kamdal, Pursat, and Battambang Provinces. We collected a total of 75 accessions, including 64 chili pepper (15 Capsicum annuum and 49 Capsicum frutescens) and 11 eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruit samples, from farmers, a market, and a mini mart. After seeds were harvested from the collected fruits, the seeds were equally divided in two: half were conserved in the CARDI, and the other half were transferred to the Genetic Resource Center, NARO, by using the standard material transfer agreement., 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構（NARO）とカンボジア農業開発研究所（CARDI）は，カンボジア国内における野菜類を中心とした遺伝資源を探索するため，PGRAsia（Plant Genetic Resources in Asia）プロジェクトのもと，2014 年から共同研究を実施している．本プロジェクトの一環として，2014 年，2015 年，2016 年および 2017 年の 11 月に，それぞれカンボジアの西部，東部，北部および南部地域において，4 回のナス科作物の探索を実施した．2018 年 11 月に我々は，カンボジア中央部および中西部地域の Kampong Cham, Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Kampong Chnang, Kamdal, Pursat および Battambang 州において，5 回目の探索を実施した．本探索において，15 点のCapsicum annuum，49 点のCapsicum frutescens および 11 点のSolanum melongena からなる合計 75 点のトウガラシおよびナスを農家、市場およびミニマートで収集した．収集した種子は 2 等分し，半分は CARDI で保存し，残りの半分は SMTA（Standard Material Transfer Agreement）により NARO のジーンバンクに移送した．

Cucurbitaceae genetic resources have been collected in previous field surveys conducted in eastern and northern Cambodia; sample information regarding their cultivation and utilization and variations in fruit and seed traits in melon genetic resources is available. However, genetic resources of Cucurbitaceae crops from southern Cambodia are only a few. A field survey was conducted mainly in southern Cambodia to collect genetic resources of cucurbitaceous crops with variations in fruit and seed traits in melons. A total of 131 samples, consisting of seven kinds of cucurbit crops and maize, were collected from markets, farmers’ houses, and fields in the special administrative city and seven provinces and the capital of Cambodia and Japan; they were registered as a germplasm collection. Of the 101 accessions of melon, 56 and 45 were collected as fruits and seeds, respectively. These melon accessions comprised landrace cultivars, improved varieties, and wild melon landraces. Cultivation, including open pollination, of the landrace cultivars and their utilization were very similar to those recorded in eastern, western, and northern Cambodia and are predicted to cause non-significant differences in fruit and seed traits between the geographical areas in Cambodia. However, agricultural chemical utilization is more frequent during melon cultivation, which is performed two to four times, and local insect and disease spreads are common at the melon fields in southern Cambodia. Fruit and seed lengths of collected melons in Cambodia, including those from previous field surveys, were greater than those collected in Yunnan Province, China, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), suggesting different combinations of quantitative trait loci related to fruit and seed length in the landrace cultivars between Cambodia and other Southeast Asian countries. Other fruit characters such as powdery texture of fruits, gelatinous sheath around seeds, oblong fruit shape, and low sugar concentration (brix) of flesh juice found in the landrace cultivars from Cambodia were similar to those from South and East Asia; useful breeding materials for disease resistance were found among the landrace cultivars, especially for resistance to local insects and diseases. Thus, melon genetic resources in Cambodia should be analyzed for genetic components of fruit and seed traits and evaluated for disease resistance for melon breeding purposes.ウリ科作物遺伝資源を収集するためカンボジア南部において調査を実施した．調査で収集した遺伝資源は 131 点で，市場，畑や農家にて収集した．これらのうち，メロン遺伝資源は 101 点であり，56 系統および 45 系統をそれぞれ果実および種子として収集した．形質の分離が確認された 20 系統のメロンを含め，これら遺伝資源は，それぞれ，カンボジア農業調査開発研究所ならびに農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 遺伝資源センターにおいて遺伝資源として登録した．農家からの聞き取りや形質調査に基づくと，収集したメロンは改良品種，雑草メロンおよび在来の栽培メロンで構成されていた．メロンの栽培方法や用途，特に，他家受精により遺伝子プールを共有できる状況はカンボジア東部，西部や北部と類似しており，果実や種子の形質で地域間差がほとんどない結果につながっているようであった．一方，カンボジア南部のメロン栽培では年に複数回の栽培が実施されて，農薬が利用されており，病害虫が蔓延しているようであった．カンボジアのメロン遺伝資源において果実や種子は隣国のラオス，雲南省を主とした中国の在来メロンよりも長く，これらの形質に関わる量的遺伝子座の組合わせが隣国の在来メロンとは異なっていることを示唆していた．さらに，カンボジアのメロン遺伝資源は果肉の粉質や種子周辺のゼリー質では南アジアの在来メロンと類似性があるだけでなく，果実の形状や果肉の Brix では東アジアの在来メロンと類似性が認められた．南アジアや東アジアの在来メロンが病害抵抗性の育種素材として利用されていることから，これらの類似性はカンボジアのメロン遺伝資源が病害抵抗性，特に土着の病害虫への抵抗性を有している可能性を示唆していた．収集したカンボジアのメロン系統は，さまざまな形質変異を有しており，個別の育種において有望形質を選択できる素材であるので，今後の評価が待たれる．

