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The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from coastal lakes in Gangwon-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). All fishes collected in 5 lakes were examined with the artificial digestion method. More than 10 species, i.e., Metagonimus spp., Pygidiopsis summa, Centrocestus armatus, Metorchis orientalis, M. taiwanensis, Clinostomum complanatum, Echinostoma spp., Stictodora spp., Diplostomum sp. and Diplostomid No. 1. by Morita (1960), of DTM were detected in fishes from 5 coastal lakes in Gangwon-do. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were found in 52 (41.3%) out of 126 sea rundace, Tribolodon hakonensis, from 5 lakes, and their density was 14.6 per fish infected. P. summa metacercariae were detected in 48 (84.2%) out of 57 mullets from 5 lakes, and their density was 316 per fish infected. C. armatus metacercariae were detected in 7 (14.6%) T. hakonensis and 3 (15.0%) Tridentiger brevispinis from Hyang-ho, and 5 (19.2%) Acanthogobius flavimanus from Gyeongpo-ho. Stictodora spp. metacercariae were found in 4 fish species, i.e., Tridentiger obscurus, Tridentiger trigonocephalus, Chelon haematocheilus, and Acanthogobius lactipes, from Gyeongpo-ho. Total 15 C. complanatum metacercariae were detected in 2 (9.1%) crucian carp, Carassius auratus, from Songji-ho. M. taiwanensis metacercariae were found in T. hakonensis from Hyang-ho and Gyeongpo-ho and in Pseudorasbora parva from Gyeongpo-ho. Total 11 M. orientalis metacercariae were detected in 3 (6.3%) T. hakonensis from Hyang-ho. From the above results, it was confirmed that various species of DTM are infected in fishes from coastal lakes in Gangwon-do, Korea.

The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the immediate effect of interventions based on the frequency of whole-body vibration on children with cerebral palsy’s balance and walking abilities. A total of 12 were selected as subjects. All subjects measured 10-m walking test (10MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and measured sway length (SL) and limit of stability (LOS) by bio-rescue. And those were performed again after the frequencies of the 12, 18, and 26 Hz were applied respectively. To check the immediate effect, all subjects performed only one frequency of interventions per day and no other treatment was performed in parallel to control the foreign variables. After intervention, 10MWT were significantly increased in the 12 and 18 Hz groups (P

Recent years have seen a high incidence of mumps, which is generally diagnosed based on clinical features, especially parotitis, without laboratory confirmation in Korea. To better understand the epidemiology of mumps in Korean children, we investigated sporadic suspected mumps cases with parotitis. In total, 237 buccal swabs or throat swabs collected from children with parotitis who had been clinically diagnosed with mumps were tested using real-time PCR for the detection of six viruses (Epstein-Barr virus, Human herpesvirus 6, Mumps virus, Human parainfluenza virus-1, -2, -3, Human adenovirus, Human bocavirus). Among 237 parotitis cases, 87 (36.7%) were positive for at least one virus; a single infection was observed in 73 (83.9%) cases, and co-infections were detected in 14 (16.1%) cases. Epstein-Barr virus was most frequent (20.7%), followed by human herpesvirus 6 (8.0%), mumps virus (5.5%), human parainfluenza virus-3 (4.6%), human adenovirus (4.2%), and human bocavirus (0.4%). These data suggested that the sporadic suspected mumps in the children might be related to other respiratory viruses rather than to the mumps virus. Our findings also indicate the limitation of clinical diagnosis without laboratory confirmation for mumps and thus highlight the importance of laboratory testing in suspected mumps cases.

To know the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in brackish water fish, we surveyed mullets collected from 18 coastal areas in the Republic of Korea. The metacercariae of Pygidiopsis summa were detected in 236 (68.2%) out of 346 mullets examined. They were found in mullets from 15 areas except for those from Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Pohang-si, and Uljin-gun (Gyeongsangbuk-do). Especially in mullets from Taean-gun (Chungcheongnam-do) and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), their prevalences were 100% and 95.5%, and the average metacercarial density was more than 1,000 per fish. They were also detected in mullets from 3 coastal lakes, Gyeongpoho, Songjiho, and Hwajinpoho, in Gangwon-do, and their average densities were 419, 147, and 672 per infected fish, respectively. The metacercariae of 5 other heterophyid species, including Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Metagonimus sp., Stictodora fuscata, and Stictodora lari, were found in the mullets examined. The metacercariae of H. nocens were detected in 66.7, 100, 28.6, 81.6, 3.9, 61.5, and 27.3% of mullets from Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Haenam-gun, Gangjin-gun, and Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do), Hadong-gun, and Geoje-si (Gyeongsangnam-do), and their metacercarial intensities were 64, 84, 119, 99, 1, 24, and 24 per fish infected, respectively. From the above results, it has been confirmed that P. summa metacercariae are heavily infected in mullets from coastal areas of Korea. It is suggested that residents who frequently consume raw mullet dish can be easily infected with heterophyid flukes.

