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Hibiscus sabdariffa L., (roselle) in the Malvaceae family is an erect subshrub known to be native to India and Malaysia. It is widely used as a food or tea material around the world, and its therapeutic effects have been widely studied. In this study, the sequencing of the complete chloroplast genome of H. sabdariffa was carried out. The result indicates a genome size of 162,428 bp, which is composed of a large single copy of 90,327 bp, two inverted repeats of 26,242 bp each, and a small single copy of 19,617 bp. Overall, a total of 131 genes were predicted, including 86 coding sequences, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. According to a phylogenic analysis, it was clearly distinguished from outgroups such as other species of the genus Hibiscus used in the analysis.

Background We assessed the long‐term clinical outcomes of an intermediate lesion (IL) according to the presence of a combined culprit lesion (CCL). Hypothesis Long‐term clinical outcomes of IL may be affected by the presence of a CCL. Methods Angiographic findings (n = 1096) and medical chart were reviewed. Patients with IL were divided into two groups: IL without CCL group (n = 383, 64.5%) and IL with CCL group (n = 211, 35.5%). Results The major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the IL with CCL group were significantly higher than those in the IL without CCL group (death: 12.3% vs. 7.0%, myocardial infarction: 3.3%vs. 0.5%, stroke: 6.6% vs. 2.6%, and revascularization [RVSC]: 25.1% vs. 7.6%) during a mean follow up period of 118.4 ± 5.5 months. IL related RVSC rate in the IL with CCL group was higher than that in the IL without CCL group (5.7% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.020). RVSC rate related to IL in total subjects was lower than that related to stented lesion (3.4% vs. 6.4%). The important predictors of total MACE in total subjects were the presence of CCL, IL percent diameter stenosis, hypertension, history of percutaneous coronary intervention, blood glucose and ejection fraction. The predictors of IL related RVSC were IL percent diameter stenosis and IL located in the right coronary artery. Conclusion 10‐year clinical outcomes of an IL (especially IL without CCL) were better than those of stented lesions. This study suggests that the IL can be safely followed up in sites that do not have ability to assess functional study.

Urban drainage systems (UDSs) continue to face challenges, despite numerous efforts to improve their sustainability through design, planning, and management. The goal of such initiatives is to avoid and minimize flooding as well as maintain the UDS’s sustainable functionality, which can be analyzed using a stormwater management model (SWMM). In this study, a multiobjective automatic parameter-calibration (MAPC) framework was developed based on the SWMM. It consisted of three steps: sensitivity analysis (Step I), objective selection (Step II), and SWMM parameter calibration (Step III). The proposed MAPC framework was verified using the Yongdap drainage network located in Seoul, South Korea. The resultant MAPC framework demonstrated that the system characteristics (such as percent of impervious area and hillslope) and problems in UDS design, planning, and management can be well reflected by the corresponding model. The MAPC framework proposed in this study can contribute to UDS modeling sustainability.

Tilia species are valuable woody species due to their beautiful shape and role as honey trees. Somatic embryogenesis can be an alternative method for mass propagation of T. amurensis. However, the molecular mechanisms of T. amurensis somatic embryogenesis are yet to be known. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptional analysis during somatic embryogenesis of T. amurensis. RNA-Seq identified 1505 differentially expressed genes, including developmental regulatory genes. Auxin related genes such as YUC, AUX/IAA and ARF and signal transduction pathway related genes including LEA and SERK were differentially regulated during somatic embryogenesis. Also, B3 domain family (LEC2, FUS3), VAL and PKL, the regulatory transcription factors, were differentially expressed by somatic embryo developmental stages. Our results could provide plausible pathway of signaling somatic embryogenesis of T. amurensis, and serve an important resource for further studies in direct somatic embryogenesis in woody plants.

Growth traits and genetic diversity of 23 provenances of Quercus rubra introduced from North America were analyzed in a provenance trial established with a randomized block design in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, South Korea in 1993. Growth variables and survival at age 25 were compared with results from early stages. Height, DBH, volume and stem straightness of Q. rubra was better than those of the domestic oak (Quercus accutissima). Growth of the Dunham Island provenance from New York was the best among the 23 provenances that of the Eagle River provenance from Wisconsin was poorest. Survival rate at age 25 was on average 52%. The longitude of seed origin and growth of provenance were consistently significantly negatively correlated at all ages. Growth of coastal provenances was superior to that of the inland provenances, which were separated by the Appalachian Mountains. Genetic diversity and genetic distance among the provenances were evaluated using microsatellite markers. The allelic frequencies showed high polymorphism in 10 microsatellite loci, and 292 alleles were found. Of 10 loci, two were commonly found in the 23 provenances. The mean allelic diversity and heterozygosity observed among the provenances were similar to those from the native populations of Q. rubra in North America. Nei′s genetic distance among the 23 was estimated and showed that a clear trend between geographic and genetic distances, indicating that some provenances have high genetic diversity with superior growth performance.

