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We examined the general rheological characteristics of short-chain branched (SCB) ring polyethylene (PE) melts using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations under shear in a ...

Based on the novel viewpoint that ring polymers, with their closed-loop molecular geometry, are naturally defined by an intrinsic two-dimensional topological surface, we analyzed the fundamental st...

Rheological properties of polymer melts under weak flow reflect the orientational anisotropy of the chains, which is established experimentally as the validity of the stress-optical rule (SOR). In ...

Four new species of Thubdora Park, 2018 and one new species of Torodora Meyrick,1894 are described from Tanzania. The new species are Thubdora forficatalis Park & Cho, sp. nov., T. mufindiensis Park & Cho, sp. nov., T. ochrospilosa Park & Cho, sp. nov., T. tanzaniana Park & Cho, sp. nov., and Torodora melanonota Park & Cho, sp. nov. Images of adults and genitalia of the new species are provided and a map for the type localities of the new species is given.

Hierarchical and gradient structures in biological systems with special mechanical properties have inspired innovations in materials design for construction and mechanical applications. Analogous to the control of stress transfer in gradient mechanical structures, the control of electron transfer in gradient electrical structures should enable the development of high-performance electronics. This paper demonstrates a high performance electronic skin (e-skin) via the simultaneous control of tactile stress transfer to an active sensing area and the corresponding electrical current through the gradient structures. The flexible e-skin sensor has extraordinarily high piezoresistive sensitivity at low power and linearity over a broad pressure range based on the conductivity-gradient multilayer on the stiffness-gradient interlocked microdome geometry. While stiffness-gradient interlocked microdome structures allow the efficient transfer and localization of applied stress to the sensing area, the multilayered structure with gradient conductivity enables the efficient regulation of piezoresistance in response to applied pressure by gradual activation of current pathways from outer to inner layers, resulting in a pressure sensitivity of 3.8 × 105 kPa-1 with linear response over a wide range of up to 100 kPa. In addition, the sensor indicated a rapid response time of 0.016 ms, a low minimum detectable pressure level of 0.025 Pa, a low operating voltage (100 μV), and high durability during 8000 repetitive cycles of pressure application (80 kPa). The high performance of the e-skin sensor enables acoustic wave detection, differentiation of gas characterized by different densities, subtle tactile manipulation of objects, and real-time monitoring of pulse pressure waveform.

We present a detailed analysis of the interfacial chain structure and dynamics of confined polymer melt systems under shear over a wide range of flow strengths using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, paying particular attention to the rheological influence of the closed-loop ring geometry and short-chain branching. We analyzed the interfacial slip, characteristic molecular mechanisms, and deformed chain conformations in response to the applied flow for linear, ring, short-chain branched (SCB) linear, and SCB ring polyethylene melts. The ring topology generally enlarges the interfacial chain dimension along the neutral direction, enhancing the dynamic friction of interfacial chains moving against the wall in the flow direction. This leads to a relatively smaller degree of slip (ds) for the ring-shaped polymers compared with their linear analogues. Furthermore, short-chain branching generally resulted in more compact and less deformed chain structures via the intrinsically fast random motions of the short branches. The short branches tend to be oriented more perpendicular (i.e., aligned in the neutral direction) than parallel to the backbone, which is mostly aligned in the flow direction, thereby enhancing the dynamic wall friction of the moving interfacial chains toward the flow direction. These features afford a relatively lower ds and less variation in ds in the weak-to-intermediate flow regimes. Accordingly, the interfacial SCB ring system displayed the lowest ds among the studied polymer systems throughout these regimes owing to the synergetic effects of ring geometry and short-chain branching. On the contrary, the structural disturbance exerted by the highly mobile short branches promotes the detachment of interfacial chains from the wall at strong flow fields, which results in steeper increasing behavior of the interfacial slip for the SCB polymers in the strong flow regime compared to the pure linear and ring polymers.