To investigate the infection status of zoonotic trematode metacercariae in yellowfin goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, from coastal areas of the Republic of Korea (Korea), we examined total 344 gobies from 21 localities with an artificial digestion method from 2013 to 2017. The metacercariae of Stictodora lari were most frequently detected in 45.3% goby from 7 localities, i.e., Taean-gun (Chungcheongnam-do), Gochang-gun (Jeollabuk-do), Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Haenam-gun (Jeollanam-do), Hadong-gun and Goseong-gun (Gyeongsangnam-do). Their infection rates were 90.0%, 66.7%, 46.7%, 8.0%, 3.3%, 26.7%, and 86.7% and intensities were 1,090, 6.2, 1.6 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, and 7.2 metacercariae per fish infected respectively. Heterophyopsis continua metacercariae were found in 38.2% goby from 6 localities, i.e., Gochang-gun, Muan-gun, Shinan-gun, Gangjin-gun, Boseong-gun (Jeollanam-do) and Goseong-gun, and their intensities were relatively low, 1-21 metacercariae. Stictodora fuscata metacercariae were detected in 61.3% goby from 4 localities, i.e., Taean-gun, Gochang-gun, Hadong-gun and Goseong-gun. Their infection rates were 90.0%, 53.3%, 5.9%, and 73.3% and intensities were 1,081, 3.1, 3.0, and 10.2 metacercariae per fish infected respectively. Heterophyes nocens metacercariae were found in 55.0% goby from Muan-gun and Shinan-gun. Total 3 metacercariae of Isthmiophora hortensis were detected in 2 (8.0%) gobies from Shinan-gun. Total 15 metacercariae of Centrocestus armatus were detected in 5 gobies (33.3%) from Gyeongpo-ho (ho means lake) in Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do. The present study suggests that yellowfin goby, A. flavimanus, acts as the infection sources of zoonotic intestinal flukes in western and southern coastal areas than in eastern coastal areas of Korea.

This study surveyed the selling, buying, usage, selection and spraying frequency of pesticides onapple orchards in Geochang, Gyeongsangnam-do province from 2012 to 2013 and found that the fungicides,insecticides and acaricides were sprayed 13.9± 3.5, 12.6± 3.2, and 2.6± 1.3 times per year, respectively.Fungicides were applied mainly to control for Diplocarpon mali, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides andAlternaria mali, whereas insecticides were sprayed mostly to control Grapholita molesta, Carposina sasakiiinsects. Dealers sold pesticides without monitoring of the pests in the apple orchards, and also sometimessold pesticides which are non-registered for apple. Most of the farmers were highly relied on dealers'recommendations to choosing the brand product. Relating on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on appleorchards in Geochang, residual active ingredient of frequently sprayed fungicides, insecticides, and acaricideswere analyzed. Most applications of the fungicides, insecticides and acaricides were well corresponded withFAO's recommendations. For production of safe food and use of pesticides, it is requested to develope controlcalender and consideration of training program for farmers. The regional characteristics and environmentalsituation of the farm also should be considered.Key words apple, pesticides, spray, forecasting, active ingredient

The infection status of freshwater fish with digenetic trematode metacercariae was examined in water systems of Hantangang and Imjingang (River), the Republic of Korea. A total of 877 (594 from Hantangang and 283 from Imjingang) fishes were examined by the artificial digestion methods. Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae were detected in 7 (1.2%) fishes (in 3 spp.) from Hantangang in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, and 40 (14.1%) fishes (in 7 spp.) from Munsancheon in Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. The average densities were 1.9 and 35.6 per fish infected, respectively. Metagonimus spp. metacercariae were detected in 312 (52.5%) and 113 (39.9%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average densities were 47.5 and 9.6 per fish infected, respectively. Centrocestus armatus metacercariae were found in 161 (27.1%) and 70 (24.7%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average number per fish infected was 694 and 82, respectively. Echinostoma spp. metacercariae were detected in 50 (8.4%) and 94 (33.2%) fishes from Hantangang and Imjingang, and their average densities were 9.6 and 23.1 per fish infected, respectively. The infection status of fishes with metacercariae of Stephanoprora spp., Diplostomum spp., Clinostomum complanatum, Metorchis orientalis, and Metorchis taiwanensis were analyzed by surveyed regions. Conclusively, it was confirmed that C. sinensis metacercariae were quite commonly detected in fishes from Munsancheon but rarely from other localities, whereas the metacercariae of other digenetic trematodes were relatively prevalent in fishes from water systems of Hantangang and Imjingang in Korea.