To detect the three-phase current in the complex plane of a DC link shunt inverter, an algorithm for restoring the current is required. In this paper, a method of dividing the detection voltage and the compensation voltage to match the output voltage as much as possible to reduce the total harmonic distortion while restoring the current is proposed. In addition, an overmodulation algorithm for a 12-step output, which corresponds to the largest voltage in a DC link shunt inverter, is proposed, and a current recovery method in the overmodulation region is proposed. To determine how to ensure a linear output voltage, the fundamental frequency of the output voltage is analyzed through a Fourier series, and a new voltage vector whose fundamental frequency amplitude is equal to the amplitude of the command voltage is calculated. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is verified through simulation and experimentation. The output of a motor was increased by using overmodulation, and the harmonics of the current based on the output voltage were analyzed through a Fourier series.

Pinus densiflora f. multicaulis is a rare and unusual form of genus Pinus. It has excellent ornamental values due to many trunks from its root collar, and produces female, male, and bisexual strobili on thes ame tree. However, there is limited study whether the bisexual strobili are functional, mature lateral conesproduce filled seeds, and the seeds from the mature lateral cones germinate and grow as well as those frommature apical cones. The structure of apical female, and lateral male and bisexual strobili were analyzed in an open-pollination-progeny population. The strobili were photographed to obtain external, cross-section, and radial-section images using a 45× stereoscopic microscope. Radial sections of strobili were imaged using scanning electron microscopy. Characteristics of apical and lateral cones and seeds were surveyedby cone analysis and germination test. P. densiflora f. multicaulis developed typical female strobili apically,and ordinary male and bisexual strobili laterally. Additionally, female strobili developed laterally whereas the male strobili were normally located. The mature lateral female strobili had the same structure as the apical female. In the mature bisexual strobili, the proportion of male and female tissue was unequal. The cones developed from lateral female strobili showed highly significant differences in the length, width, and weight, being shorter (32.7%), narrower (26.9%), and lighter (59.8%) than those from apical female strobili. Both types produced filled seeds and seedlings, and well significant positive correlations were found among characteristics of seeds from apical and lateral female strobili. The initial seed germination rate of the seeds from apical female strobili was higher than that of seeds from lateral female strobili, but the difference decreased over time. The viability and spatial distribution of the female and male tissue of bisporangiate cones, and their frequent occurrence suggests a common mechanism for the production of bisporangiate structures in seed plants.

Background: Intermediate lesions (ILs) are challenging to treat. This study aimed to assess the impact of ILs on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with significant coronary lesions (SLs).Methods: This was a non-randomized, retrospective, single-center study. The study subjects were patients with SL (n=403, Men=249), followed up for 10 years (118.5±5.5 months), and divided into 2 groups according to the presence of IL (IL (-) and IL (+) groups with 192 and 211 patients, respectively). The primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which included all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and revascularization (RVSC).Results: There were no significant differences in MACEs between the IL (-) and IL (+) groups (death, 7.8% vs. 12.3%; MI, 0.0% vs. 2.4%; stroke, 5.7% vs. 6.6%; and RVSC, 19.8% vs. 24.6%). However, the RVSC rate related to IL was lower (5.2% vs. 13.2%) than that related to stented lesions in all subjects. The important predictors for total MACEs in all subjects were the number of ILs and ejection fraction. The predictors of total RVSC events were IL location (right coronary artery [RCA]) and hypertension. The predictor of IL-related RVSC was the number of ILs.Conclusion: Ten-year clinical outcomes of IL were excellent and better than those of stented lesions in patients with SL. Thus, ILs can be managed with optimal medical treatment with acceptable clinical outcomes in patients with SL. The increased risk of MACE in patients with multiple ILs and ILS in the RCA should be carefully managed.

Hibiscus sinosyriacus is a deciduous broad-leaved shrub belonging to the Malvaceae family that is distributed in the temperate southern regions of China. Studying the chloroplast genome of H. sinosyriacus is necessary to distinguish evolutionary and genetic differences among allied species. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequence assembly of H. sinosyriacus was completed, and the genome size was 160,892 bp. The large single copy was 89,747 bp, the two inverted repeats were 25,742 bp, and the small single copy was 19,661 bp long. There were 131 genes, 86 coding sequences, 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs, of which 7 genes were replicated in the inverted region. The complete genome sequence can be used for evolutionary comparative studies of related species.