Fourteen new species of the Afrotropical genus Thubdora Park, 2018 (Lecithoceridae: Torodorinae) are described from Uganda: Thubdora afropyralidis Park, sp. nov., T. fruticosa Park, sp. nov., T. kibalensis Park, sp. nov., T. klenodes Park, sp. nov., T. latidiscalis Park, sp. nov., T. mirinae Park, sp. nov., T. nemorosa Park, sp. nov., T. retusivalva Park, sp. nov., T. umbratilis Park, sp. nov., and T. wooriana Park, sp. nov. in the aciphalla species-group (10 species); and T. corystos Park, sp. nov., T. narusia Park, sp. nov., T. trigonoides Park, sp. nov., and T. villosiphalla Park, sp. nov. in the acutalis species-group (four species). Four species are reported for the first time from Uganda: T. ambliodes Park, 2018, T. bilobella Park, 2018, T. ealaensis Park & De Prins, 2019, and T. ghesquierei Park & De Prins, 2019; and the females of T. ealaensis and T. ghesquierei are newly described, and their genitalia are illustrated. In addition, three species of Ptilothyris Walsingham, 1897 previously recorded from DR Congo are transferred to Thubdora: T. brachysema (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., T. crocophracta (Meyrick, 1938), comb. nov., and T. nemophorella (Ghesquière, 1940), comb. nov. Lectotypes for T. brachysema and T. crocophracta are designated herein. Identifications of the new species and corresponding females were confirmed based on the comparison of COI barcode sequences. Adults and genitalia of all the new species and the three species transferred from Ptilothyris are illustrated.

We present the fundamental molecular characteristics underlying the rheological behaviors of interfacial ring polymers in a wide range of flow strengths using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of confined ring polyethylene melts under shear. Ring polymer, with its intrinsic closed molecular topology, exhibits a weaker interfacial slip in the weak-to-intermediate flow regime as compared to its linear analogue because of the larger friction between the ring chains and the wall arising from a longer chain dimension in the neutral direction at the interface. In the intermediate flow regime, ring polymer displays, in addition to the standard out-of-plane wagging mechanism of local loops (similar to the linear polymer), a distinctive molecular mechanism (loop migration) wherein locally created chain loops propagate along the chain in the flow direction. This additional mechanism leads to a lesser degree of the overall decreasing tendency of interfacial slip in the intermediate flow regime....

A total of 13 species of the genus Stathmopoda (Lepidoptera, Stathmopodidae) are reviewed from the Korean Peninsula including two new species, Stathmopoda baegunica Park & Kim sp. nov. and S. euryzoister Park & Kim sp. nov., and five newly recorded species, S. commoda Meyrick, S. neohexatyla Li & Wang, S. pedella (Linnaeus), S. persona Terada, and S. moriutiella Kasy. Among them, Stathmopoda pullicuneata Terada, 2014, syn. nov. is synonymized with S. neohexatyla Li & Wang, 2002. Illustrations of the adults and genitalia and diagnoses or descriptions for all the species are provided with available host plant information.

Piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been widely utilized in flexible and self-powered tactile sensors, which require high ferroelectricity of polar phase PVDF. Herein, we demonstrate self-powered piezoelectric e-skins with high sensitivity and broad sensing range based on 3D porous structures of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)/PVDF. MXene was used as a nucleation agent to increase the ferroelectric properties of PVDF. This was carried out considering its 2D geometry and abundant surface functional groups that facilitate intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the surface functional groups of MXene and the CH2 group of PVDF. In addition, porous structures can increase the variation in contact area and localized stress concentration in response to applied pressure. This further enhances the piezoelectric sensitivity. Owing to structural deformation and localized stress concentration, the piezoelectric sensitivity of porous MXene/PVDF e-skin is 11.9 and 1.4 nA kPa−1 for low (

Pseudococcus longispinus, a notorious cosmopolitan pest species of mealybugs, known to be distributed indoors in Korea since 2002, is found to be mixed with another species, Pseudococcus orchidicola. Finding P. orchidicola as a pest of tropical plants in Korea is rather unexpected because of their main distribution in the Pacific area and South Asia. However, all the available information from morphology, molecule and advice on identification from mealybug specialists indicates this is the best match for P. orchidicola. Morphological, molecular and some biological notes on P. orchidicola are provided with some adult and nymphal images, and compared with P. longispinus. A full discussion mainly on identity and distribution of P. orchidicola is given.

Interfacial slip plays a crucial role in a variety of fluid dynamics problems occurring in practical polymer processing, lubrication, adhesion, nanocomposites, etc. Despite many research efforts, a fundamental understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and dynamics is still lacking. Here, we present the intrinsic molecular characteristics of the slip phenomena by using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of polyethylene melts under shear flow. Our results identify three distinctive characteristic regimes with regard to the degree of slip and reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms for each regime: (i) the z-to-x chain rotation mechanism in the vorticity plane in the weak flow regime, which effectively diminishes the wall friction against chain movement along the flow direction, (ii) the repetitive chain detachment-attachment (out-of-plane wagging) and disentanglement mechanism in the intermediate regime, and (iii) irregular (chaotic) chain rotation and tumbling mechanisms ...