이 연구는 사과원에서 20년동안 두 종 응애의 밀도변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 사과나무를 가해하는 두 종의 응애 해충, 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae)와 사과응애(Panonychus ulmi)의 발생을 1992년부터 2011년까지 8개 도시 포함, 한국의 남부지역에 위치한 사과주산지역에서 조사하였다. 20년간의 추세는 많은 과원이 1992년부터 1999년까지는 점박이응애가 주로 가해를 하였지만 2000년도부터는 사과응애가 우점하기 시작했다. 사과응애의 평균관찰밀도는 일정했고 점박이응애의 밀도는 이 기간동안 일정하지 않았다. 5년주기별 발생추세 분석은 점박이응애의 밀도가 2002년 이후에 감소하는 것을 보여주었다. 4월부터 9월까지 월별피해과원율과 두종 응애의 평균발생밀도는 사과응애의 밀도가 4월에 높지만 점박이응애의 밀도가 5월부터 9월까지 높았다. 이런 변화는 살충제 살포횟수, 초경재배관리, 질소비료 사용의 감소와 전체적인 과원관리의 변화 등으로 기인한다. 그러나 이러한 예측은 이를 증명하기 위해 보다 자세한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구를 통해 비료살표와 같은 재배법과 살충제 살포횟수와 종합적해충관리 등의 환경적 변화가 사과원에서 두종 응애의 우점종과 발생밀도에 영향을 준 것으로 보인다. 【This study investigated population fluctuations in two mite species in apple orchards over 20-year period. The occurrence of two major mite pests infesting apple trees, two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Acari: Tetranychidae), was investigated from 1992 to 2011 in major apple-producing districts, including four to eight cities, in the southern part of the Republic of Korea. The 20-year trend revealed that more orchards were infested by T. urticae from 1992 to 1999, but thereafter P. ulmi became dominant. The observed mean density of P. ulmi was consistent, whereas that of T. urticae fluctuated during this period. The analysis of occurrence in four time periods reveals that the density of T. urticae decreased after 2002. The monthly sampling, revealed that the density of P. ulmi was higher in April, whereas the density of T. urticae was higher from May to August. This change may be due to a change in the frequency of pesticide spraying, ground vegetation management, a decrease in nitrogen fertilization, and the overall orchard management practices. However, this projection should be examined in more detail. On the basis of the findings of this study, it can be concluded that cultural practices, including fertilization, and environmental changes, such as pesticide spray frequency and integrated pest management practices, affect species dominance and population densities of the two mite species in apple orchards.】