Excessive dietary fat intake is related to metabolic dysfunction and enhances susceptibility to hypertension and cognitive impairment. Although there are sex differences in the prevalence and progression of these diseases, few studies have investigated sex differences in cardio-metabolic and cognitive parameters in rats with high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. To better reflect actual clinical conditions, sex-differences in rats with high-fat diet-induced metabolic dysfunction were evaluated. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet to induce metabolic dysfunction and intraperitoneally injected with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and scopolamine to model vulnerability to hypertension and cognitive impairment, respectively, whereas control rats were fed a regular diet and treated with distilled water and 0.9% saline. Male experimental rats showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure than female experimental animals. More importantly, acetylcholine-induced relaxation of carotid arteries was decreased only in the male experimental rats, revealing a significant difference compared with female experimental rats. These findings provide evidence for individualized sex-based management of patients with metabolic dysfunction and susceptibilities to hypertension and cognitive impairment. Impact statement Excessive dietary fat intake plays important roles in the process of metabolic dysfunction and increases susceptibilities to chronic diseases such as hypertension. Few previous studies, however, have accurately reflected real-world medical conditions. In addition, studies performed to date have not examined detailed sex-differences in cardio-metabolic and cognitive parameters, precluding the development of sex-tailored interventions for patients with metabolic dysfunction who are susceptible to hypertension and cognitive impairment. In this study, using rats with HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction that made them susceptible to hypertension and cognitive impairment, we demonstrate that male rats show greater impairment of acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation of the carotid artery and systolic blood pressure compared to female rats. These findings may provide a basis for the early detection of carotid artery dysfunction and systolic blood pressure increase, especially in males.

In the last decade, machine learning (ML) technology has been transforming daily lives, industries, and various scientific/engineering disciplines. In particular, ML technology has resulted in significant progress in neural network models; these enable the automatic computation of problem-relevant features and rapid capture of highly complex data distributions. We believe that ML approaches can address several significant new and/or old challenges in urban drainage systems (UDSs). This review paper provides a state-of-the-art review of ML-based UDS modeling/application based on three categories: (1) operation (real-time operation control), (2) management (flood-inundation prediction) and (3) maintenance (pipe defect detection). The review reveals that ML is utilized extensively in UDSs to advance model performance and efficiency, extract complex data distribution patterns, and obtain scientific/engineering insights. Additionally, some potential issues and future directions are recommended for three research topics defined in this study to extend UDS modeling/applications based on ML technology. Furthermore, it is suggested that ML technology can promote developments in UDSs. The new paradigm of ML-based UDS modeling/applications summarized here is in its early stages and should be considered in future studies.

As the national flower of Korea, the

It has been recently observed that traditional probability-based design of urban drainage systems often fails because of frequent heavy rainfall events due to global climate change. Therefo...

This research explores the relationship between social media and mortality, focusing on social media as a thanatosensitive technology that promotes death preparation and commemoration. Employing concepts from the Value-Sensitive Design approach, our research identifies three main stakeholders surrounding the online commemoration experience. As an exploratory study, we conducted in-depth interviews and observations (n = 9) to better understand key stakeholders’ experiences in online and offline commemorations. After analyzing the qualitative data, we extracted design requirements that were used to create a conceptual commemorative system and a functioning prototype. An informal user testing (n = 6) yielded positive feedbacks on the new system for it offers the unique opportunity to reflect existence, prepare for death, and create a community of commemoration that helps memorialize the deceased and recover from grief. The study suggests that commemoration via social media aids in maintaining user volition, induces active and interactive participation, and allows for a continuation of the digital legacy. Such findings may help deepen the understanding of humans’ perception of death and commemoration within the context of social media.

A traditional urban drainage system (UDS) planning approach generally considers the most probable future rainfall scenario. However, this single scenario (i.e., scenario-optimal) planning approach is prone to failure under recent climatic conditions, which involve increasing levels of uncertainty. To overcome this limitation, an alternative is to consider multiple scenarios simultaneously. A two-phase multi-scenario-based UDS planning approach was developed. Scenario-optimal solutions were determined for a set of scenarios in Phase I, as the traditional planning approach, while common elements across the scenarios were identified and used to consider components-wise regret cost concept for Phase II optimization, from which a compromise solution was sought. The storm water management model was dynamically linked with the harmony search algorithm for each phase optimization model. The proposed approach was demonstrated in the planning of the grid-type drainage networks of S-city. The compromise solution was compared with the scenario-optimal solutions (Phase I) with respect to cost effectiveness and system performance under scenarios that were not considered in the planning phase.