We present a detailed analysis on the effect of short-chain branches on the structure and dynamics of interfacial chains using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of confined polyethylene melts in a wide range of shear rates. The intrinsically fast random motions of the short branches constantly disturb the overall chain conformation, leading to a more compact and less deformed chain structure of the short-chain branched (SCB) polymer against the imposed flow field in comparison with the corresponding linear polymer. Moreover, such highly mobile short branches along the backbone of the SCB polymer lead to relatively weaker out-of-plane wagging dynamics of interfacial chains, with highly curvy backbone structures in the intermediate flow regime. In conjunction with the contribution of short branches (as opposed to that of the backbone) to the total interfacial friction between the chains and the wall, the SCB polymer shows a nearly constant behavior in the degree of slip (ds) with respect to shear rate in the weak-to-intermediate flow regimes. On the contrary, in the strong flow regime where irregular chain rotation and tumbling dynamics occur via intensive dynamical collisions between interfacial chains and the wall, an enhancement effect on the chain detachment from the wall, caused by short branches, leads to a steeper increase in ds for the SCB polymer than for the linear polymer. Remarkably, the SCB chains at the interface exhibit two distinct types of rolling mechanisms along the backbone, with a half-dumbbell mesoscopic structure at strong flow fields, in addition to the typical hairpin-like tumbling behavior displayed by the linear chains.

Two species of Cryptophlebia: C. nota Kawabe and C. ombrodelta (Lower), are reported from Korea for the first time. This is in fact the first record of Cryptophlebia from Korea, as the previous Korean records of the genus were based on one species, Cryptophlebia hematoma Diakonoff, currently assigned to Thaumatotibia Zacher. Photos of the superficial and genital features are provided for the two Korean species of Cryptophlebia and their distribution and host plants are summarized. Cryptophlebia ombrodelta is recognized as an adventive species in Korea and a potential pest on leguminoseous crops.

Ptilothyris Walsingham, 1897, a poorly known Afrotropical genus of Lecithoceridae, is revised. Eight new species are described and illustrated: P. subcucullata Park, sp. nov., P. crassiella Park, sp. nov., P. drepanodes Park, sp. nov., P. enormisella Park, sp. nov., P. hylodes Park, sp. nov., P. leifaarviki Park, sp. nov., P. pilosa Park, sp. nov., and P. vokaensis Park, sp. nov. Each species is compared with type specimens of the related species deposited in various museums worldwide. COI barcode sequences of six species were successfully obtained and are provided. Of the 13 previously known African species of the genus, P. serangota ab. cyanea Ghesquière, 1940 is synonymized with P. serangota Meyrick, 1932, and the following three species are excluded from the genus: brachysema Meyrick, 1938, crocophracta Meyrick, 1938, and nemophorella Ghesquière, 1940. The latter three will be transferred to related genera in forthcoming studies. Adults and genitalia of all the known species including the new species are illustrated, and a key to the species is provided.

Biological tissues are multiresponsive and functional, and similar properties might be possible in synthetic systems by merging responsive polymers with hierarchical soft architectures. For example, mechanochromic polymers have applications in force-responsive colorimetric sensors and soft robotics, but their integration into sensitive, multifunctional devices remains challenging. Herein, a hierarchical nanoparticle-in-micropore (NP-MP) architecture in porous mechanochromic polymers, which enhances the mechanosensitivity and stretchability of mechanochromic electronic skins (e-skins), is reported. The hierarchical NP-MP structure results in stress-concentration-induced mechanochemical activation of mechanophores, significantly improving the mechanochromic sensitivity to both tensile strain and normal force (critical tensile strain: 50% and normal force: 1 N). Furthermore, the porous mechanochromic composites exhibit a reversible mechanochromism under a strain of 250%. This architecture enables a dual-mode mechanochromic e-skin for detecting static/dynamic forces via mechanochromism and triboelectricity. The hierarchical NP-MP architecture provides a general platform to develop mechanochromic composites with high sensitivity and stretchability.