The efficacy of mating disruptors MD-IKR (Isomate-KR) and MD-CR (Confuser-R) for controlling Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Carposina sasakii (Matsumura) was evaluated in non-chemical or organic apple orchards. For G. molesta, the efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR in Chilgok was 99.8 and 99.8% (2011) and 92.4 and 96.7% (2012), respectively, showing different mating reduction values. The efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR in Cheongsong was 99.1 and 92.8% (2011) and 99.6 and 99.6% (2012), respectively. For C. sasakii , the efficacy of MD-IKR and MD-CR was 100% at Chilgok and Cheongsong in 2011 and 2012. Evaluatio nof the shooting and fruit damage rates showed that the efficacy of the mating disruptors in controlling G. molesta and C. sasakii was betterthan that of the non-control. However, there was no significant control difference between using the mating disruptors and the conventional control. No difference in the efficacy of the two mating disruptors was observed. We believe that MD-IKR could be an alternative to MD-CR.Key words: Apple, Mating disrupter, Grapholita molesta, Carposina sasakii, Management초 록: 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방의 방제를 위해 교미교란제 MD-IKR (Isomate-KR)과 MD-CR (Confuser-R)의 효과를 무농약·유기재배 사과원에서 평가하였고 관행방제 사과원과 비교하였다. 2011년 칠곡지역의 복숭아순나방에 대한 두 종의 교미교란제에 대한 교미저해율은 99.8%였고, 상대적으로 청송지역의 교미저해율이 각각 99.8과 92.8%로 칠곡지역과 차이가 있었다. 2012년 칠곡지역의 교미저해율은 각각 92.4와 96.7%였다. 청송지역에서 교미저해율은 99.6%로 가장 높은 교미저해율을 보였다. 2011년 2012년의 복숭아심식나방에 대한 교미저해율은 두 교미교란제 모두 100%로 높게 나타났다. 두 교미교란제는 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방이 방제효과에 대하여 무방제구 대비 방제효과가 월등하였고, 관행방제와 비교했을 때 통계적으로 유의성 없이 방제효과가 대등하였다 . 두 종의 교미교란제와 관행재배구의 새순과 과실피해율은 무방제구 대비 유의성있는 방제효과를 보였다. 두 종의 교미교란제 간에는 효력의 차이가 없어 MD-IKR 이 MD-CR을 충분히 대체할 수있을 것으로 판단된다.검색어: 사과, 교미교란제, 복숭아순나방, 복숭아심식나방, 관리*Corresponding author: choikh@korea.krReceived August 16 2013; Revised November 25 2013Accepted February 5 2014우리나라의 무농약･ 유기재배 사과원에서 문제가 되는 주요 해충들은 복숭아순나방, 복숭아심식나방, 사과혹진딧물, 사과면충, 사과유리나방 등이 있는데 , 이 중 과실을 가해하는 심식나방류 해충인 복숭아순나방과 복숭아심식나방에 의한 피해가 크다(Choi et al., 2010). 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta (Busck)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae))은 중국 서북지역에서 유래되어 현재는 북미 , 남미, 유럽 및 호주 등 전 세계적으로 분포하고 (Rothschild and

High-temperature annealing, assisted by the in-plane application of a high-voltage electric field, was used to form thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), boasting increased crystallite size and enhanced charge mobility. In-plane crystallite growth and surface morphology were characterized by atomic force microscopy. X-ray diffraction analyses showed that the application of an electric field decreased film thickness and increased the dimensions of the crystalline domains by 25.6% during subsequent high-temperature annealing. Crystalline domains were 13.4% larger, and exhibited 70% higher mobility, than those obtained with thermal annealing in the absence of an electric field.

This paper examined the sustain and address discharge characteristics of ac-PDPs with MgO surface coated by MgO nano crystal powders. The MgO nano crystal powder was deposited by about 5% on the MgO surface by using the spray method. To investigate the effects of the partial addition of MgO nano crystal powders on the sustain discharge as well as the address discharge, the luminance, IR spectra of 823, 828 nm, cathodoluminance, and firing voltage were measured with the measurement of the address delay times and wall voltage variation in the 42-inch ac-PDP module with a high Xe content of 17%. As a result, the statistical delay characteristics were improved considerably especially under the low panel temperature of -5 degrees C for the MgO surface with MgO nano crystal powder. However, both MgO surfaces with and without the MgO nano crystal powder showed almost similar sustain and address discharge characteristics except the statistical delay characteristics.

A direct ultraviolet (UV)-assisted nanoimprinting procedure using photosensitive titanium di-n-butoxide bis(2-ethylhexanoate) is employed in this study for the nanopatterning of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO"2) structure. Upon annealing at 400^oC for 1h, the lateral shrinkage and thickness shrinkage of the TiO"2 nanostructure were 39.6% and 52.5%, respectively, which indicated an anisotropic volume loss. During UV irradiation and annealing treatment, the refractive index of UV-irradiated TiO"2 film is gradually increased by improvement in the packing density and crystallinity of the film. According to increasing UV exposure time and annealing temperature, the optical band gap (E"g) of UV-irradiated TiO"2 film is red-shifted from 3.73 to 3.33eV due to the formation of lattice defects, vacancies and voids during the photochemical reaction and due to the effect of quantum confinement during annealing treatment. These results suggest that the refractive index and optical E"g of TiO"2 nanostructure could be controlled by tuning the UV exposure time and annealing treatment conditions. Nanopatterns of TiO"2 fabricated by direct UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography are potential candidates for use in protective coatings for optical mirrors and filters, high-reflectivity mirrors, broadband interference filters and active electro-optical devices where ordered surface nanostructures could be necessary.