Under the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia (PGRAsia) project, the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) and the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) have conducted several collaborative explorations of plant genetic resources in Cambodia since 2014. As a part of these explorations, in October 2018, we conducted a field survey in Northern Cambodia, including Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear Provinces. During the field survey, we collected a total of 118 plant genetic resources, including 54 of Solanaceous accessions (chili pepper and eggplant), 40 Cucurbitaceous accessions (squash, cucumber, melon, gourd, etc.), and 12 of Fabaceous accessions. The collected seeds were equally transferred to the Genebank in NARO and CARDI.本報告は農林水産省委託プロジェクト研究「海外植物遺伝資源の民間等への提供促進」の予算を用いて行われた北カンボジアにおける遺伝資源探索・収集に関する報告書である．本調査は国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構（NARO） 遺伝資源センターとカンボジア農業研究機構開発研究所（Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute; CARDI）間で締結された共同研究協定に基づいて 2018 年 10 月 2 日～ 10 月 12 日に実施された．調査ではカンボジア北部のウドンメンチェイ州とプレアヴィヒア州を探索し，現地農家が貯蔵していた種子をはじめ，裏庭や農場で栽培されていた植物個体から果実の収集を行った．調査の結果，ナス科（トウガラシおよびナス）54 点，ウリ科（カボチャ，キュウリ，メロン，ヘチマ等）40 点ならびにマメ科（ササゲ等）12 点等を含む合計 118 点の植物遺伝資源が収集された．収集された植物遺伝資源の種子は 2 等分し，NARO のジーンバンクと CARDI にそれぞれ移送され，利用可能な植物遺伝資源として保存される．, 20210331：和文摘要中の著者の所属（著者名の右上につけた番号）を訂正。

This report describes the exploration of plant genetic resources in eastern Cambodia jointly conducted by Shinshu University, Japan and Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), Cambodia. We conducted a field survey in eastern Cambodia from the 1st to the 12th of October 2017. We collected a total of 104 samples of Capsicum pepper (55), the genus Solanum (17), Cucurbita sp. (9) that probably belong to the Cucurbita moschata species, Cucumis melo (6) and so on. The collected accessions will be evaluated and their seed samples stored as genetic resources at CARDI with subsets transferred to the Genetic Resources Center, NARO in accordance with the standard material transfer agreement (SMTA). These are expected to be used as parental breeding lines and agricultural research materials., 本報告は農林水産省委託プロジェクト研究「海外植物遺伝資源の収集・提供強化」の予算により実施され，国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構 遺伝資源センターとカンボジア農業研究開発研究所(Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute; CARDI）との間で締結した共同研究協定に基づいて行われた東カンボジアにおける植物遺伝資源の探索・収集に関わる調査報告書である．調査は2017年10月1日～12日にかけて行った．カンボジア東部のモンドルキリ県，ラタナキリ県，スタントレン県、クラチエ県において探索・調査を行った．その結果，トウガラシ属55点，ナス属17点，ニホンカボチャと推定されるカボチャ9点，メロン6点等の全合計104点の植物遺伝資源を収集した．収集された遺伝資源は，CARDIで評価された後、保存するとともに，我が国の遺伝資源センターに標準材料移転契約（SMTA）に基づいて移転され，農業研究や育種目的に利用可能な遺伝資源として保存される．