Flexible pressure sensors with a high sensitivity over a broad linear range can simplify wearable sensing systems without additional signal processing for the linear output, enabling device miniaturization and low power consumption. Here, we demonstrate a flexible ferroelectric sensor with ultrahigh pressure sensitivity and linear response over an exceptionally broad pressure range based on the material and structural design of ferroelectric composites with a multilayer interlocked microdome geometry. Due to the stress concentration between interlocked microdome arrays and increased contact area in the multilayer design, the flexible ferroelectric sensors could perceive static/dynamic pressure with high sensitivity (47.7 kPa–1, 1.3 Pa minimum detection). In addition, efficient stress distribution between stacked multilayers enables linear sensing over exceptionally broad pressure range (0.0013–353 kPa) with fast response time (20 ms) and high reliability over 5000 repetitive cycles even at an extremely hi...

The gradient stiffness between stiff epidermis and soft dermis with interlocked microridge structures in human skin induces effective stress transmission to underlying mechanoreceptors for enhanced tactile sensing. Inspired by skin structure and function, we fabricate hierarchical nanoporous and interlocked microridge structured polymers with gradient stiffness for spacer-free, ultrathin, and highly sensitive triboelectric sensors (TESs). The skin-inspired hierarchical polymers with gradient elastic modulus enhance the compressibility and contact areal differences due to effective transmission of the external stress from stiff to soft layers, resulting in highly sensitive TESs capable of detecting human vital signs and voice. In addition, the microridges in the interlocked polymers provide an effective variation of gap distance between interlocked layers without using the bulk spacer and thus facilitate the ultrathin and flexible design of TESs that could be worn on the body and detect a variety of pressing, bending, and twisting motions even in humid and underwater environments. Our TESs exhibit the highest power density (46.7 μW/cm

Correction for ‘Effect of short-chain branching on interfacial polymer structure and dynamics under shear flow’ by Sohdam Jeong et al., Soft Matter, 2017, 13, 8644–8650.

The genus Italochrysa Principi in Korea has been recorded with only one species, I. japonica (McLachlan) so far. Here we report that Italochrysa nigrovenosa Kuwayama is recognized for the first time in Korea. Specific description, a key based on diagnostic characters, and adult and genital images of the species are provided.

The Gelechioidea (>18 000 species), one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, are a major element of terrestrial ecosystems and include important pests and biological model species. Despite much recent progress, our understanding of the classification, phylogeny and evolution of Gelechioidea remains limited. Building on recent molecular studies of this superfamily and a recently revised family/subfamily classification, we provide an independent estimate of among-family relationships, with little overlap in gene sample. We analysed up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, for each of 77 gelechioids, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 45 of those taxa and all 19 outgroup taxa. Our maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses, like those of previous authors, strongly support monophyly for most multiply-sampled families and subfamilies, but very weakly support most relationships above the family level. Our tree looks superficially divergent from that of the most recent molecular study of gelechioids, but when the previous tree is re-rooted to accord maximally with ours, the two phylogenies agree entirely on the deepest-level divergences in Gelechioidea, and strongly though incompletely on among-family relationships within the major groups. This concordance between independent studies is evidence that the groupings (or at least the unrooted branching order) are probably accurate, despite the low bootstrap values. After re-rooting, both trees divide the families into three monophyletic groups: a ‘Gelechiid Assemblage,’ consisting of Gelechiidae and Cosmopterigidae; a ‘Scythridid Assemblage,’ consisting of Stathmopodidae, Scythrididae, Blastobasidae, Elachistidae, Momphidae, Coleophoridae and Batrachedridae; and a ‘Depressariid Assemblage,’ consisting of Autostichidae, Xyloryctidae, Lecithoceridae, Oecophoridae, Depressariidae and Lypusidae. Within the largest family, Gelechiidae, our results strongly support the pairing of Anomologinae with Gelechiinae, in accordance with a recent study of this family. Relationships among the other subfamilies, however, conflict moderately to strongly between studies, leaving the intrafamily phylogeny unsettled. Within the ‘Scythridid Assemblage,’ both trees support an ‘SSB clade’ consisting of Blastobasidae + (Scythrididae + Stathmopodidae), strongly resolved only in our results. Coleophoridae + Batrachedridae is supported, albeit weakly, in both trees, and only Momphidae differ in position between studies. Within the ‘Depressariid Assemblage,’ both trees support an ‘AXLO’ clade consisting of Autostichidae, Xyloryctidae, Lecithoceridae and Oecophoridae. The monophyly of this clade and relationships therein are supported weakly in previous results but strongly in ours. The recently re-defined family Depressariidae is paraphyletic in our tree, but the evidence against depressariid monophyly is very weak. There is moderate support for a core group of Depressariidae consisting, among the seven subfamilies we sampled, of Depressariinae, Aeolanthinae and Hypertrophinae. We show that gelechioids have a higher total number and percentage of species that are saprophagous as larvae than any other apoditrysian superfamily, that saprophagy is concentrated primarily in the ‘AXLO clade,’ and that the ancestral gelechioid condition was probably feeding on live plants. Among the living-plant feeders, concealed external feeding was probably the ancestral state. The multiple origins of internal feeding of various kinds, including leaf mining (otherwise almost unknown in Apoditrysia), are restricted mostly to the Scythridid and Gelechiid Assemblages. The traits that predispose or permit lineages to adopt these unusual life histories are worthy of study.