Corrugated organic light emitting diodes are fabricated on photonic crystal substrates patterned using UV nanoimprint lithography process at room-temperature and low-pressure. Forty-nine percentage enhancement of light extraction was achieved even with the very low corrugation depth of 50 nm. The power efficiency of the corrugated OLEDs was even further improved by 93% compared to the OLED with a planar structure. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) analyses indicated that the Bragg-reflection by the corrugated metallic mirror plays dominant role in the enhancement of extraction efficiency in the corrugated structure and extraction efficiency can be further improved if corrugation depth is increased to 100 nm.

The direct nanoimprinting of device patterns on functional resist has attracted increasing attention since it has the potential to extend nanoimprinting applications and improve productivity. Considerations of device-oriented functional resins are currently limited to optical or optoelectronic applications where the optical properties of the imprint resin can be selectively controlled. Either nanosilver particle dispersions or conductive polymers are candidate resins for the direct imprinting of electrode line patterns. In this paper, we describe direct ultraviolet (UV) imprinting using acrylate-based resin incorporating nanosilver colloid, with optimized post-imprinting steps involving heat treatment and wet etching. Resin mixtures with 40, 50, and 60 wt% of nanosilver loading were prepared, and UV imprinting was performed on the dispensed resin mixtures, followed by heat treatment to sinter the nanosilver particles and wet etching of the imprint residues. The pattern shrinkage that occurred during the post-imprinting steps reached 25-35%, and was strongly dependant on the nanosilver concentration. The electrical resistivity for 60wt% Ag loading was roughly 2.5 times higher than that of bulk silver. In addition, surface texturing effects on the imprinted patterns were investigated using selective oxygen plasma etching.

A wax-typed pheromone dispenser has been developed and applied to control outbreak of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, in apple orchard. To optimize its application technique, this study analyzed effect of different amounts of the pheromone dispenser on mating disruption(`MD`) of G. molesta. Different pheromone dispenser amounts significantly influenced the MD effect assessed by cumulative male adult catches monitored respectively by sticky delta trap and food trap, and resulted in differential damage on host plants. In a field test during entire growing season, a standard amount(120 g per 0.117 ha) of wax-typed pheromone dispenser was proved to be effective to suppress outbreak of G. molesta adults and to prevent host plant damage as much as a current commercial MD product(). This study also demonstrated an effectiveness of deployment of food trap barriers around MD-treated area to prevent immigration of mated females from outside untreated areas. These results indicate that the wax-typed pheromone dispenser can be applied to control field G. molesta populations and its co-application with fuod trap barriers would be optimal to maximize MD efficacy.

This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of , and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

This study was performed to estimate the efficacy of three commercial mating disruptors for the control of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), using a food-baited trap to collect field females. Mated female ratios estimated in the mating disruptor-treated areas were compared with the estimates of male trap captures, and both estimates were evaluated on the basis of crop damage measured by shoot tip damage caused by G. molesta. Both males and females were attracted to the food trap-baited with terpinyl acetate in apple orchard. Spermatophore of G. molesta was similar to female bursa copulatrix in size. Though there was more than 95% reduction in male trap captures indicating significant mating disruption, significant crop damage occurred on apple leaf buds, in which more than 35% of captured females were mated. This study demonstrates that assessment of the mated females would be more reasonable to represent the efficacy of mating disruptor(s) than the assessment of the male captures in G. molesta.

Two fruit moths of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (Matsumura), infest apples in Korea by internally feeding behavior. C. sasakii is a quarantine insect pest from some other countries importing Korean apples. G. molesta is not a quarantine insect pest, but can be incorrectly identified as C. sasakii especially when it is found inside apple fruits at its larval stages because it is not easy to identify the two species by morphological characters alone. This incomplete identification results in massive economical loss by fruits needlessly destroyed or turned away at border inspection stations of the importing nations. This difficulty can be overcome by molecular DNA markers. Several polymorphic regions of mitochondrial DNA of both species were sequenced and used for developing specific striction sites and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Based on these sequences, three diagnostic PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) sites were detected and validated for their practical uses. Also, species-specific PCR primers were devised to develop diagnostic PCR method for identifying the internal feeders.