The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) and the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) have collaborated since 2014 under the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia (PGRAsia) project to survey the vegetable genetic resources available in Cambodia. As part of this project, three field surveys of Solanaceae crops were conducted in November 2014, 2015 and 2016 in western, eastern and northern Cambodia, respectively. In November 2017, we conducted a fourth field survey in southern Cambodia, including the Svay Rieng, Prey Veng, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Kou Kong, Sihanoukville, Kampot and Takeo provinces. We collected 56 chili pepper (20 Capsicum annuum, 36 C. frutescens) and 4 eggplant (4 Solanum spp.) fruit samples from markets, farmers’ yards, farmers’ fields and an open space. After harvesting seeds from the collected fruits, the seeds were divided equally and half were conserved in the CARDI and the other half were transferred to the Genetic Resource Center, NARO using the standard material transfer agreement (SMTA)., 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構（NARO）とカンボジア農業開発研究所（CARDI）は，カンボジア国内における野菜類を中心とした遺伝資源を探索するため，PGRAsia（Plant Genetic Resource in Asia）プロジェクトのもと，2014年から共同研究を実施している．本プロジェクトの一環として，2014年、2015年および2016年の11月に，それぞれカンボジアの西部、東部および北部地域において，3回のナス科作物の探索を実施した．2017年11月に我々は，カンボジア南部地域のSvay Rieng, Prey Veng, Kandal, Kampong Speu, Kou Kong, Sihanoukville, Kampot およびTakeo州において，4回目の探索を実施した．本探索において，20点のCapsicum annuum，36点のCapsicum frutescensおよび4点のSolanum spp.からなる合計60点のトウガラシおよびナスを市場や農家の裏庭等で収集した．収集した種子は2等分し， 半分はCARDIで保存し，残りの半分はSMTA (Standard Material Transfer Agreement)によりNAROのジーンバンクに移送した．

The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) and the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) have collaborated under the Plant Genetic Resources in Asia project to survey the vegetable genetic resources available in Cambodia, since 2014. As part of this project, two field surveys of solanaceous crops were conducted in November 2014 and 2015 in western and eastern Cambodia, respectively. In November 2016, we conducted a third field survey in northern Cambodia, in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Preah Vihear provinces. We collected 46 chili pepper fruit samples from markets and farmer yards, including 13 Capsicum annuum and 33 Capsicum frutescens fruits. Harvested seeds were evenly transferred to the CARDI and the NARO gene banks.

A previous field survey in eastern Cambodia yielded ample information on cultivation and utilization of cucurbitaceous crops, and analyzed variations in fruit and seed traits in melon genetic resources. A field survey conducted mainly in northern Cambodia collected genetic resources of cucurbitaceous crops to better understand those variations from a higher breeding and botanic perspective and to uncover variations of fruit and seed traits in melon landraces. A total of 127 samples were collected at markets, farmer houses, and fields in nine provinces and in the capital, and were registered as a germplasm collection, both in Cambodia and Japan. Among the 70 accessions of melon, 52, 17, and 1 of them were collected as seeds, fruits, and a plant, respectively. These melon accessions comprised cultivated landraces, improved varieties, and wild melons. Cultivation, including open pollination of melon landraces and utilization were very similar to those recorded in eastern and western Cambodia, and are predicted to cause non-significant differences in fruit and seed traits between geographical areas in Cambodia. Fruit and seed lengths of collected melons in Cambodia, including those from previous field surveys, were greater than those in Yunnan Province, China, and Lao PDR, suggesting different combination of quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to fruit and seed length in melon landraces between Cambodia and other Southeast Asian countries. Other fruits characters, such as powdery texture of fruits, gelatinous sheath around seeds, oblong fruit shape, and low sugar concentration (brix) of flesh juice found in melon landraces from Cambodia were similar to those from South and East Asia, in which useful breeding materials for disease resistance were found among melon landraces. Thus, melon genetic resources in Cambodia should be analyzed for genetic components of fruit and seed traits and evaluated for disease resistance for melon breeding purposes.

The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization and Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute have collaborated since 2014 under the Plant Genetic Resource in Asia project in order to survey the genetic resources of vegetables in Cambodia. As a part of the project, the second collaborative field survey for solanaceous crops was conducted in Cambodia, from November 10th to 18th, 2015, in eastern Cambodia. The main targets of the survey were chili peppers and eggplants. We conducted surveys in the provinces of Prey Veng, Tboung Khmum, Kratie, Mondolkiri, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng and collected 87 solanaceous accessions, including 74 chili peppers (28 Capsicum annuum L. and 46 Capsicum frutescens L.) and 13 eggplants (Solanum spp.). The sample for one of C. frutescens accessions was accidentally lost, so it was deleted from the collection list. The collected seeds were divided equally, with half deposited in the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute gene bank and the other half transferred to the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization gene bank., 本報告は，2014年度から開始されたPGRAsia (Plant Genetic Resource in Asia) projectの一環として，国立研究開発法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構ジーンバンクとカンボジア農業研究機構の間で行われた2回目のナス科野菜遺伝資源に関する共同探索の報告である．探索調査は2015年11月10日～11月18日にかけて実施され, トウガラシおよびナスを中心としたナス科野菜を対象とした．カンボジア東部地域であるプレイベン州，トボンクムン州，クラシェ州，モンドルキリー州，ラタナキリー州，スタントレン州を調査した．探索の結果，トウガラシ74点（C. annuum 28点，C. frutescens 46点）およびナス13点の合計87点のナス科遺伝資源の種子サンプルを収集した．C.frutescens 1点を探索中に紛失したが，それを除き，収集した遺伝資源はカンボジア農業研究機構ジーンバンクおいて保存するとともに，農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構ジーンバンクに移転した．