We explored effects of electron beam irradiation on disinfestation of six floriculture insect pests (Liriomyza trifolii, Spodoptera litura, Myzus persicae, Tetranychus urticae, Bemisia tabaci, and Frankliniella intonsa) placed at top, middle, or bottom section in boxes of roses and chrysanthemums. After irradiation with an electron beam of 200 Gy, eggs of T. urticae, B. tabaci, and F. intonsa were prevented from hatching at every position in the boxes, whereas some eggs of L. trifolii and S. litura hatched at the bottom of the boxes. The pupation and emergence of L. trifolii and S. litura larvae and B. tabaci nymphs were inhibited at every position in the boxes. However, the emergence of T. urticae and M. persicae nymphs was not inhibited, even at the top of the boxes. When pupae were irradiated, the emergence of L. trifolii was inhibited at every section in the boxes, whereas S. litura was not inhibited completely, even at the top section. When adult T. urticae were irradiated, the hatching of the F1 generation was completely inhibited at the middle section in rose boxes but not completely in chrysanthemum boxes. The insect pests that were not inhibited completely at 200 Gy were completely inhibited at 300 Gy, except for T. urticae. Therefore, the doses of electron beam irradiation required might depend on the types of flowers, the species of insect pests, and the insect pest sections within the boxes.

Seven species of Olethreutinae, namely, Bactra venosana (Zeller), Eudemis brevisetosa Oku, Gypsonoma dealbana (Frölich), Hedya iophaea (Meyrick), Lobesia takahirai Bae, Pammene nemorosa Kuznetsov, and Phaecadophora fimbrata Walsingham are reported from Korea for the first time. Photos of adult habitus and genitalia are provided if available.

The Korean species of Schoenobiinae are reviewed. A total of four genera and 10 species are recognized. Among these, three species: Schoenobius sasakii Inoue, Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker), and Scirpophaga gotoi Lewvanich, are reported for the first time from Korea, and Scirpophaga praelata (Scopoli) is reported for the first time from South Korea. In addition, the occurrence of Scirpophaga xanthopygata Schawerda in Korea is reconfirmed. Diagnoses and photos of adults and genitalia are given for the species available for this study. A key to the Korean species of Schoenobiinae is also provided.

In this work, we analyzed the individual chain dynamics for linear polymer melts under shear flow for bulk and confined systems using atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of unentangled (C50H102) and slightly entangled (C178H358) polyethylene melts. While a certain similarity appears for the bulk and confined systems for the dynamic mechanisms of polymer chains in response to the imposed flow field, the interfacial chain dynamics near the boundary solid walls in the confined system are significantly different from the corresponding bulk chain dynamics. Detailed molecular-level analysis of the individual chain motions in a wide range of flow strengths are carried out to characterize the intrinsic molecular mechanisms of the bulk and interfacial chains in three flow regimes (weak, intermediate, and strong). These mechanisms essentially underlie various macroscopic structural and rheological properties of polymer systems, such as the mean-square chain end-to-end distance, probability distribution of the chain end-to-end distance, viscosity, and the first normal stress coefficient. Further analysis based on the mesoscopic Brightness method provides additional structural information about the polymer chains in association with their molecular mechanisms.