In the survey from 1992 to 2000, twenty-eight parasitic diseases were observed in major apple producing areas in Korea. The predominant apple diseases were white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea), Marssonina blotch (Marssonina mali), Valsa canker (Valsa ceratosperma), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria mali), and bitter rot (Collectotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum). Apple scab that reappeared in 1990 after disappearance for 15 years was disappeared again since 1997. A viroid disease (caused by apple scar skin viroid) was newly found in this survey. The five diseases, fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), black rot (Botryosphaeria obtusa), scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), Monochaetia twig blight (Monochaetia sp.), and brown leaf spot (Hendersonia mali), which had once described in 1928 but no further reports on their occurrence, were not found in this survey. However, blossom blight (Monilinia mali), brown rot (Monilinia fructigena), and pink rot (Trichothecium roseum), which did not occur on apple after mid 1970s, were found in this survey.

Introduction: People living with dementia may experience and express pain in different ways to people without dementia. People with dementia are typically prescribed fewer analgesics than people without dementia indicating a potential difference in how pain is identified and treated in these populations. The objectives of this study are to (1) investigate the prevalence of analgesic load, pain and daytime sedation in people with and without dementia in Australian residential aged care facilities (RACFs), and (2) investigate the clinical and diagnostic associations between analgesic load, pain and daytime sedation in people with and without dementia in Australian RACFs. Methods/analysis: This will be a cross-sectional study of 300 permanent residents of up to 10 low-level and high-level RACFs in South Australia with and without dementia. Trained study nurses will administer validated and dementia-specific assessments of self-reported and clinician-observed pain, sedation and other clinical and humanistic outcomes. Medicine-use data will be extracted directly from each resident's medication administration chart. Binary and multinominal logistic regression will be used to compute unadjusted and adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for factors associated with pain, analgesic load and daytime sedation. These factors will include dementia severity, behavioural and psychological symptoms, quality of life, resident satisfaction, attitudes towards medicines, activities of daily living and nutritional status. Ethics and dissemination: Institutional ethics approval has been granted. The findings will be disseminated through public lectures, professional and scientific conferences and in peer-reviewed journal articles. The findings of this study will allow for a better understanding of the prevalence and factors associated with analgesic use, pain and other outcomes in residential care. The findings of this study will be used to inform the development and implementation of strategies to improve the quality of life of people with dementia Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The characteristics of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) such as short measurement time and no sample preparation provide clear advantages over other analytical techniques for rapid elemental analysis at manufacturing sites where the composition of products need to be determined in real-time for process monitoring or quality control. Thin film solar cells based on CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS), polycrystalline compound semiconductor material, have unique advantages of high efficiency (>20%), long-term stability, and low manufacturing cost over other types of solar cell. The electrical and optical properties of the thin CIGS films are closely related to the concentration ratios among its major constituent elements Cu, In, Ga and Se such as Ga/(Ga + In) and Cu/(Ga + In), and thus an accurate measurement of the composition of CIGS thin films has been an issue among CIGS solar cell researchers, requiring a fast and reliable technique for composition analysis. This paper presents the results of nanosecond (ns) and femtosecond (fs) laser based LIBS analysis of thin CIGS films. The critical issues for LIBS analysis of CIGS thin films such are discussed in comparison with ns- and fs-LIBS measurement results. The calibration of LIBS signal intensity ratios with respect to reference concentration data is carried out and the results of optimal line selection for LIBS analysis, depth profiling capability, and reproducibility are discussed.

The toxicity of the pyrazole acaricide tebufenpyrad to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the predatory mite Amblyseius womersleyi Schicha was evaluated in laboratory and field studies. In a laboratory study with the susceptible T. urticae, tebufenpyrad was highly effective against eggs, immatures (larvae and protonymphs), and adults at 25 ppm (100% mortality). Moderate levels of resistance to tebufenpyrad were observed in dicofol-resistant DR-20 (resistance ratio, 15-fold), fenpyroximate-resistant FR-20 (24-fold), and pyridaben-resistant PR-20 strains (33-fold), indicating a careful use of this acaricide on apple orchards. Additionally, tebufenpyrad had no repellent activity against either adults or immatures of the susceptible and resistant T. urticae. In 1995 and 1996 field studies of a population of T. urticae, efficacy of tebefenpyrad, expressed as a protective value at 15 or 20 d in each treated plot relative to an untreated plot, was similar to that of the commonly used azocyclotin and fenazaquin. In the laboratory and field studies with A. womersleyi, tebufenpyrad exhibited adverse effects, but this predatory mite species was more tolerant than T. urticae: 2.8, 82.2, and 46.6% mortalities against eggs, immatures, and adults at 25 ppm, respectively. No phytotoxicity was observed with this acaricide in 17-yr-old ‘Fuji’ and 11-yr-old ‘Tsugaru’ apple trees. Based on laboratory and field data, tebufenpyrad may be used to prevent damage by T. urticae and in alteration with the earlier types of acaricides in a resistance management program if a properly timed tebufenpyrad treatment is done.