Less is known about cucurbit crops (Cucurbitaceae) in Southeast Asia than those in South and East Asia, which are recognized as useful breeding materials for disease resistance. A field survey was conducted in eastern Cambodia in order to collect genetic resources of cucurbit crops and to investigate the variation of seed and fruit traits in melon landraces. A total of 144 genetic resources were collected from markets, farmers' houses, and fields from the capital and eastern provinces of Cambodia, and the accessions were registered into the germplasm collections of both Cambodia and Japan. Among the 62 melon accessions, 45 and 17 were collected as seeds and fruits, respectively. The melon accessions seemed to share a gene pool via open pollination, which resulted in size variation in fruit and seed size both among and within the melon accessions and suggested that the accessions possess great variation in agricultural traits. The seed length of the Cambodian melon accessions was similar to that of Cucumis melo L. var. momordica (Roxburgh) Duthie & Fuller, which is indigenous to South Asia, but longer than that of melons from Laos, Vietnam, and East Asia, thus indicating the occurrence of genetic differentiation, even within Southeast Asian. Similarity in fruit character (e.g., flesh texture, occurrence of gelatinous sheaths around seeds, fruit size, and sugar concentration) were found in the melon landraces from Cambodia, South Asia and East Asia. We suggest that the Cambodian melon accessions should be evaluated for disease resistance so that they can be utilized as breeding material. The genetic resources of melon in Cambodia are thought to vary in both morphological and agricultural traits and may be useful for various breeding programs., ウリ科作物遺伝資源を収集するためカンボジア東部において調査を実施した．調査で収集した遺伝資源は144 点で，市場，畑や農家にて収集した．これらのうち，メロン遺伝資源は62 点であり，17系統を果実として，残り45点を種子として収集した．これら遺伝資源は，それぞれ，カンボジア農業調査開発研究所ならびに農業生物資源研究所において系統として登録した．農家からの聞き取りに基づくと，メロンは屋外の圃場にて栽培されており，他家受精により遺伝子プールを共有できる状況であった．このため，17系統のメロン果実では果高と果径は幅広い変異を示し，62系統の種子長においても，系統間や系統内において幅広いサイズ変異が認められた．これらのことから，収集したメロン系統が農業形質においても多様な変異を含んでいることが予期された．また，カンボジアメロン遺伝資源の種子長は，隣国のラオスやベトナム，ならびに東アジアの在来メロンよりも長く，南アジアに固有のモモルディカメロンと近かった．さらに，カンボジアメロン遺伝資源は果肉の粉質や種子周辺のゼリー質では南アジアの在来メロンと類似性があるだけでなく，果実のサイズや果肉のBrixでは東アジアの在来メロンと類似性が認められた．南アジアや東アジアの在来メロンが病害抵抗性の育種素材として利用されていることから，これらの類似性はカンボジアメロン遺伝資源が病害抵抗性を有している可能性を示唆していた．収集したカンボジアメロン系統から病害抵抗性を含むさまざまな有用農業形質を選択できることが考えられることから，今後の特性評価が待たれる．

This mission was conducted in northeastern Cambodia from the 8th to the 26th of November, 2015. In this region, there are many small villages of minorities, such as Phnong and Charai. In this survey, 28 genetic resources were collected, including 19 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions, three erianthus (Erianthus procerus (Roxb.) Raizada) accessions, three foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) accessions, one maize (Zea mays L.) accession, one rice (Oryza sativa L.) accession, and one sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) accession., 本研究報告は，独立行政法人農業生物資源研究所（生物研）とカンボジア農業開発研究所(CARDI)との間で2011年に締結した共同研究に係る覚え書き(LOA)および2014 年に締結した共同研究契約書(JRA)に基づき，2015年11月8日から26日にかけ，カンボジア北東部で行われた植物遺伝資源の探索・収集に関するものである．生物研とCARDIとの間のJRAについては，2016年4月より農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構に引き継がれている．本探索では，カンボジア北東部の少数民族の村を対象に，ソルガムをはじめとする雑穀類の探索を行った．その結果，ソルガム19点，エリアンサス3点，アワ3点，トウモロコシ，イネ，サトウキビそれぞれ1点，合計28点の植物遺伝資源を収集した．