Two genera and two species of the family Erebidae, which is the largest family in Noctuoidea after recently redefined, are newly recorded in Korea: Luceria striata Galsworthy and Metachrostis sinevi Matov et Kononenko. In addition, supplementary collecting data are provided for the two species of Erebidae, Lophomilia nekrasovi Kononenko et Behounek and Acontia martjanovi (Tschetverikov), whose Korean distribution has been briefly reported. The female genitalia of Luceria striata are described for the first time. Photos of imagines and genitalia, where available, are provided. All the examined specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University in Cheongju, Korea.

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Rhigonema thysanophora, the first representative of Rhigonematomorpha, and used this sequence along with 57 other nematode species for phylogenetic analyses. The R. thysanophora mtDNA is 15 015 bp and identical to all other chromadorean nematode mtDNAs published to date in that it contains 36 genes (lacking atp8) encoded in the same direction. Phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide and amino acid sequence data for the 12 protein-coding genes recovered Rhigonematomorpha as the sister group to the heterakoid species, Ascaridia columbae (Ascaridomorpha). The organization of R. thysanophora mtDNA resembles the most common pattern for the Rhabditomorpha+Ascaridomorpha+Diplogasteromorpha clade in gene order, but with some substantial gene rearrangements. This similarity in gene order is in agreement with the sequence-based analyses that indicate a close relationship between Rhigonematomorpha and Rhabditomorpha+Ascaridomorpha+Diplogasteromorpha. These results are consistent with certain analyses of nuclear SSU rDNA for R. thysanophora and some earlier classification systems that asserted phylogenetic affinity between Rhigonematomorpha and Ascaridomorpha, but inconsistent with morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses that suggested a close (taxonomic) relationship between rhigonematomorphs and oxyuridomorphs (pinworms). These observations must be tempered by noting that few rhigonematomorph species have been sequenced and included in phylogenetic analyses, and preliminary studies based on SSU rDNA suggest the group is not monophyletic. Additional mitochondrial genome sequences of rhigonematids are needed to characterize their phylogenetic relationships within Chromadorea, and to increase understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution.

Three species of Gelechiidae, Gnorimoschema streliciellum (Herrich-Schaffer, 1854), Syncopacma wormiella (Wolff, 1958), and Mesophleps acutunca Li and Sattler, 2012 are reported for the first time from Korea. Specific diagnoses and re-descriptions are provided as necessary, with adult and male genitalia images.

Acrolepiopsis nagaimo (Yasuda, 2000) belonging to the family Acrolepiidae (Lepidoptera) is newly reported from Korea. The species was first collected at Gimcheon-si in 2003 and later they were found to infest Chinese yam, Dioscorea batatas at a Chinese yam experimental field of the Institute for Bioresources Research located at Andong in 2008. Diagnostic characteristics of the adult are described and photographs of adult and male and female genitalia are provided.

We reviewed the genus Adoxophyes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Korea and recognized three species of the genus. Among them, A. paraorana sp. nov., formerly misidentified as A. orana in Korea, is described as new to science. Adoxophyes orana, a notorious pest known in most Eurasian countries for a long time, turns out to be only recently introduced or found in Korea. Photographs of the adults and genitalia of the species are provided. Specific distinction was supported by the COI barcode study.

A major concern regarding the collection and storage of biodiversity information is the inefficiency of conventional taxonomic approaches in dealing with a large number of species. This inefficiency has increased the demand for automated, rapid, and reliable molecular identification systems and large-scale biological databases. DNA-based taxonomic approaches are now arguably a necessity in biodiversity studies. In particular, DNA barcoding using short DNA sequences provides an effective molecular tool for species identification. We constructed a large-scale database system that holds a collection of 5531 barcode sequences from 2429 Korean species. The Korea Barcode of Life database (KBOL, http://koreabarcode.org) is a web-based database system that is used for compiling a high volume of DNA barcode data and identifying unknown biological specimens. With the KBOL system, users can not only link DNA barcodes and biological information but can also undertake conservation activities, including environmental m...