Recently, various research strategies have been employed to improve light extraction efficiency in organic LEDs, including the recent development of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), as well as the more widely-known application of a photonic crystal layer. Here, we report on the development of a process method for forming a two-dimensional nanosilver patterned array to achieve LSPR-coupled light-emission efficiency enhancement. The process scheme involves the spin-coating of nanosilver colloidal ink onto a glass substrate, followed by optimized thermal annealing to create an array of isolated nanosilver islands. The resulting Ag islands are in the size range 50 approximately 80 nm, which is larger than the diameter of the Ag nanoparticles in the colloidal suspension. Then, silicon oxide is thermally sputtered to provide a spacer layer to prevent luminescence quenching of the red-emitting nanocrystal quantum dot (NQD) layer, which is deposited in a subsequent spin-coating process. When the NQD layer is excited, the energy of the photoelectron is confined to the surfaces of the nanosilver islands in the near-field. In this study, the localized surface plasmon resonance peaks were at a wavelength of 625 nm, and out-coupling efficiency was enhanced more than sixfold.

An alternative colloidal lithography applying nanosilver colloids has been developed for the fabrication of wafer-level large area nano templates. The nanotemplate consists of random arrays of nanopillar structures in the range of 50 to 200 nm. This approach uses nanosilver differently from the conventional colloidal lithographic methods applying silica or polystyrene with much smaller colloidal size in the range of 10 – 30 nm than those. The macroscopic uniformity was therefore much improved when spin coating deposited continuous multi-layered nanosilvers. A random array of isolated nanosilver islands with open spaces between them was created through optimized thermal annealing on a silicon substrate. Dimensional properties of nanosilver islands can be controlled by varying the following parameters: nanosilver concentration, spin-coating speed, and thermal annealing time. Subsequent etching of substrate silicon produced various nanopillar profiles, such as completely anisotropic, isotropic, and inversed diamond shapes with the meaningful controllability through varying well-known etch conditons.

An etch-less ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) process is proposed for patterning a photonic crystal (PC) structure onto an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) substrate. In a conventional UV-NIL, anisotropic etching is used to remove the residual layers and to transfer the patterns onto the substrate. The proposed process does not require an etching process. In the process, a stamp with nano-scale PC patterns is pressed on the dispensed resin and UV light is then exposed to cure the resin. After tens of seconds, the stamp is separated from the patterned polymer layer on the substrate. Finally, high-refractive index material is coated onto the layer. The refractive index of the polymer should be very similar to that of glass. The enhancement of the light extraction was assessed by the three-dimensional (3D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The OLED was integrated on a nanoimprinted substrate and the electro-luminance intensity was found to have increased by as much as 50% compared to a conventional device.

In this study, an ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) process using a quartz stamp in a low vacuum environment is presented. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach as a low-cost lithographic process applicable to flat panel displays.

A total of 673 ready-to-eat vegetable samples were collected in Korea from 2001 to 2002 and analyzed for the presence of Yersinia spp. We analyzed biotypes, serotypes, and susceptibility to 12 antibiotics and tested for virulence genes of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolates by PCR assay. Among the samples, 27 (4.0%) were found to be contaminated with Yersinia spp. Among the 27 strains of Yersinia spp. isolates, 18 strains (66.7%) of Y. enterocolitica, 5 strains (18.5%) of Y. frederiksenii, 3 strains (11.1%) of Y. intermedia, and 1 strain (3.7%) of Y. kristensenii were identified. According to the serotypes of Y. enterocolitica isolates, O:3 (11.1%) and O:5 (11.1%) were the most predominant, followed by O:8 (5.6%) and others (72.2%). For biotypes of Y. enterocolitica isolates, 1A (77.8%) was the most predominant, followed by 3B (11.1%), 3 (5.6%), and 5A (5.6%). Also, an antibiotic susceptibility test showed that Y. enterocolitica isolates were very susceptible to the antibiotics tested but highly resistant to ampicillin (94%), cephalothin (100%), and carbenicillin (83%). PCR assays with specific primers derived from yst and ail genes of Y. enterocolitica were applied to confirm the presence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. Among the 18 strains of Y. enterocolitica isolates, only 3 strains (O:3/1A, UT/3B, and UT/1A isolated from Chinese cabbage, onion, and spinach, respectively) were shown to have a virulence gene.