Urban Drainage System (UDS) design has been performed to determine the pipe layout and sizes mostly by optimization-based models. However, function evaluations of the UDS design problem are often very time-consuming because of the computation time for rainfall-runoff and network hydraulics of Strom Water Management Model (SWMM). Therefore, various surrogate models have been proposed during the last decade to overcome the limitation. This study first proposes a hybrid models that combine an optimization method and a surrogate model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for UDS pipe layout and size optimization. Then, various versions of the proposed model are applied to the design problem of a real large urban drainage network: (1) Version 1 determines the optimal pipe sizes by the optimization module whereas the pipe layout is derived from the ANN module; (2) Version 2 determines the former by the ANN module, and the latter by the optimization module; and (3) Version 3 produces the optimal pipe sizes and layout solely by the ANN module. We compared the three different versions with respect to their computational efforts and times and estimation accuracy (e.g., Mean Square Error and R2). Finally, this study will provide guidelines for using the hybrid models in the UDS design.

To reveal the genetic mechanisms behind drought tolerance, we attempted to identify the drought-responsive genes in Populus tremula var. davidiana (Dode) C.K. Schneid. and eight other species of Populus. Nine drought-responsive genes were assayed by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping using TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR. A total of 346 SNPs were found from the 101 sequences of the nine genes. Among them, 57 primers were selected for SNP genotyping and haplotype determination. For the SNP genotyping, 56 assays were applicable to section Leuce Duby, 53 to section Aigeiros Duby, 50 to Populus maximowiczii Henry, and 52 to Populus simonii Carrière. The expectation maximization algorithm was implemented to determine haplotypes among species and sections. A total of 78 haploid types were estimated from nine drought-responsive gene loci, and the average number of haploid types per locus was 8.67. The analysis of genetic diversity revealed that P. tremula var. davidiana had substantial levels of genetic variation for the nine drought-responsive genes, which was higher than the eight other species. The means of observed number of alleles (NA) and heterozygosity (Ho) were 5.33 and 0.6609, respectively. Analysis of the genetic differentiation of P. tremula var. davidiana showed that 7.52% of genetic variation was among populations and the remaining was within a population.

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers were employed to characterize polymorphisms among 5 provenances of Acacia leucophloea and to detect genetic relatedness of the species with 6 other acacias (A. holosericea, A. auriculiformis, A. mangium, A. dealbata, A. ferruginea, and A. nilotica) widely grown in India. Of 194 markers scored for the provenances, 29.38% exhibited polymorphism. Also, 326 markers were generated among 7 species of Acacia, accounting for 55.82% of the polymorphisms. The fifteen 10-mer primers employed were capable of producing 1–8 polymorphic bands for the provenances, and 6–17 for all seven species of Acacia. The genetic similarity coefficient based on Jaccard’s coefficient revealed that provenances Thirumangalam and Dharmapuri were closely related. The dendrogram based on a sequential agglomerative hierarchical non-overlapping (SAHN) clustering analysis grouped 4 provenances of A. leucophloea (Dharapuram, Thirumangalam, Pudukottai and Dharmapuri) into one cluster and the other provenance, Sendurai, into a separate cluster. The genetic similarity matrix for 7 Acacia species showed that A. nilotica and A. dealbata were distantly related, while A. holosericea and A. ferruginea were very closely related. Cluster analysis grouped the species of Acacias into 3 major groups of which A. dealbata alone formed a separate group. The RAPD markers generated 36 provenance-specific markers and 162 species-specific markers that could have strong applications for species identification and tree breeding programs for A. leucophloea and for other Acacia species included in this study.

The genetic gain and gene diversity of seed crops from a 1.5-generation clonal seed orchard of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. were estimated under consideration of parental genetic values and fecundity variation. Fecundity variation among clones was estimated for 5 consecutive years (2010–2014) as the sibling coefficient, which was drawn from clonal contribution to the total production of seed conelet. To monitor gene diversity, status number was estimated by the integration of fecundity variation and group coancestry. Group coancestry was calculated as the average of genetic relatedness (coancestry) among orchard clones. The averages of conelet production were high in 2010 and 2011, moderate in 2013 and 2014, and poor in 2012 with a grand mean of 13.7. Correlation analysis showed that good conelet producers consistently gave good production. Cumulative distribution of clonal conelet production was presented as a function of the total conelet yield, and this distribution indicated deviation from the expected clonal equal production. Group coancesrtry was 0.0096, indicating minimal loss of gene diversity. Status number and genetic gain were higher in good than in poor conelet production years, highlighting the importance of fecundity variation in determining the genetic gain and gene diversity of seed orchard crops.