This paper addresses the question of whether one can economically improve the robustness of a molecular phylogeny estimate by increasing gene sampling in only a subset of taxa, without having the analysis invalidated by artifacts arising from large blocks of missing data. Our case study stems from an ongoing effort to resolve poorly understood deeper relationships in the large clade Ditrysia ( > 150,000 species) of the insect order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Seeking to remedy the overall weak support for deeper divergences in an initial study based on five nuclear genes (6.6 kb) in 123 exemplars, we nearly tripled the total gene sample (to 26 genes, 18.4 kb) but only in a third (41) of the taxa. The resulting partially augmented data matrix (45% intentionally missing data) consistently increased bootstrap support for groupings previously identified in the five-gene (nearly) complete matrix, while introducing no contradictory groupings of the kind that missing data have been predicted to produce. Our results add to growing evidence that data sets differing substantially in gene and taxon sampling can often be safely and profitably combined. The strongest overall support for nodes above the family level came from including all nucleotide changes, while partitioning sites into sets undergoing mostly nonsynonymous versus mostly synonymous change. In contrast, support for the deepest node for which any persuasive molecular evidence has yet emerged (78–85% bootstrap) was weak or nonexistent unless synonymous change was entirely excluded, a result plausibly attributed to compositional heterogeneity. This node (Gelechioidea + Apoditrysia), tentatively proposed by previous authors on the basis of four morphological synapomorphies, is the first major subset of ditrysian superfamilies to receive strong statistical support in any phylogenetic study. A “more-genes-only” data set (41 taxa×26 genes) also gave strong signal for a second deep grouping (Macrolepidoptera) that was obscured, but not strongly contradicted, in more taxon-rich analyses.

Micromus variegatus (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) is reported here as new to South Korea. In addition, three other hemerobiid species recorded only the collection data, Hemerobius harmandinus, Sympherobius tessellatus and S. domesticus are also reported with a brief description, images of the adult and wings, and its Korean common name. With four previously reported species in Korea, there are eight species of the family Hemerobiidae from Korea.

Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects belonging to the hemipteran order. They are well known for their menace to agriculture, as pests and vectors, and are reported for their bacterial and Rickettsia association in B biotype. In the present investigation, culture-dependent and -independent methods were used to reveal the bacterial phylotypes associated with B and Q biotypes. Cultivable bacterial phylotypes varied with respect to growth media and biotypes. Twenty different bacterial genera, including 31 species belong to Actinobacteria, ‘alpha’-, ‘beta’-, ‘gamma’- Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes were isolated from both the biotypes. Of the seventeen phylotypes, Bacillus, Kocuria, Moraxellla, Micrococcus, Sphingomonas and Staphylococcus were common to both B and Q biotypes. Moreover, B biotype was associated with Acinetobacter, Deinococcus, Modestobacter, Microbacterium, and Pseudomonas, whereas Q biotype was associated with Arthrobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Janibacter, Morganella, Naxibacter, and Streptomyces. Application of a culture-independent method revealed the presence of additional symbiotic bacteria: Rickettsia in B biotype and Halomonas in Q biotype, as well as primary endosymbiont in both biotypes, which could not be obtained through culture-dependent method. Presence of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus (in both B and Q biotypes), and Bacillus (only in B biotype) in all developmental stages of B. tabaci indicated their close association with host insect.

Investigations of the diversity of bacteria in acaricide resistant and susceptible populations from the whole mite extracts of twospotted spider mite-Tetranychus urticae were made using 8 different bacterial growth media and identified through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The pyridaben resistant population was diversified with six genera including Chryseobacterium, Sphingomonas, Acidovorax, Herbaspirillum, Janthinobacterium, and Xenophilus, whereas the acequinocyl resistant population was associated with Bacillus, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas. The fenpropathrin resistant population harbored only two phylotypes (Pantoea and Pseudomonas). Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Pantoea were recovered from the susceptible population. No correlation was observed between bacterial density and bacterial diversity. Of the 8 different growth media, R2A supported a greater number of cultivable bacterial phylotypes followed by Luria Bertani and brain heart infusion agar. This study suggests that knowledge of the diversity of bacterial phylotypes present in host insect pest species may be useful for developing biological approaches in insect-microbe interaction.

Two species of Yponomeutinae new to Korea, Euhyponomeutoides trachydeltus (Meyrick) and Thecobathra anas (Stringer), are reported. In addition, occurrence of Yponomeuta anatolicus (Stringer) in Korea is confirmed with proper collection of data. The adults and genitalia for the three species are illustrated.

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The family Coniopterygidae belonging to Neuroptera with Semidalis aleyrodiformis (Stephens) is introduced from the Korean Peninsula in the present study. Taxonomic descriptions of the family and the species and illustrations of its wing and male genitalia are presented.