This paper reports that selective removal of a CuIn1−xGaxSe2 (CIGS) thin film on a Mo-coated glass substrate can be achieved with no edge melting or damage of the Mo layer using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064nm. It is shown that the two crucial parameters that determine the possibility of clean removal of only the CIGS layer are Ga concentration of the CIGS film and laser fluence. For CIGS films with Ga/(Ga+In) ratio greater than about 0.2 for which the band gap energy is close to or over the photon energy (1.17eV), laser-induced thermal expansion proved to be the mechanism of film removal that drives an initial bulging of the film and then fracture into tens of micrometre sized fragments as observed in in situ shadowgraph images. The fracture-type removal of CIGS films was further verified by scanning electron micrographs of the craters showing that the original shapes of the CIGS polycrystals remain intact along the crater rim. A numerical simulation of film temperature under the irradiation conditions of selective removal was carried out to show that the magnitude of induced thermal stress within the film closely agreed to the yield strength of the CIGS thin film. The results confirmed that a nanosecond laser could be a better choice for P2 and P3 scribing of CIGS thin films if process conditions are properly determined. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)

This study developed a stitching process for unit element nanotemplates based on step and repeat imprinting for use in enlarged soft mold fabrication. This mold was subsequently used for the custom-developed roll-to-plate UV nanoimprint process. The distinctive features of roll UV imprinting include the following: (1) the UV source is embedded within a roll mold made of quartz so that it can illuminate a resist coated on either a transparent or an opaque substrate, (2) the press-contact between the resist and soft mold wrapped around the quartz mold was designed to synchronize the rolling operation with the linear motion of the substrate, which helped minimize the residue thickness, and (3) a compressed pneumatic force was applied along the contact line of the roll imprint, which helped attenuate any possible level mismatch on the stitched mold surface.

In conventional nanoimprinting using acrylate-based resists, the imprinted resist acts as a sacrificial barrier for the underlayer etch. However, the imprinted patterns can be directly used for electronic device structures immediately after removal of the residual layers if electrically conductive functional resists are used. In this work, we used a UV-curable monomer, hydroxyethyl methacrylate mixed with a highly concentrated nanosilver colloid, for direct imprinting. The imprinted patterns were heat-treated to cause sintering of the nanosilver particles, and to shrink the cured polymer matrix. Then silver etchant was applied to remove the residual layer before a thorough rinsing. Pattern shrinkage was investigated at each process stage as a function of nanosilver concentration. Shrinkage depended slightly on pattern width, and had a strong correlation with Ag loading in the range of 40–60 wt %. The electrical resistivity was estimated at 40.8 nΩm, which is quite close to that of bulk silver, 15.87 nΩm.

In many early investigations of the ultraviolet (UV) imprinting process, imprint resists served as sacrificial etch barrier masks for pattern transfer onto the underlying layer. In this study, conductive photocurable resin incorporating silver nanoparticles was used in UV imprinting for the direct manufacture of electronic device structures. The materials were formulated simply by mixing acrylate-based UV-curable resin with nanosilver colloids. Successful photopolymerization was possible with these formulations without affecting the antistiction-treated surface chemistry of the stamp. Even with the increased viscosity due to silver (Ag) particulate inclusions, resin infiltration into the master patterns several micrometers deep occurred successfully during the imprinting process. Heat treatment and wet chemical etching followed the UV imprinting to shrink the polymer phase even further and to remove imprint residue to complete electrically conductive continuous media based on Ag nanoparticles.

For the improved surface plasmon-coupled photoluminescence emission, a more accessible fabrication method of a controlled nanosilver pattern array was developed by effectively filling the predefined hole array with nanosilver colloid in a UV-curable resin via direct nanoimprinting. When applied to a glass substrate for light emittance with an oxide spacer layer on top of the nanosilver pattern, hybrid emission enhancements were produced from both the localized surface plasmon resonance-coupled emission enhancement and the guided light extraction from the photonic crystal array. When CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal quantum dots were deposited as an active emitter, a total photoluminescence intensity improvement of 84% was observed. This was attributed to contributions from both the silver nanoparticle filling and the nanoimprinted photonic crystal array.