Recently, climate change and urbanization have been caused by urban flood. To mitigate flood, there are structural measures such as detention reservoir and pump station and non-structural measures such as pump operation rules and gate operation rules. However, structural measures cannot cope with rainfall stronger than design rainfall intensity and need to construct to develop flood mitigation capacity. Urban drainage system needs non-structural measures that maximize the efficiency of structural measures. The efficient operation of the pump as one of non-structural measures can develop the discharge capacity of urban drainage system to prevent urban flood. In this study, we proposed advanced optimal pump operation at Mokgam stream located Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Advanced optimal pump operation is considering the water level of the vulnerable points and the water level of reservoirs. Risk of flooding is predicted by the water level of vulnerable point and reservoir. Therefore, pump station is able to proactively start the pump compared to the current pump operation, reservoir secures free space to develop flood mitigation effect and discharge capacity.

The tank model among various deterministic Rainfall-Runoff (RR) models is often preferred for its simple concepts by many previous studies. However, it requires much time and effort to obtain better results owing to the need to calibrate a number of parameters in the tank model. The demand for an automatic calibration method has been increasing. The success of heuristic optimization algorithms enables many researchers to focus on the other aspect of the various objective function for tank model rather than parameter calibration. In this study, Multi-objective Harmony Search Algorithm was performed for an automatic calibration. The proposed study enables parameter calibration of four storage types of tank model with 14 parameters and six scenarios based on the four objective functions. A proposed tank model, which determines optimal solution (e.g., parameters of tank model; calibration results) under four different objective functions, respectively, were compared to demonstrate tradeoff relationship between measurements data and observation data for a Daecheong dam watershed in South Korea. The proposed tank model with six different scenarios could be a successful alternative RR model with its increased accuracy and Pareto solution.

This paper proposes a junction temperature estimation algorithm for the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based on a power loss calculation and a thermal impedance model for inverter systems. The Simulink model was designed to calculate the power losses of power semiconductor devices and to estimate the junction temperature with a simplified thermal impedance model. This model can estimate the junction temperature up to the transient state, including the steady state. The parameters used to calculate the power losses, the thermal resistance, and the thermal capacitance were optimized for a given inverter to be tested for improving the accuracy. The simulation results and experimental measurement data were compared to verify the proposed junction temperature estimation algorithm. Finally, the algorithm was installed on the inverter controller, and the performance was verified by comparing the real time estimation result with the measured temperature.

Recently, domestic and external interest in regard to become underground of traffic tunnel is heightened due to the urbanization get at saturated network of roads. In addition, due to develop urban areas flood have occurred frequently, canal tunnel’s development to prevent the flood by bypassing flood discharge about flood-prone area is required. In this study, emergency response plans in the multipurpose tunnels were investigated from the related government report, websites, and previous researches. The investigated emergency response plans to cope with the natural disasters including flooding were compared to the South Korean’s cases. As a result, the problem of the water canal were explained and the disaster response policies were proposed based on the necessity of the consistency and sustainability for the disaster industry.

Recently, global warming and climate change has been known as the main driving force of the extreme floods in urban area. Therefore, the flood and traffic problem should be solved simultaneously in the mega cities. The multi-functional tunnel with the road and stormwater bypass is suggested as one of the solutions. A single bored tunnel feasible by TBM machine has the double-deck road tunnel and stormwater bypass underneath. In the multi-functional tunnel, the shape of the stormwater bypass is usually not circular. Therefore, the friction loss in the non-circular pipe should be evaluated for the accurate design. In this study, hydraulic experiment was set and the friction loss coefficients were evaluated using 6 different Reynolds numbers. As the result, the difference between measured and computed friction loss coefficients become substantial when the Reynolds number is decreased less than 2,000 for the laminar flow. When the stormwater pipe using the non-circular shape is designed, the different friction loss coefficients should be applied for the accurate calculation.

Growth and reproductive traits were assessed in seed stands of two native Indian tree species Tamarindus indica and Azadirachta indica. Positive correlation between growth (height and GBH) and reproductive traits (male and female contribution) were found in both species. Fertility was estimated from the flower and fruit production of individuals. Based on the fertility variation among individuals, parental balance, femaleness index and status number (Ns) were determined. The option of equal seed collection among individuals was also considered for estimating Ns. The percentage of fertile trees was higher in the high flowering year in both species. The best male contributing individuals also showed high female contribution (fruit production). The parental contribution in seed stands showed high deviation from expectation; 20% individuals contributed about 70% of male and female gametes in both species. Femaleness index showed that female and male contribution of individual tree was more balanced in the good flowering year, compared to the poor year. Coefficient of variation in male and female fertility was higher in the low flowering year resulting in high fertility variation among individuals and low status number. In T. indica, the female contribution was less variable compared to that of male fertility whereas in A. indica the female fertility variation was higher than that of male fertility. The relative status number (Nr = Ns/N) of the stands was lower for male and female fertility compared to the combined (male and female) fertility of individual trees.

Aims Biological, psychosocial and lifestyle risk factors interact in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To date, the effects of sex, chronic stress (CS) and high-fat diet (HFD) on T2DM and the ability of linalyl acetate (LA) to prevent T2DM have not been determined. This study therefore explored the differential effects of CS and HFD on T2DM, as well as the ability of LA to prevent T2DM development, in male and female rats. Main methods T2DM was induced in rats by feeding an HFD and placing them under immobilization stress for 2 h/day for 3 weeks. Low-dose streptozotocin was administered on day 15, and LA was administered for 3 weeks. Key findings Fasting blood sugar (FBS) increased in HFD-fed male, but not female, rats. CS further increased FBS in HFD-fed rats, whereas CS alone did not alter FBS. The homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) showed results similar to FBS. Serum corticosterone levels markedly increased only in HFD-fed male rats exposed to CS. Pancreas nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were higher in HFD-fed male rats exposed to CS than in control rats although there were no sex differences. LA 10 mg/kg significantly reduced FBS, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, and serum corticosterone levels in HFD-fed male rats exposed to CS. LA 10 mg/kg also tended to reduce NF-κB in the pancreas and significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the liver. Significance Male rats are vulnerable to T2DM induced by CS and HFD, and LA can prevent T2DM in these rats not only by reducing insulin resistance and corticosterone levels but by increasing MMP in the liver.

Recently, property damages and loss of life caused by natural disasters are increasing in urban area because of local torrential rainfall, which is mostly originated from recent global climate change. Acceleration of population concentration and increase of impervious area from urbanization worsen the situation. Therefore, it is highly important to consider system resilience which is the system’s ability to prepare, react, and recover from a failure (e.g., flooding). This study proposes a resilience-constrained optimal design model of urban drainage network, which minimizes total system cost while satisfying predefined failure depth and duration (i.e., resilience measures). Optimal layout and pipe sizes are identified by the proposed model comprised of Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) for optimization and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) for dynamic hydrology-hydraulic simulation. The proposed model is applied to the design of Gasan urban drainage system in Seoul, Korea, and the resilience-based design obtained is compared to the least-cost design obtained with no constraint on the resilience measures.

Spatial and time variation of the precipitation in Korea is high, therefore, more than 2/3 of the annual precipitation is concentrated during the rainy season. Climate change also causes the intensive rainfall in the area of dense population, thus the occurrence frequency of the heavy flood in the impervious area has been increased. Therefore, the structural food mitigation measures such as the construction of the higher design frequency stormwater pipes, pumping stations, and/or detention ponds. The flood bypass tunnel or retention storage is also one of the efficient structures to mitigate flood damage in the urban area. However, the economic feasibility has been controversial because the flood bypass tunnel might be used once or twice a year. To solve the problem, the multi-functional tunnel for the urban traffic and flooding bypass has been considered. In this study, the design criteria of the road and water tunnel has been analysed and the composite design criteria is proposed for the multi-functional tunnel which is expected to be constructed.

The effects of plasma parameters such as plasma density, electron temperature, and sheath voltage on the uniformity of Cu nanoparticle arrays were investigated. These parameters were controlled by varying the pressure, RF power, and substrate bias voltage. A floating harmonic method was used to monitor the plasma parameters. Uniform nanoparticle arrays were produced when hole generation was increased by using a high ion.bombardment energy. As oppose to a low energy flux condition, where small and large nanoparticles coexisted due to a small number of holes, a larger number of holes was generated and distributed more uniformly during a high energy flux condition.